共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
The haplodiploid sex-determination system of ants gives rise to conflict between queens and workers over colony sex ratios, and the female-biased allocation ratios seen in many species suggest that workers often prevail in this conflict. We exchanged queens between male- and female-specialist colonies of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta. These exchanges quickly reversed the sex-ratio biases of adopting colonies. The sex ratio of queen-laid eggs differed strongly between male- and female-specialist colonies. These findings suggest that queens can force workers to raise male sexuals by limiting the number of female brood and help to explain why sex investment ratios lie between the queen and worker equilibria in this and many other ant species. 相似文献
2.
Mueller UG 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1991,254(5030):442-444
In eusocial Hymenoptera, the haplodiploid system of sex determination creates relatedness asymmetries such that workers are more closely related on average to their sisters than to their brothers. For such societies, kin-selection theory and sex-ratio theory predict that workers maximize their inclusive fitness by biasing the investment sex ratio toward females. To test the prediction of sex-ratio biasing, relatedness asymmetries were experimentally manipulated in colonies of the primitively eusocial bee Augochlorella striata (Halictidae: Hymenoptera) by removing or not removing foundress queens. Queenright colonies (relatedness asymmetry present) produced a more female-biased sex ratio than did queenless colonies (relatedness asymmetry absent). Worker reproduction and unmated replacement queens can be discounted as alternative explanations. Workers therefore facultatively adjusted their colony's sex ratio and, in the presence of a relatedness asymmetry, biased the investment sex ratio toward their more closely related sisters and away from their more distantly related brothers. 相似文献
3.
Herre EA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1985,228(4701):896-898
The effects of inbreeding and local mate competition have often been confounded in theoretical and empirical studies of sex ratio. A general model considering the interplay of their influences on sex ratio evolution is presented, and its predictions are compared with data collected from three fig wasp species. The results indicate that female fig wasps adjust the sex ratio of their offspring in response to both the intensity of proximate local mate competition and the level of inbreeding in the population. 相似文献
4.
Conditional Manipulation of Sex Ratios by Ant Workers: A Test of Kin Selection Theory 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Variable queen mating frequencies provide a unique opportunity to study the resolution of worker-queen conflict over sex ratio in social Hymenoptera, because the conflict is maximal in colonies headed by a singly mated queen and is weak or nonexistent in colonies headed by a multiply mated queen. In the wood ant Formica exsecta, workers in colonies with a singly mated queen, but not those in colonies with a multiply mated queen, altered the sex ratio of queen-laid eggs by eliminating males to preferentially raise queens. By this conditional response to queen mating frequency, workers enhance their inclusive fitness. 相似文献
5.
Taylor RW 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1978,201(4360):979-985
The Australian Nothomyrmecia macrops is the most primitive living ant. Until recently rediscovered, it was known only from two 46-year-old specimens, both workers. All developmental stages and adult castes are now known. Adults have stridulatory organs placed ventrally, between abdominal sternites III (with plectrum) and IV (with stridulitrum), differing from all other Hymenoptera, where these organs are dorsal. The chromosome number is the highest recorded for Hymenoptera (2n = 92). Virgin queens are brachypterous. Other anatomical and behavioral features are reviewed. Most are primitive for ants, many being shared with Myrmecia, another primitive Australian genus. Fundamental differences in abdominal structure place Myrmecia near the base of the poneroid phylad of ant subfamilies, while Nothomyrmecia is a primitive formicoid. 相似文献
6.
Honey bee queens mate with many males, creating numerous patrilines within colonies that are genetically distinct. The effects of genetic diversity on colony productivity and long-term fitness are unknown. We show that swarms from genetically diverse colonies (15 patrilines per colony) founded new colonies faster than swarms from genetically uniform colonies (1 patriline per colony). Accumulated differences in foraging rates, food storage, and population growth led to impressive boosts in the fitness (i.e., drone production and winter survival) of genetically diverse colonies. These results further our understanding of the origins of polyandry in honey bees and its benefits for colony performance. 相似文献
7.
Theory predicts that local mate competition (LMC) favors the evolution of female-biased sex ratios. Empirical support of this prediction is indirect and comes from comparative studies or from studies showing that individuals can adjust their offspring sex ratio in response to varying LMC intensities. Replicate lines from a population of the spider mite Tetranychus urticae were selected under three LMC intensities for up to 54 generations. Within each selection regime, the final sex ratio matched theoretical predictions. Furthermore, the ability of individuals to adjust their offspring sex ratio diminished in females evolving under strict LMC, but not in females evolving under relaxed LMC levels. These results provide direct experimental evidence for the evolutionary process by which LMC modifies sex-allocation strategies and suggest that evolution under strict and constant LMC may lead to a loss of phenotypic plasticity. 相似文献
8.
[目的]为了探讨性比对个体行为的影响。[方法]2007年9~11月在广东象头山国家级自然保护区采用随机取样法和瞬时扫描取样法开展了3种性比圈养白鹇的行为学研究。[结果]不同性比的白鹇都具有明显的日节律:取食高峰出现在16:00~17:00,休息高峰在12:00~13:00。在时间分配上,同一性比的雄性与雌性间存在差异:性比为2∶2时,雄性与雌性在游走和休息上的差异极显著(P<0.01);性比为3∶1时,雄性与雌性在取食和游走的差异极显著(P<0.01)。不同性比的同性间仍存在差异∶雄性在性比为2∶2与3∶1时游走的差异极显著(P<0.01);雌性在性比为2∶2与3∶1时取食和游走的差异极显著(P<0.01),并在性比为3∶1与3∶0时取食和游走的差异极显著(P<0.01)。不同性比的白鹇个体之间亲疏关系不同,但总有2只雌性个体关系密切。[结论]性比对白鹇圈养白鹇的行为时间分配有影响,而且雌性个体更趋于集群活动,雄性则趋于单个活动。 相似文献
9.
Recognition of nestmates and discrimination against aliens is the rule in the social insects. The principal mechanism of nestmate recognition in carpenter ants (Camponotus) appears to be odor labels or "discriminators" that originate from the queen and are distributed among, and learned by, all adult colony members. The acquired odor labels are sufficiently powerful to produce indiscriminate acceptance among workers of different species raised together in artificially mixed colonies and rejection of genetic sisters reared by different heterospecific queens. 相似文献
10.
The development of queen and worker phenotypes in ants has been believed to be largely determined from environmental effects. We provide evidence that the production of discrete phenotypes is also influenced by genetic interaction effects. During the development of eggs into adults, some patrilines among offspring of multiply mated Pogonomyrmex rugosus ant queens became more common in workers while others became overrepresented in queens. Controlled crosses showed that these changes stem from some parental genome combinations being compatible for producing one phenotype but less compatible for the other. Genetic interaction effects on caste may be maintained over evolutionary time because the fitness of an allele depends on its genetic background. 相似文献
11.
蜜蜂（Apis mellifera L.）幼虫级型分化差异蛋白质组分析 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
【目的】对蜜蜂（Apis mellifera L.）蜂王与工蜂级型分化期的蛋白质组进行比较,以探明蜂王和工蜂在级型分化时期蛋白质表达调控方面的异同。【方法】采用双向电泳建立蜂王和工蜂级型分化期蛋白质组表达 谱,获得图谱中蛋白质表达的数量、表达量、等电点和分子量等信息,然后进行比较蛋白质组研究。【结果】在幼虫3日龄,蜂王表达288个蛋白质,工蜂表达259个蛋白质,2种级型蜂共有蛋白质为156个,其中25个蛋白质在蜂王中的表达量显著大于（P＜0.05）工蜂,34个蛋白质工蜂表达量显著大于（P＜0.05）蜂王,而蜂王和工蜂的特异蛋白质分别为132个和103个;到幼虫5日龄时,蜂王表达274个蛋白质,工蜂为236个,这2种级型蜂共有蛋白质点为95个,其中蜂王15个蛋白质的表达量显著大于（P＜0.05）工蜂,工蜂26个蛋白质的表达量显著大于（P＜0.05）蜂王,而蜂王特异蛋白质点为179个,工蜂特异蛋白质点为141个;到蛹11日龄时,蜂王蛋白质组有311个蛋白质点,而工蜂则有278个蛋白质点,2种蜂共有蛋白质点为194个,其中蜂王45个蛋白质的表达量显著大于（P＜0.05）工蜂,工蜂35个蛋白质的表达量显著大于（P＜0.05）蜂王,而蜂王的特异蛋白质点为117个,工蜂特异蛋白质点为84个。【结论】在蜜蜂3日龄、5日龄、11日龄时,蜂王和工蜂的蛋白质表达谱存在显著差异,蜂王表达的蛋白质总数和特有蛋白质数都较工蜂多,说明蜂王幼虫的基因表达和代谢比工蜂幼虫更加旺盛。2种级型蜂发育中所表达的共有蛋白质可能是它们发育所必须的管家蛋白质,但级型间部分共有蛋白质的表达模式存在较大差异,在3个日龄中蜂王和工蜂中所表达的特异蛋白质表明在级型分化中,不同级型需要不同的蛋白质来调节各自的发育。这些特异蛋白质是否是级型发育相关的功能蛋白质,还有待进一步的研究。 相似文献
12.
为了对二点委夜蛾性信息素田间应用的可能性提供理论依据,在温度（26±1）℃、相对湿度50%±10%、光周期14 h∶10 h（L∶D）条件下对二点委夜蛾的交配行为和能力进行了研究,并对性信息素应用以及二点委夜蛾暴发为害性及其成虫防控技术进行了综合分析。结果表明：成虫一般在羽化后1 d进行交配和产卵。雄蛾和雌蛾均可以多次交配,交配能力和产卵量均受性比影响。雌蛾交配能力与产卵量呈显著正相关,雌雄比为1∶5时单雌平均产卵量为501头;雄蛾交配能力则与雌蛾产卵量呈显著负相关,雌雄比为5∶1时单雌平均产卵量降低为227头。应用性诱剂诱杀二点委夜蛾雄蛾可以降低雌蛾的产卵量,但由于雌蛾产卵量大,因此仍需结合其他措施同时降低雌雄蛾数量才能达到更好的防治效果。 相似文献
13.
Werren JH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1980,208(4448):1157-1159
Females of the parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis adjust the sex ratio of their broods according to whether they are a first or second wasp to parasitize a host. The first wasp produces a strong daughter bias. The second wasp adjusts the prorportion of sons to the relative level of local mate competition, as predicted by a natural selection model. The results provide a quantitative test of sex ratio theory. 相似文献
14.
Current explanations for why sexual ornaments are found in both sexes include genetic correlation, same sex competition, and mutual mate choice. In this study, we report developmental plasticity in mating behavior as induced by temperature during development in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana. Males and females reciprocally change their sexual roles depending on their larval rearing temperatures. This switch is correlated with a change in mating benefits to females and costs to males. The discrete seasonal environments, wet season and dry season, are known to produce the two developmental forms and as a consequence impose alternating, symmetrical patterns of sexual selection, one season on male ornaments, the following season on female ornaments. Thus, reciprocal selection through time may result in mutual sexual ornamentation. 相似文献
15.
Fertile queens and sterile workers are alternative forms of the adult female honeybee that develop from genetically identical larvae following differential feeding with royal jelly. We show that silencing the expression of DNA methyltransferase Dnmt3, a key driver of epigenetic global reprogramming, in newly hatched larvae led to a royal jelly-like effect on the larval developmental trajectory; the majority of Dnmt3 small interfering RNA-treated individuals emerged as queens with fully developed ovaries. Our results suggest that DNA methylation in Apis is used for storing epigenetic information, that the use of that information can be differentially altered by nutritional input, and that the flexibility of epigenetic modifications underpins, profound shifts in developmental fates, with massive implications for reproductive and behavioral status. 相似文献
16.
综述了应用微卫星 DNA技术、线粒体 DNA(mt DNA)技术、随机扩增多态性 DNA(RAPD)、聚合酶链式反应 (PCR)和 DNA指纹等分子生物技术所进行的蜜蜂育种研究现状 .其应用主要包括估计蜂群内亚家系(父系 )的组成数目和分析工蜂间的遗传相关 ,推断蜂王的多雄水平和鉴定蜜蜂种性 ,构建连锁图和区别数量性状位点 ,鉴定基因型和区别全胞、半胞姐妹以及分析精子受精力的倾向性等 相似文献
17.
为进一步优化橘小实蝇遗传性别品系大量饲养技术,对其性比与有效卵量的关系进行了研究.结果表明:在一定种群密度下,当性比(♀∶♂)为1∶2、1∶1、2∶1、4∶1时,单雌有效卵量间没有显著差异;对性比(X)和单雄有效卵量(Y)间的关系进行拟合,得到方程Y=0.747X3-36.408X2+887.368X-102.805,由方程可知,在一定种群密度下,1.5∶1♀∶♂2∶1的性比最适宜橘小实蝇遗传性别品系的人工繁育. 相似文献
18.
West-Eberhard MJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1978,200(4340):441-443
In Metapolybia aztecoides some mated females produce only workers, losing in competition with other similar egg-layers before producing either males or queens. Worker production by these ultimately nonreproductive females may incidentally benefit others without lowering individual fitness (without "altruism"). It could be a by-product of mutualism rather than of kin selection or parental manipulation. 相似文献
19.
Analysis of sex pheromone production and field trapping of the Asian corn borer(Ostrinia furnacalis Guenée) in Xinjiang,China 
下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 DENG Jian-yu LAN Chen-yi-hang ZHOU Jun-xiang YAO Yu-bo YIN Xiao-hui FU Kai-yun DING Xin-hua GUO Wen-chao LIU Wen WANG Na Fumin WANG 《农业科学学报》2023,22(4):1093-1103
Identifying the sex pheromone systems of local pest populations facilitates their management, especially for moth species that show significant geographic variation in sex pheromone communication. We investigated the pheromone production and behavioral responses of the Asian corn borer(Ostrinia furnacalis Guenée; ACB) in Xinjiang, China. The ACB produces three compounds:(Z)-12-tetradecenyl acetate(Z12-14:Ac) and(E)-12-tetradecenyl acetate(E12-14:Ac)which are two sex pheromone compounds, and n-te... 相似文献
20.
枣粘虫成虫性引诱的初步研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
枣粘虫是我国红枣产区的重要害虫。为探求防治新途径,对成虫生物学与性引诱进行了初步研究。枣粘虫一年发生三代,各代成虫发生的始、盛、末期分别为:第一代3/上——4/上—4/下;第二代6/上——6/中——6/下;第三代7/上——7/下——8/中。雌雄性比在0.86∶1和1.19∶1之间。一般雄蛾羽化早於雌蛾。95％以上成虫集中于早晨5——8时进行交尾。雌雄多次交尾,雌蛾平均1.48次,雄蛾3次。成虫寿命一般为一周左右,雌蛾寿命长於雄蛾。田间性诱试验表明:活雌蛾性诱以3头和5头的雌当量效果最好;粗提液以乙醚为溶剂的诱蛾数量最高;摘取腺体以羽化后48小时摘取的诱捕效果较好。通过对雌蛾性腺体所产生的性信息素进行EAG——GC以及色质联仪分析,初步确定枣粘虫性信息素的成份是一元不饱和十二碳烯醇乙酸酯的多元体系。经微量臭氧化测定,双键位置在7位和9位。田间生测表明以反、顺——9——十二碳烯醇酯(E、Z——9—C_(12)∶OAC)在比例为80∶20和83∶17时对雄蛾的诱捕效果最高。 相似文献