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1.
S. A. Shoba 《Eurasian Soil Science》2009,42(5):471-476
The main tendencies in the development of Russian soil science after the previous congress (Novosibirsk, 2004) are analyzed. The major achievements of Russian pedologists in the field of the geography and cartography of soils are outlined, including the development of new small-scale maps of Russia and particular regions and the study of soils of northern territories. The latest data on the emission of greenhouse gases from soils of Russia are analyzed. It is shown that expectations of a sharp increase in the emission of greenhouse gases from the soils of northern territories in relation to the predicted climate warming are groundless. At the same time, the widespread development of soil degradation processes and the conversion of former agricultural lands into other land categories are the matters of deep concern of Russian soil scientists. The need in activation of the work of the Dokuchaev Soil Science Society in the field of the development of legislative regulations of soil management and rational use of land resources is stressed. The organization of the Soil Conservation Service in Russia, the adoption a federal law on soil conservation, the development of the national soil-geographic database, and the practical implementation of soil certification and soil-ecological monitoring are considered to be major challenges facing Russian soil scientists in the nearest future. 相似文献
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Eurasian Soil Science - The development of tomographic studies of soil pore space in Russian soil science in 2011–2018 is discussed. In several years, these studies have evolved from the... 相似文献
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The methods and results of tomographic soil studies are discussed. A brief history of the development of the tomographic method and its application in soil science are described, and the major results obtained with the use of this method are outlined. An experience of the application of X-ray microtomography for studying the structure of undisturbed samples of some Russian soils is also considered. Three-dimensional images of soil aggregates and soil pore space with a resolution of 15.8 ??m have been obtained for the upper horizons of gray forest and soddy-podzolic soils. On the basis of these data, the merits and demerits of the tomographic method in comparison with the traditional method for studying soil pedality and pore space in thin sections are discussed. Certain advantages of the tomographic method provide good possibilities to study soil processes at a qualitatively new level. Priority directions of the development of tomographic studies in soil science are outlined. 相似文献
4.
The concepts and classifications of humus forms developed since the time of scientific pedology formation are critically discussed. The concept of humus forms (types) relates to the classification of a set of topsoil organic and organomineral horizons, which reflects morphologically distinct phases of plant litter and soil organic matter decomposition, but not to the fractions of soil organic matter. Humus forms reflect various types of transformation and accumulation of organic matter in the soil. The stages of development and modern classifications of humus forms abroad are described. The taxonomy of humus forms in Russian literature and its application for the mapping and evaluation of forest soils are considered, as well as its use for the mathematical simulation of soil organic matter mineralization and humification. Prospects for the development of the classification of humus forms in combination with the basic soil classification of European Russia are discussed. A call for an understanding and a common language in soil science at the international level is underlined. 相似文献
5.
The roots of soil micromorphology in Russia are inseparably connected with mineralogical studies. The development of soil
micromorphology as a specific field of soil science was greatly affected by the works of W. Kubiena and R. Brewer. In the
1970s, centers for micromorphological studies appeared in many research and educational organizations. They gathered a wealth
of information on the micromorphology of different soil types in the Soviet Union. The major tendencies in the development
of soil micromorphology and its practical applications are considered: from the general problems of the genesis of modern
soils and paleosols and methodological grounds of soil micromorphology to the diagnostics of anthropogenic changes of soils
on the basis of data on their microfabric with quantitative assessments of soil morphology at different levels (from the macrolevel
to the micro- and submicrolevels). Data on the contribution of Russian micro- morphologists to the study of certain soils
and on the major scientific events and organizational efforts in this field are also considered. 相似文献
6.
国际土壤科学研究的新进展 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
土壤科学在国家自然资源保护、农业可持续发展和生态环境建设中具有重要作用.本文结合国际土壤科学研究新进展和发展态势,提出了我国土壤科学未来发展的战略目标与任务以及我国土壤学的优先领域,并探讨了我国土壤学科发展的总体思路与值得深思的问题.为进一步推动我国土壤科学的发展提供学术指导. 相似文献
7.
Soil science contributions towards Sustainable Development Goals and their implementation: linking soil functions with ecosystem services 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2 
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下载免费PDF全文 Johan Bouma 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2014,177(2):111-120
The United Nations effort to define Sustainable Development Goals (SDG's), emphasizing local goals and capacity building, offers a unique opportunity for soil science to demonstrate the role it can play when focusing on these goals. Several strategic reports have presented key issues for sustainable development: food security, freshwater and energy availability, climate change and biodiversity loss are issues most frequently being listed, not soil degradation. Focusing on soil contributions towards interdisciplinary studies of these key issues, rather than emphasizing soils by themselves, is therefore bound to be more effective for the soil science profession. But this is still inadequate when studying land‐related SDG's, requiring a broader ecosystem approach that can be achieved by a direct link between soil functions and corresponding ecosystem services. Thus, the key issues are not considered separately but linked as part of a dynamic ecosystem characterization following a narrative as is demonstrated for food security, that can be well addressed by precision agriculture. As all key issues and at least five of the ten SDG's are directly land‐related, soil science can potentially play an important role in the suggested interdisciplinary studies. But in addition, the current information society with knowledgeable stakeholders requires innovative and interactive transdisciplinary scientific approaches by not only focusing on knowledge generation but also on co‐learning with stakeholders and, important, on implementation. The soil science discipline can become more effective in the transdisciplinary context by: (1) reconnecting the knowledge chain, linking tacit with scientific knowledge both ways, (2) simplifying soil terminology, (3) learning to deal with “wicked” environmental problems for which no single solutions exist but only a series of alternative options for action, balancing economic, social and environmental considerations, (4) educating “knowledge brokers”, linking science with society in land‐related issues, acting within a “Community of Scientific Practice”, and (5) modernizing soil science curricula. Transdisciplinary approaches are crucial to achieve SDG's, linking science and society. There is a need for specific results on the ground illustrating with hard data the key role soils can play in realizing SDG's. 相似文献
8.
G. V. Dobrovol’skii O. V. Chernova O. V. Semenyuk L. G. Bogatyrev 《Eurasian Soil Science》2006,39(4):347-353
The meaning of the term “etalon” (reference, standard) in natural sciences and, particularly, in soil science is discussed. The need to preserve natural landscapes and soils as reference objects for comparison with their anthropogenically transformed analogues and as a basis for sustaining the natural diversity of plants and animals is demonstrated. The principles and criteria for the choice of reference soils for the Red Data Book of Russian Soils are suggested. The choice of reference soils should be made with due account for the provinces of the soil-geographical (or soil-ecological) zonation as territories characterized by similar environmental conditions and typical soil cover patterns. 相似文献
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土壤学的数字化和信息化革命 总被引：49，自引：6，他引：49
19世纪以来的近代土壤学的发展,主要受到化学和地学的影响,而物理学和数学到本世纪中叶才开始进入,但却引发了当今土壤学的数字化和信息化革命,它表现在土壤学研究中的模式趋势;首先出现在土壤分类和制图上数字化趋势;应用信息技术的强大处理能力形成各种土壤专家系统的智能化趋势;3S技术和PA推动下农田土壤研究的精确化趋势以及土信息的网络化趋势。本文最后还就土壤学的数字化和信息化发展中的一些方法论问题作了讨论。 相似文献
11.
Taxonomic distances between pairs of soil orders in the Russian soil classification system have been calculated using a methodology suggested for calculation of taxonomic distances between the Reference Soil Groups in the international soil classification system (WRB). Basing on the data obtained, some proposals for the development of the Russian soil classification system have been formulated. Most of the orders are characterized by considerable taxonomic distances between them, and their identification in the classification system is doubtless. Small taxonomic distances are characteristic of the following pairs of orders: organo-accumulative and structural-metamorphic soils, hydrometamorphic soils and lithozems, and cryometamorphic and eluvial soils. Therefore, criteria for defining some orders, and/or profile formulas for some soil types composing the orders may be revised. The comparison of taxonomic distances between soil orders in the Russian system and between Reference Soil Groups in the international system allows us to suggest their certain similarity. 相似文献
12.
S. A. Shoba V. S. Stolbovoi I. O. Alyabina E. N. Molchanov 《Eurasian Soil Science》2008,41(9):907-913
The need for the All-Russia soil-geographic database satisfying international standards is substantiated. Soil functions and the role of soils as a natural resource are analyzed. The soil resources of Russia are briefly described, and the problem of soil degradation is discussed. It is shown that the Russian legislative base regulating soil management and soil conservation policies is in a very poor state and requires improvement. The world policy of soil conservation is compared with the situation in Russia. The procedure for creating the State Soil-Geographic Database of the Russian Federation is described. It is supposed that it will consist of three major directions: the creation of a geographic database on a scale of 1: 2.5 M, the creation of a database of soil profiles, and the creation of a generalized database of the factors of soil formation and morphogenetic soil features. In addition, information about the economic use of typological soil units distinguished on the Soil Map of Russia on a scale of 1: 2.5 M (2007) will be aggregated. 相似文献
13.
土壤圈及其对全球变化的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
With development of modern geoscience,particularly development of environmental sciences,the contemporary soil science is undergoing great changes in both research contents and scope.Soil is not only a certain substance or a certain independent natural historical body but also a spheric layer with peculiar structure and functions in the earth system.From the viewpoint of the geo-biosphere system of earth,soil science does deal not only with the soil substances per se but also more importantly with the relationships among soil,the other spheres and the human survival environment in view of the “pedosphere“,This is the new orientation of soil science today and will affect profoundly the studies on the human survival environment and global changes,To throw more light on this subject,the present paper intends to address the conception of pedosphere and its role in global changes,Also addressed are series of environmental issues in China and their relations to the global changes.Moreover,research orientation and priorities are indicated ,including exploitation and protection of the soil resources,soil fertility and sustainable agricultural development,construction of the ecological environment,and the material cycling in pedosphere and its relation to global changes. 相似文献
14.
E. V. Shein 《Eurasian Soil Science》2010,43(2):158-167
The main stages of the development of soil hydrology are described. These are: (1) the stage of classical hydrology based
on the concepts of soil water forms and soil hydrological constants; (2) the stage of thermodynamic approaches toward assessing
the statics and dynamics of soil water (soil hydrophysics); and (3) the modern stage of diverse approaches taking into account
the specificity of water movement in a heterogeneous pore space (the development of preferential water flows), the specificity
of the hydrological properties of soils in dependence on the scale of their examination, and the impact of the living soil
phase on the soil hydrological processes. The diversity of modern approaches toward soil hydrology is reflected in the names
of new branches of this science, such as hydropedology, geohydrology, biohydrology, etc. At the modern stage, all the conceptual
approaches typical of the earlier stages of the development of soil hydrology are also applied. At present, soil hydrology
is an actively developing field of soil science with clearly understood limits of application, advantages, and disadvantages
of the methods typical of the first two stages. On this basis, an integral quantitative multilevel concept of soil hydrology
is being developed. 相似文献
15.
基于文献计量分析的近30年国内外土壤科学发展过程解析 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
借助Web of Science和CNKI数据库,利用文献计量学方法定量分析了近30年来国内外发表的土壤科学文献,研究了土壤科学不同时期(1986—1995、1996—2005、2006—2013年)的发展与演变过程,对比了国内外土壤科学发展的异同点。早期的国际土壤科学是以土壤肥力主导的农田土壤学研究,逐渐转向以生态环境为核心的问题导向研究,强调土壤生物驱动的土壤过程研究;而我国土壤科学研究更注重区域特色,以地力提升、土壤侵蚀与水土保持、土壤污染与修复等问题导向更加明确,发展过程中学科间的交叉与融合不断增强。本论文期望以文献计量学的分析方法客观评价土壤科学发展的脉络,把握学科发展前沿,提升土壤科学研究的创新能力,从而推动我国土壤科学的发展。 相似文献
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土壤健康是食品安全和人类生命健康的基础保障，开展土壤健康评价、掌握土壤健康状况对土壤保护和农业可持续发展具有重要意义。本文以Web of Science核心数据库中收录的土壤健康评价相关文献为基础数据，采用CiteSpace工具文献数量、题目、关键词、作者等信息进行可视化计量分析。结果表明：（1）土壤健康评价是一项环境科学、土壤科学、农学等多学科交叉的研究领域，目前正处于快速发展时期；美国在这一领域的研究实力和国际影响力最大，我国虽然起步较晚但发展迅速，发展潜力巨大。（2）土壤健康概念从狭义到广义，评价指标从理化属性到物理、化学、生物综合指标，评价体系从单一粮食生产到多种生态系统服务功能，方法模型从专家经验到系统建模，技术手段从常规检测到微生物组学、地信遥感等正在逐步改进和完善。（3）生物学指标、土壤多功能定量评价、客观准确的评价模型等是目前土壤健康评价研究的前沿和热点。我国土壤健康评价研究尚处于发展阶段，本文对国际土壤健康评价进展情况的总结梳理对我国相关研究工作的开展提供了一定的参考与借鉴。 相似文献
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The territory in the upper reaches of the Pechora River is characterized by the predominance of Al-Fe-humus and metamorphic soils with gley features developing under the middle taiga fir-spruce forests rather than gley-podzolic soils as had been considered before. Some of the described soil profiles represent intergrades between brown taiga soils (burozems) and gleysols; these soils are absent in the new Russian soil classification system. General regularities of the soil cover are controlled by the geomorphic position of the soils on slopes and by the conditions of ground moistening and lateral soil water flows. The development of modern soil cover patterns is determined by the impact of herbaceous and woody vegetation, bioturbation of the soils by windfalls, the presence of dead tree trunks on the soil surface, and other factors. 相似文献
19.
中国土壤污染与修复科技研究进展和展望 总被引：15，自引：5，他引：15
土壤污染与修复是土壤学的一个重要分支学科,对推进中国土壤污染管控与修复工作、保障国家土壤环境安全和生态文明建设发挥着重要的科技支撑作用。简要分析了中国土壤污染状况,介绍了国内外土壤污染与修复技术研究现状与发展趋势,指出了我国土壤污染防治科技研发中存在的若干问题,提出了今后我国土壤污染与修复科技研究与发展的总体思路与主要方向等对策建议。 相似文献
20.
The analysis of the responses of users of the substantive-genetic Russian soil classification system revealed some problems concerning the genetic (diagnostic) horizons. Applying horizons is essential since soil diagnostics are based on their identification and their combinations in soil profiles. In the recent Russian system, there are many diagnostic horizons, and their recognition is not always easy. This review is aimed at displaying the main elements and the genetic essence of the horizons, as well as the reasons to choose the diagnostic criteria and parameters for most of them. The horizons are grouped into genetic sets, and the specific properties of the horizons are emphasized, as well as the differences between the horizons and the feasibility to introduce new horizons. A rough comparison of the diagnostic horizons in the Russian and WRB systems revealed the considerable similarity of the taxa, whose definitions depend on the presence of the diagnostic horizons: these are the orders and soil reference groups, respectively. 相似文献