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1.
In this study, the effects of shoot-cutting method on propagation using overwintering napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) buds were examined under soil conditions compared with plant growth regulators (PGRs) that are used as an effective method for increasing adventitious buds of several gramineous crops. To increase adventitious budding, we cut shoots of napiergrass at 2 weeks after planting and treated with the following four types of PGR in comparison with shoot-cutting: 4.44 mM BA as cytokinin, 3.63 mM triazine as anticytokinin, 5.37 mM NAA as auxin, and 2.22 mM TIBA as antiauxin, either by injection or direct spraying onto the buds. A large number of adventitious buds were observed in BA- and TIBA-injected buds at 4 WAT compared to shoot-cut or PGR-sprayed buds. However, an extremely low survival rate for tiller-divided plants (nursery plants) derived from both BA- and TIBA-injected plants was observed compared with non-PGR controls. Similar trends on the survival rate and relative tiller number in main shoot-cut plants derived from intact buds (without PGR treatment) were also observed in a repeat trial. The present study demonstrated that the method of shoot-cutting could contribute to increasing propagation efficiency for nursery plants compared with exogenous PGR application, and would be a practical method for increased nursery propagation of napiergrass under soil conditions.  相似文献   

2.
Study of plant growth regulators (PGRs) through conventional foliar application or tissue culture or other organic materials has limitations. No previous study has examined the effects of long-term continuous addition of PGRs, with or without sucrose, to field-grown corn ( Zea mays L.) plants. A field study was conducted to determine the effects on corn plant growth and productivity during the grain-filling period of a continuous supply of PGRs, with or without sucrose, using a recently developed injection technique to deliver pressurized solutions through syringe needles sealed to the stem with latex. Our four PGRs (IAA, ABA, ethephon and salicylic acid) and a distilled water control, and two levels of sucrose (150 g l−1 and a distilled water control) were injected into corn plants for 42 consecutive days during the grain-filling period. The plants injected with solutions not containing sucrose took up 42 ml more than those injected with sucrose-containing solutions. Corn plants injected with salicylic acid (SA) produced 9 % more grain yield than plants injected with no PGRs. The combination of SA and sucrose increased the photosynthetic rate by 42 % when compared with distilled water. Injection of ethephon resulted in an 11 % reduction in grain yield. Neither IAA nor ABA altered plant photosynthesis or productivity. Sucrose injection increased the dry weight of injected internodes and stover, and induced partial stomatal closure, although without any measurable effect on net photosynthetic rate. This study showed that stem injection makes possible the study of changes in plant physiology during grain-filling due to the effects of PGRs and metabolites administered continuously over protracted periods of time. It also demonstrated a previously undocumented stimulation of plant photosynthesis and grain yield by SA.  相似文献   

3.
植物生长调节剂对空心菜产量、品质及养分吸收的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为探明喷施植物生长调节剂(Plant Growth Regulator, PGR)对蔬菜作物减肥增效的作用,通过田间试验,减少常规施肥50%时,研究5种组合的PGR(PGR1~5)对空心菜产量、品质和养分利用的影响。结果表明,与仅施50%常规施肥处理相比,喷施PGR1、PGR2、PGR3显著提高空心菜产量,分别增加11.3%、12.9%和15.7% (P<0.05),使之与常规施肥处理的产量相当。与常规施肥和50%常规施肥处理相比,喷施PGR1~5均显著降低空心菜硝酸盐含量,降幅分别为58.2%~64.4%和30.9%~58.2% (P<0.05)。喷施PGR1处理显著提高空心菜氮含量,N的吸收利用率高达58.6%,与常规施肥和50%常规施肥处理的N吸收利用率相比增幅在50%左右。因此,喷施PGR可提高空心菜品质和对N的吸收利用,达到“减施不减产”的目的,尤以PGR1的综合作用效果显著。  相似文献   

4.
Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are used to increase berry size in table grapes. The objective in this study was to determine if the levels of PGRs used commercially affected rachis postharvest quality. Three seedless table grape cultivars, ‘Mystery’, ‘Superior’, and ‘Crimson’ were treated with gibberellin (GA), cytokinin (CPPU), or both at berry diameter of 6–8 mm, while a seeded cultivar, ‘Redglobe’ was treated at 13 mm. The fruits were harvested at commercial maturity and held for 7 days shelf-life either immediately after harvest or after 2 weeks storage at 0 °C. The combination of GA and CPPU increased berry weight and diameter, and rachis diameter in all three seedless cultivars, but had minor or no effect on TSS and acidity. Rachis quality was measured by a browning scale derived from image analysis. Browning was lower after storage for rachis of ‘Mystery’ treated with GA, while the other three cultivars showed no difference between PGR treated and control rachis. Reduction of water loss by covering punnets of control clusters with microperforated film had a significant positive effect on decreasing weight loss in all cases and a positive effect on slowing rachis browning. Calculation of the shelf-life required to reach 50% rachis browning found that shelf-life was longer for the microperforated packaging as compared to open packages in all the cultivars, with stronger influence during shelf-life after storage than shelf-life after harvest. However, the data also indicated that rachis browning cannot only be attributed to weight loss, either from the whole cluster or from the rachis.  相似文献   

5.
Kaempferia angustifolia is an aromatic, essential oil-yielding plant of the Zingiberaceae family with an ethno-medicinal repute. We standardized an effective system for micropropagation of K. angustifolia, and this is probably the very first report of in vitro culture of this species. Axillary buds were cultured on a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various concentrations and combinations of plant growth regulators (PGRs) and spermidine. Highest multiplication occurred when the MS medium was supplemented with a combination of 2.0 mg L?1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), 2.0 mg L?1 kinetin (KIN) and 1.0 mg L?1 α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Addition of spermidine (2.0 mM) along with optimum PGRs had further improved the multiplication rate with a maximum of 6.6 ± 0.36 shoots per explant within 60 days of implantation. The number of multiplied shoots per explant increased with each subsequent regeneration cycle; and the shoots per explant increased from 6.6 ± 0.36 on the 1st regeneration cycle to 10.3 ± 0.42 on the 2nd regeneration cycle and further increased to 13.7 ± 0.37 on the 3rd regeneration cycle on the same medium composition. The best result for in vitro root induction of multiplied shoot was achieved on a half-strength MS medium fortified with 2.0 mg L?1 IBA, with a maximum of 18.5 ± 0.28 roots per shoot. Regenerated plantlets were acclimatized with 88.9 % survival rate. After 9 months of field-transfer, all these plants were harvested and rhizomes were collected. However, the present protocol can definitely be applied for large-scale propagation and commercial cultivation of K. angustifolia.  相似文献   

6.
The aim of this study was to develop an efficient methodology to rescue embryos following interspecific crosses in the genus Hylocereus. Crosses between the diploids Hylocereus polyrhizus and H. undatus in both directions were performed. Fertilized ovules carrying embryos at very early pro-embryonic stages were excised from ovaries 5 days after pollination (DAP) and placed on half-strength basal MS medium containing 680 μM glutamine, 0.55 μM α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 0.45 μM thidiazuron (TDZ) and various concentrations of sucrose. After 30 days in culture, ovules were isolated from the surrounding tissue and transferred to the same fresh medium. Significant differences were found between the main effects (cross and sucrose concentration) in ovule response, i.e., increased ovule size and callus formation. The best responses were obtained in the cross: H. polyrhizus × H. undatus; and sucrose concentration of 0.09 M. In terms of embryo conversion, polyembryony and number of regenerated plants, the highest responses were observed on the culture medium supplemented with 0.17 M sucrose in both interspecific crosses. All tested plants were found to be diploid by flow cytometric analyses. Fluorescent amplified—fragment length polymorphism (fAFLP) confirmed the hybrid origin of the regenerated plants. This study reports on the success of a three-step embryo rescue procedure for Hylocereus species. The procedure developed here provides the means for producing plants from very-early embryo stage, thus expanding the prospects for vine-cactus breeding programs.  相似文献   

7.
The expression of a microbial phytase in transgenic plants may create a new biochemical pathway that mobilizes its endogenous phytate and release inorganic phosphate from it, so that more phosphorus is available for plant growth. In this study, transgenic soybean plants were generated via both Agrobacterium transformation and pollen tube pathway with the PhyA gene of Aspergillus ficuum. The optimal concentrations of plant hormones including N6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), gibberellin (GA3) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) were tested based on their effectiveness on promoting the growth of transgenic explants. Genomic PCR results and Southern blot hybridization analysis showed that transgenic soybean plants selected for resistance to kanamycin contained the phyA transgene. The transgenic soybean plants with phyA gene integrated in their genome exhibited lower amount of phytate in different soybean tissues including leaf, stem and root, which indicated that engineering crop plants with a higher expression level of heterologous phytase could improve the degradation of phytate and potentially in turn mobilize more inorganic phosphate from phytate and thus reduce phosphate load on agricultural ecosystems.  相似文献   

8.
Irrigation of wheat plants with seawater (10 and 25 %) led to significant increases in free and bound abscisic acid (ABA) in leaves, especially at 25 %. The relative water content (RWC) and water use efficiency (calculated from grain yield, WUEG, or from biomass yield, WUEB) of the seawater-irrigated plants were lower than those of the control. Grain pre-soaking in gibberellic acid (GA3), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or ABA reduced the levels of accumulated ABA (free and bound) produced by seawater irrigation. The stress imposed by seawater generally reduced yield and yield components of wheat plants and the effect was more pronounced at the higher level of seawater irrigation (25 %). Furthermore, seawater treatments decreased the carbohydrate content and increased the protein content of the developing grains. The effect of seawater treatments on ion concentrations in the developing grains was not consistent. The application of growth bioregulators appeared to mitigate the effect of seawater salinity stress on wheat productivity. GA3 was the most effective hormone in this regard. The economic yield (grain yield) had a strong positive correlation with RWC, WUEG, WUEB, plant height, shoot fresh and dry weight, grain number/main spike, kernel weight and harvest index.  相似文献   

9.
Low-use efficiency of phosphatic fertilizers in calcareous soils is a serious issue worldwide resulting in sub-optimal phosphorus (P) availability to plants. Polymer-coated fertilizers provide an effective solution to enhance P-use efficiency in such soils by reducing fixation and ensuring slow and consistent phosphate supply to growing plants. The present field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of commercial diammonium phosphate (DAP) fertilizer and coated DAP with polymer and/or glycerin to improve plant growth, grain yield, and P-use efficiency of wheat crops. The results revealed that application of 100% recommended rate of glycerin + polymer coated DAP significantly enhanced plant height, number of fertile tillers m-2, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, and P uptake in comparison with commercial DAP fertilizer. Moreover, polymer coated DAP produced comparatively better results than glycerin coated DAP alone. The sustainable yield index, P agronomic and recovery efficiencies were also improved and recorded higher with glycerin + polymer-coated DAP fertilizer at 100% of the recommended rate. Furthermore, higher P uptake, P recovery, and agronomic efficiencies in response to coated DAP were found responsible for sustainable wheat yield. Overall, the glycerin + polymer-coated DAP with 75% recommended rate showed statistically identical results to uncoated DAP with 100% recommended rate. The amount of applied P vulnerable to fixation was significantly reduced with the application of glycerin + polymer-coated DAP thereby resulting in improved plant growth, grain yield, and P-use efficiency of wheat crops.  相似文献   

10.
Water deficit is perhaps the most severe threat to sustainable crop production in the conditions of changing climate. Researchers are striving hard to develop resistance against water deficit in crop plants to ensure food security for the coming generations. This study was conducted to establish the role of fulvic acid (FA) application in improving the performance of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.) under drought. Maize plants were grown under normal conditions till tasselling and were then subjected to drought by cessation of water followed by foliar application of FA (1.5 mg l?1). Drought stress disrupted the photosynthetic pigments and reduced the gas exchange leading to reduction in plant growth and productivity. Nonetheless, exogenous FA application substantially ameliorated the adversities of drought by sustaining the chlorophyll contents and gas exchange possibly by enhanced levels of antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT)) activities and proline. These beneficial effects yielded in terms of plant growth and allometry, and grain yield. It is interesting to note that FA application also improved the crop performance under well‐watered conditions. Hence, FA may be applied to improve the crop performance under drought and well‐watered conditions.  相似文献   

11.
The aim of the present study of triticale × maize crosses was to find an appropriate growth regulator treatment to improve the yield of triticale haploids and the subsequent production of doubled haploids. The growth effect in unpollinated ovaries of triticale was examined after treatment with 1000 mg/1 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or 100 mg/1 solutions of the following auxin analogues: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba), 4-chloro-o-tolyloxyacetic acid (MCPA), phenylacetic acid (PAA), 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5- T), respectively. Dicamba stimulated growth of the ovaries significantly more than picloram and both stimulated more growth than the other growth regulators tested. Neither dicamba nor picloram induced embryo development in unpollinated pistils. Dicamba and picloram solutions, at concentrations of 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/1, were subsequently applied to pistils of triticale pollinated with maize. On average, between 17.1 and 21.5 embryos/100 fiorets were excised after treatment with 75 or 100 mg/1 solutions of picloram or dicamba but the concentrations of 20 and 50 mg were less effective. The frequencies of excised embryos did not differ between genotypes. Seventy-six green haploids were obtained from 100 embryos rescued in vitro on the 190–2 and modified B5 media, the first medium being superior. The plants were subjected to colchicine treatment at the 3–4 tiller stage. Out of 68 plants brought to maturity, 25 exhibited fertile sectors. In comparison with previous studies, picloram and dicamba significantly improved the efficiency of the triticale × maize crossing. The low dependence on the mother germplasm makes triticale × maize crossing an efficient alternative to the androgenetic methods of doubled haploid production in triticale.  相似文献   

12.
以紫叶加拿大紫荆（Cercis canadensis ‘Forest Pansy’）当年生嫩枝为试验材料,探讨不同培养基和植物生长调节剂如6-BA、IBA、NAA、TDZ对试管苗增殖以及生根的影响。结果表明：最适增殖培养基为DKW+TDZ 0.03 mg/L+PVP 0.5 mg/L;生根培养基为1/2 MS + IBA 25 mg/L+AC 0.6 mg/L。此体系中增殖系数可达4.27,生根率73.3%。  相似文献   

13.
Regeneration has been achieved in blackgram (Vigna mungo) using thidiazuron (TDZ) in the culture medium. The explanted cotyledon with wounded embryonic axes produced the highest number (9.75–10.45) of healthy, elongated shoots when cultured on shoot bud regeneration medium (SRI) composed of 2 μM BAP, 2 μM KIN, 2 μM TDZ, and 0.5 μM NAA followed by multiple shoot regeneration (SRII) medium containing 2 μM BAP, 2 μM KIN, and multiple shoot elongation (SE) medium (0.5 μM of BAP + 0.5 μM of KIN). The presence of TDZ in combination with BAP and NAA in the SRI medium for one sub-culture cycle (10–14 days) significantly increases formation of multiple shoot buds per explant. Independent, healthy shoots obtained were selected for both in vitro rooting and grafting. Establishment of plantlets in the soil was highest (80–100%) in the case of in vitro rooted compared to grafted shoots (40%). The protocol appears to be competent to Agrobacterium-meditated transformation with ‘gus’ as a reporter gene. PCR analysis of the T0 and T1 progenies showed the presence and transmission of the transgene. We document here the regeneration and transformation of blackgram using cotyledons with wounded embryonic axes and the protocol appears to be suitable for genetic transformation of blackgram.  相似文献   

14.
Embryo development in vivo has been studied in four Citrus aurantium L. polyembryonic genotypes. Seeds were collected 65, 85, 105, 125 and 220 days after pollination (DAP). None of the immature seeds harvested 65 and 85 DAP contained visible embryos. A single embryo at a more advanced developmental stage was observed in the central position at the micropylar apex of the embryo sac in about 74% of seeds harvested at 105 DAP, while at 125 and 220 DAP the majority of seeds had two or more embryos at the same developmental stage crowded together. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of lowand high-copy-number nuclear DNA was used to distinguish zygotic from nucellar seedlings. Analysis of plantlets derived from in vitro culture of the bigger embryos, located in the central position at the micropylar apex of the embryo sac of seeds harvested at 105 DAP, established that the frequencies of zygotic embryos ranged from 82 to 88%. Media for immature embryo germination in vitro were based on the nutrients and vitamins of Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Murashige and Tucker (MT) media supplemented with various concentrations of sucrose and growth regulators. A total of 76% of globular stage embryos (<0.3mm) germinated on MT medium containing 150 mM sucrose and 14.4 μM gibberellic acid. Heart stage embryos (0.3-0.8 mm) germinated at 95% on MT medium supplemented with 150 mM sucrose and 2.9 μM gibberellic acid. The addition of 500 mg/l malt extract to MS medium increased the germination of early cotyledon stage (0.8-2.0mm) embryos to 98%. The optimum sucrose concentration for embryo rescue was 150 mM for the three embryo developmental stages. The ability to form plants in vitro strongly increased with increasing embryo developmental stage.  相似文献   

15.
Interspecific hybrids were produced from reciprocal crosses between Brassica napus (2n = 38, AACC) and B. oleracea var. alboglabra (2n = 18, CC) to introgress the zero-erucic acid alleles from B. napus into B. oleracea. The ovule culture embryo rescue technique was applied for production of F1 plants. The effects of silique age, as measured by days after pollination (DAP), and growth condition (temperature) on the efficiency of this technique was investigated. The greatest numbers of hybrids per pollination were produced under 20°/15°C (day/night) at 16 DAP for B. oleracea (♀) × B. napus crosses, while under 15°/10°C at 14 DAP for B. napus (♀) × B. oleracea crosses. Application of the ovule culture technique also increased the efficiency of BC1 (F1 × B. oleracea) hybrid production by 10-fold over in vivo seed set. The segregation of erucic acid alleles in the self-pollinated backcross generation, i.e. in BC1S1 seeds, revealed that the gametes of the F1 and BC1 plants carrying a greater number of A-genome chromosomes were more viable. This resulted in a significantly greater number of intermediate and a smaller number of high-erucic acid BC1S1 seeds.  相似文献   

16.
植物生长调节剂对大豆根系同化物及内源激素代谢的影响   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
在大田条件下,以垦农4号为试验材料,研究了不同植物生长调节剂对大豆生育后期根系内同化物及内源激素的变化情况。结果表明:SODM调节剂明显提高了大豆根系中的可溶性蛋白含量,增加了根系内游离氨基酸的输出量,氯化胆碱和DTA-6调节剂表现不明显。喷药后5~30 d,氯化胆碱有效地降低了根系中ABA含量,SODM和DTA-6调节剂有效地提高了大豆根系内CTK和GA含量,而对IAA含量的促进并不明显。至喷药后20~30 d,SODM和DTA-6调节剂处理的根系ABA含量才有所降低。  相似文献   

17.
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18.
A factorial experiment with 3 nitrogen (N) levels and 4 application rates of the triazole type plant growth regulator (PGR), BAS 111 W = l-phenoxy-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-4-hydroxy-5,5-dimethylhexane, was conducted in hydroponics to study the influence on N uptake and morphological changes of oilseed rape. The following results were obtained:
–Increased N level of the nutrient solution increased plant height and root and shoot weight. Enhanced N uptake caused a higher N concentration of root and shoot.
–Increasing PGR application rates reduced plant height and shoot biomass production; this reaction was stronger at higher doses of N.
–Root weight, root length, root diameter and root surface area were increased by N application. None of these parameters was significantly altered by the PGR. This resulted in increased root-shoot-ratios at higher PGR rates.
–As a consequence of reduced shoot production PGR application resulted in increased concentrations of N. The root reacted similarly but to a lesser degree.  相似文献   

19.
The residual effect of gibberellic acid (GA) and plant growth retardants [mepiquat chloride (MC) and trinexapac‐ethyl (TNE)], on Chinese yam plants was examined. Bulbil formation in MC and TNE‐treated tubers was earlier than that of the control and GA treatment. Bulbils in GA‐treated tubers increased the ratio of bulbil size (>4 mm) compared with the control. The highest GA treatment was fivefold more increased than that of the control. Bulbil yield per hectare was significantly increased by the elevated GA application compared with the control. The more MC concentration was elevated the more the ratio of bulbil size (>4 mm) increased. Bulbil yield was highest in the MC concentration (400 p.p.m.). The more TNE concentration was elevated the more the ratio of bulbil size (>4 mm) increased. Similar to MC treatment, TNE treatment showed the effect of bulbil enlargement in all the concentrations. This suggests that MC is the most effective growth retardant to induce bulbil enlargement and formation, and to increase bulbil and tuber yield in Chinese yams.  相似文献   

20.
Successful hybridization between Lilium concolor and Lilium longiflorum has not been reported but ovary slice culture technique, after cut-style pollination has now been used to produce diploid and triploid interspecific hybrids between these species. Reciprocal crosses between diploid cultivars (2n= 2x= 24) were conducted. 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, and 45 days after pollination (DAP), ovaries were sliced and cultured on a modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium without growth regulators and NH4NO3, supplemented with 6% sucrose, 50 mg/1 yeast extract and 0.25% gelrite at pH 6.3. For the L. concolor × L. longiflorum cross, embryo germination was found to be best at 20 DAP, while for the L. longiflorum × L. concolor at 25 DAP. After transfer to a MS (half-strength) medium supplemented with 1.5% sucrose, 0.25% gelrite and 0.2% active charcoal at pH 5.8, diploid and triploid hybrid plants were developed. All regenerated plants were identified as hybrids on the basis of karyotype and isozyme analyses. Ovary slice culture technique as a method of producing polyploids is discussed.  相似文献   

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