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1.
Pathways to breaking the poverty trap in Ethiopia: Investments in agricultural water, education, and markets 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Munir A. Hanjra Tadele Ferede Debel Gemechu Gutta 《Agricultural Water Management》2009,96(11):1596-1604
Investments in agricultural water management should complement or strengthen the livelihood and coping systems of the rural poor, and should thus be instrumental for breaking the poverty trap in Ethiopia. Underdeveloped water resources constrain progress towards poverty reduction. We examine linkages and complementarities between agricultural water, education, markets and rural poverty through an empirical study using household level data from selected villages in southern Ethiopia. We show that investments in irrigation can contribute to poverty reduction, but the poverty reducing impacts of irrigation water are greater when human capital and rural markets are well developed. The size of landholding, access to irrigation water, on-farm land and water conservation practices, literacy of the household head, and years of education of adults are all significant determinants of household welfare, and thus potential pathways for reducing poverty. Expansion of cultivated land, particularly irrigated land, universal literacy, and an extra school year for adults all reduce poverty, but reductions in poverty are greater when irrigation is combined with universal literacy. These findings call for simultaneous investments in agricultural water, education, markets and related policy support measures for reducing poverty in smallholder agriculture in Ethiopia. 相似文献
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Agricultural water management and poverty linkages 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Regassa E. Namara Munir A. Hanjra Helle Munk Ravnborg Barbara Van Koppen 《Agricultural Water Management》2010,97(4):520-527
Water is critically important to the livelihoods of more than 1 billion people living on less than $1 a day, particularly for the 850 million rural poor primarily engaged in agriculture. In many developing countries, water is a major factor constraining agricultural output, and income of the world's rural poor. Improved agricultural water management can contribute to poverty reduction through several pathways. First, access to reliable water improves production and productivity, enhances employment opportunities and stabilizes income and consumption. Secondly, it encourages the utilization of other yield-enhancing inputs and allows diversification into high-value products, enhances nonfarm outputs and employment, and fulfils multiple needs of households. Third, it may contribute either negatively or positively to nutritional status, health, societal equity and environment. The net impact of agricultural water management interventions on poverty may depend individually and/or synergistically on the working of these pathways. Improved access to water is essential, but not sufficient for sustained poverty reduction. Investments are needed in agricultural science and technology, policies and institutions, economic reform, addressing global agricultural trade inequities, etc. But how best to match the agricultural water management technologies, institutions and policies to the needs of the heterogeneous poor living in diverse agro-ecological settings remains unclear. This article provides a menu of promising pathways through which agricultural water management can contribute to sustained poverty reduction. 相似文献
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Johan Rockström Louise Karlberg Suhas P. Wani Nuhu Hatibu Zhu Qiang 《Agricultural Water Management》2010,97(4):543-45
Rainfed agriculture plays and will continue to play a dominant role in providing food and livelihoods for an increasing world population. We describe the world's semi-arid and dry sub-humid savannah and steppe regions as global hotspots, in terms of water related constraints to food production, high prevalence of malnourishment and poverty, and rapidly increasing food demands. We argue that major water investments in agriculture are required. In these regions yield gaps are large, not due to lack of water per se, but rather due to inefficient management of water, soils, and crops. An assessment of management options indicates that knowledge exists regarding technologies, management systems, and planning methods. A key strategy is to minimise risk for dry spell induced crop failures, which requires an emphasis on water harvesting systems for supplemental irrigation. Large-scale adoption of water harvesting systems will require a paradigm shift in Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM), in which rainfall is regarded as the entry point for the governance of freshwater, thus incorporating green water resources (sustaining rainfed agriculture and terrestrial ecosystems) and blue water resources (local runoff). The divide between rainfed and irrigated agriculture needs to be reconsidered in favor of a governance, investment, and management paradigm, which considers all water options in agricultural systems. A new focus is needed on the meso-catchment scale, as opposed to the current focus of IWRM on the basin level and the primary focus of agricultural improvements on the farmer's field. We argue that the catchment scale offers the best opportunities for water investments to build resilience in small-scale agricultural systems and to address trade-offs between water for food and other ecosystem functions and services. 相似文献
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Satisfying future water demands for agriculture 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The global demand for water in agriculture will increase over time with increasing population, rising incomes, and changes in dietary preferences. Increasing demands for water by industrial and urban users, and water for the environment will intensify competition. At the same time, water scarcity is increasing in several important agricultural areas.We explore several pathways for ensuring that sufficient food is produced in the future, while also protecting the environment and reducing poverty. We examine four sets of scenarios that vary in their focus on investments in rainfed agriculture and irrigation, and the role of international trade in adjusting for national disparities in water endowments. Rainfed agriculture holds considerable potential but requires adequate mechanisms to reduce inherent risks. Irrigation expansion is warranted in places where water infrastructure is underinvested such as sub-Saharan Africa. In South Asia the scope for improving irrigation performance and water productivity is high. International trade can help alleviate water problems in water-scarce areas, subject to economic and political considerations. We examine also a regionally optimized scenario that combines investments in rainfed and irrigated agriculture with strategic trade decisions. Compared to ‘business as usual’, this scenario reduces the amount of additional water required to meet food demands by 2050 by 80%. Some of that water could be made available for the environment and other sectors. We conclude that there are sufficient land and water resources available to satisfy global food demands during the next 50 years, but only if water is managed more effectively in agriculture. 相似文献
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中国水资源的日益短缺加快了政府推进农业水价综合改革的步伐,继而实现农业节水的目标。通过阐述安徽六安市农业水价综合改革试点区的改革现状及取得的成效,分析了目前农业水价综合改革中存在的农业水权转让或回购难以实现、田间基础设施落后、灌溉定额难以统一、资金补贴难以维持等问题,并在此基础上提出相应的政策建议,进一步推动农业水价综合改革。 相似文献
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Food security is a high priority issue on the Chinese political agenda. China’s food security is challenged by several anthropogenic, sociopolitical and policy factors, including: population growth; urbanization and industrialization; land use changes and water scarcity; income growth and nutritional transition; and turbulence in global energy and food markets. Sustained growth in agricultural productivity and stable relations with global food suppliers are the twin anchors of food security. Shortfalls in domestic food production can take their toll on international food markets. Turbulence in global energy markets can affect food prices and supply costs, affecting food security and poverty. Policy safeguards are needed to shield food supply against such forces. China must make unremitting policy responses to address the loss of its fertile land for true progress towards the goal of national food security, by investing in infrastructure such as irrigation, drainage, storage, transport, and agricultural research and institutional reforms such as tenure security and land market liberalization. The links between water and other development-related sectors such as population, energy, food, and environment, and the interactions among them require reckoning, as they together will determine future food security and poverty reduction in China. Climate change is creating a new level of uncertainty in water governance, requiring accelerated research to avoid water-related stresses. 相似文献
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Water harvesting and supplemental irrigation for improved water productivity of dry farming systems in West Asia and North Africa 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In the dry areas, water, not land, is the most limiting resource for improved agricultural production. Maximizing water productivity, and not yield per unit of land, is therefore a better strategy for dry farming systems. Under such conditions, more efficient water management techniques must be adopted. Supplemental irrigation (SI) is a highly efficient practice with great potential for increasing agricultural production and improving livelihoods in the dry rainfed areas. In the drier environments, most of the rainwater is lost by evaporation; therefore the rainwater productivity is extremely low. Water harvesting can improve agriculture by directing and concentrating rainwater through runoff to the plants and other beneficial uses. It was found that over 50% of lost water can be recovered at a very little cost. However, socioeconomic and environmental benefits of this practice are far more important than increasing agricultural water productivity. This paper highlights the major research findings regarding improving water productivity in the dry rainfed region of West Asia and North Africa. It shows that substantial and sustainable improvements in water productivity can only be achieved through integrated farm resources management. On-farm water-productive techniques if coupled with improved irrigation management options, better crop selection and appropriate cultural practices, improved genetic make-up, and timely socioeconomic interventions will help to achieve this objective. Conventional water management guidelines should be revised to ensure maximum water productivity instead of land productivity. 相似文献
10.
Effective irrigation management in arid and semi-arid regions, like South Africa, could increase crop yield and thereby improve productivity of scarce fresh water resources. Experiments were conducted at the Hatfield Experimental Farm of the University of Pretoria, South Africa, from 2004 to 2006, to investigate the effect of soil water depletion regimes on rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium capitatum × P. radens cv. Rose) essential oil yield, essential oil composition and water-use efficiency in an open field and a rain shelter. Four maximum allowable soil water depletion levels (MAD), 20, 40, 60 and 80% of the plant available soil water (ASW) in the top 0.8 m root zone, were applied as treatments. Plant roots extracted most soil water from the top 0.4 m soil layer. Increasing the soil water depletion level to 60% and higher resulted in a significant reduction in herbage mass and essential oil yield. Water stress apparently increased the essential oil concentration (percentage oil on fresh herbage mass basis), but its contribution to total essential oil yield (kg/ha oil) was limited. Irrigation treatments did not affect essential oil composition. An increase in maximum allowable depletion level generally resulted in a decrease in leaf area and an increase in leaf to stem fresh mass ratio. Up to 28% of irrigation water could be saved by increasing maximum allowable depletion level of ASW from 20 to 40%, without a significant reduction in essential oil yield. 相似文献
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农业节水灌溉的博弈分析 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
水资源紧缺是制约社会经济发展的关键性因素。农业是我国的用水大户,推广农业节水灌溉技术是实现水资源高效利用的重要途径。从博弈论的角度,分析了水价与节水灌溉之间的关系,说明水价的提高激励了节水灌溉技术的采用。另一方面,为减轻农民负担,提出农业水价加收的费用,通过财政以农业补贴或其他形式回补农民的建议。 相似文献
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关于我国节水农业技术研究的探讨 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
总结了我国近期节水农业技术研究在农用水资源的合理开发技术、输配水节水工程技术、田间节水灌溉工程技术、提高作物从农田土壤中获取水分形成产量的技术等方面的最新进展。指出了我国节水农业技术研究中存在的主要问题。提出了我国节水农业技术应研究的重点为 :适合我国国情的节水灌溉工程技术 ,研究新工艺、新配方加速节水农业新设备及新材料的产业化 ,节水高效灌溉制度与控制灌溉技术 ,研究开发多种可用于灌溉的水资源 ,研究提高灌溉用水管理水平。 相似文献
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《Agricultural Systems》2007,94(1-3):90-114
The objective of this paper is to evaluate the impacts of agriculture and water policy scenarios on the sustainability of selected irrigated farming systems in Italy, in the context of the forthcoming implementation of the directive EC 60/2000. Directive EC 60/2000 (Water Framework Directive) is intended to represent the reference norm regulating water use throughout Europe. Five main scenarios were developed reflecting aspects of agricultural policy, markets and technologies: Agenda 2000, world market, global sustainability, provincial agriculture and local community. These were combined with two water price levels, representing stylised scenarios for water policy. The effects of the scenarios on irrigated systems were simulated using multi-attribute linear programming models representing the reactions of the farms to external variables defined by each scenario. The output of the models consists of economic, social and environmental indicators aimed at quantifying the impact of the scenarios on different aspects of sustainability relevant for irrigated farming systems. Five Italian irrigated farming systems were considered: cereal, rice, fruit, vegetables and citrus. The results show the diversity of irrigated systems and the different effects that water pricing policy may produce depending on the agricultural policy, market and technological scenarios. They also highlight a clear trade-off between socio-economic sustainability and environmental (water, nitrogen, pesticide) sustainability. Water pricing will have, in most cases, less impact than agricultural markets and policy scenarios, though it appears to be an effective instrument for water regulation in the least intensive irrigated systems considered. This emphasises the need for a differentiated application of the Water Framework Directive at the local level as well as a more careful balance of water conservation, agricultural policy and rural development objectives. 相似文献
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21世纪初期农业节水的目标和任务 总被引：11，自引：1，他引：11
2 1世纪初期 ,要在农业用水量为 40 0 0亿～ 42 0 0亿m3 的情况下 ,满足 16亿人口粮食安全和农村用水需要 ,必须走节水高效灌溉农业与旱地农业并举的道路 ;把提高用水效率作为农业节水的核心 ;水利与农业两部门必须紧密结合 ;国家应将节水高效农业建设列为国家重大基础建设项目 相似文献
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在农业生产中，水分和肥料是不可或缺的两大基本要素。水肥耦合将水、肥有机结合，通过二者的协同效应实现作物高产优质目的。本文在分析水资源紧缺和肥料施用不合理的现状基础上，回顾了水肥耦合的发展历程、定义及水肥耦合灌溉模式，阐述了水肥耦合对茄子生长形态、光合特性、产量和品质等影响的研究进展，表明水肥耦合是节约水肥资源，降低环境污染，实现茄子高效优质增产的有效措施。深入探究茄子水肥耦合机制，构建多因素水肥耦合模型，寻求最佳水肥配比实现精准化灌溉，可为指导茄子合理的水肥管理并使茄子达到高效优质生长提供参考。 相似文献
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元江—流域内水资源时空分布极不均匀，上游是资源性缺水地区，中下段又是水资源极度丰富地区，普遍存在严重的季节性缺水问题。流域内贫困面大，种植业在农村经济中占主导地位，面临脱贫致富与保护生态环境的矛盾，不合理的水资源开发及农业灌溉方式，极易造成严重的水土流失和水环境污染。通过分析流域内的农业生产和灌溉用水管理现状，提出切合各地实际、易于被群众所掌握、投资小见效快的农业高效节水灌溉模式 相似文献
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在全球气候变暖和淡水资源短缺背景下，日照市作为滨海城市典型代表，实现农业水资源的高效利用是贯彻生态文明建设、实现可持续发展的必由之路。结合日照市气象、水资源等条件，针对农田水利发展、土地利用等情况，探讨生态文明视角下日照地区实现农田水资源高效利用的思路。研究表明:日照市农业人口、耕地分布表现出地域性差异，旱地面积比例较大，蓄水工程相对缺乏，严重制约着农业发展，影响着生态文明建设。合理有效地进行农田水利工程建设与维护、水土保持工作和节水灌溉技术的引进，可全面促进资源合理利用和农业多功能开发，为滨海地区农业水资源高效利用提供借鉴。 相似文献
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滑县地处豫北平原,位于河南省东北部,属黄河冲击平原地区一个典型的农业大县,也是国家级重点贫困县。滑县县委、县政府针对滑县的特殊地理位置以及当地的实际情况,重点从节水灌溉、实施水电等配套措施,彻底改善本地区旱涝不能保收、农机和水电等基础设施落后局面。农业综合开发极大地提高了粮食生产能力．同时．也提升了项目区周边群众对农业开发工作的信心和热情,在全县推进农业现代化进程中很好地发挥了示范、引领作用。 相似文献
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在作物的生长过程中,水和肥是必不可少的两大要素,合理的灌溉和施肥对作物减投增效十分有利。传统的“大水大肥”方式不仅会降低水肥利用率,而且还加剧了农田土壤环境的污染问题。水肥一体化技术作为一项将水分和养分耦合运筹的新技术,可达到精准施肥、改善土壤环境、节水增产等目的,从而有效缓解资源与环境的矛盾问题,推动绿色农业的可持续发展。本文先综述了辣椒的生长发育、干物质积累、水肥利用、产量及品质指标对水肥一体化的响应,并针对该技术在农业生产中的实践应用,提出合理利用智能系统、多要素一体化技术和耦合模型规划建议,以期为水肥一体化在辣椒高产栽培中的应用提供参考。 相似文献