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不同施氮水平苹果矮化中间砧幼树光合产物的周年分配利用 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】光合产物在树体内的利用、分配状况直接影响着果树的产量形成,是果树优质、丰产、稳产的重要因素。氮肥的不合理施用易导致树体C/N失衡,造成树体旺长或早衰,直接影响果树的产量、品质形成。因此,研究矮化中间砧苹果在不同氮水平下的光合产物利用、分配特性,为合理协调光合产物在树体内的利用、分配以保证果树稳健生长又及时成花结果打下理论基础。【方法】以生产上最常用的2年生烟富3/M26/平邑甜茶幼树为试材进行盆栽试验。设置不施氮肥(N0)、适宜施氮肥(N100)和过量施氮肥(N200)3个氮素水平,分别于春梢生长期、春梢停长期、秋梢生长期进行13C标记,标记72 h后取样,整株解析为叶、一年生枝条、主干、中间砧、根系,测定了其13C丰度,玉米素核苷(ZR),脱落酸(ABA),可溶性淀粉含量,并测定了叶面积和叶绿素含量。【结果】与N0相比,不同物候期适宜施氮肥(N100)和过量施氮肥(N200)处理均显著促进树体生物量的增加,提高叶片面积和叶绿素含量,N100处理对树体生长的促进作用随着氮肥施入时间的延长逐渐显现。春梢生长期和春梢停长期,N100处理细根生长量最高,其次是N200处理,N0处理最低;至秋梢生长期,N0处理细根生物量迅速升高至最高且显著高于N200处理。N0处理在不同生长期叶片淀粉含量均显著高于N100和N200处理。氮肥施入初期,叶片ZR含量为N200N100N0,施肥30天后,N100处理叶片仍保持较高的ZR含量,但N200处理ZR含量显著下降。氮肥施入初期各处理ABA含量无显著差异,随着生育期延长差异性逐渐显著,施肥后30天,N0处理的叶片ABA含量达到最高并保持较高水平至生长后期。不同施氮处理树体根冠比和光合产物分配规律在不同生长期差异显著。氮肥施入至春梢生长期,N100和N200处理根系13C分配率分别是N0处理的285.35%和217.98%,而N0处理树体会将更多的光合产物用于地上部生长;至春梢停长期N100和N200处理仍保持较高根冠比和根系13C分配率;至秋梢生长期,N0处理根系光合产物分配率升高,而N100和N200处理根系13C分配率分别降低至N0处理根系13C分配率的71.98%和41.26%,表明生长后期N0处理生长中心逐渐向根系转移。【结论】施氮水平对苹果矮化中间砧幼树生长及光合产物利用方式和分配规律的显著影响与玉米素核苷和脱落酸的合成变化密切相关。施氮通过促进ZR大量合成显著促使光合产物向根系大量分配,周年尺度上表现为树体根冠比和根系生物量显著升高,树体地上部快速生长。整个生长期内低氮条件下树体光合产物转化为淀粉在叶片中大量贮存是由ABA的合成差异所造成。 相似文献
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不同氮水平下不同中间砧苹果幼树的生长及氮吸收、利用、分配特性 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
【目的】苹果矮砧密植栽培是苹果产业发展的方向,目前我国矮化苹果栽培仍套用乔砧苹果管理技术,偏施氮肥,施肥不足和超量并存,易造成矮砧苹果树体早衰或过旺生长。因此急需研究不同类型中间砧苹果在不同施氮量下树体生长及氮素吸收、利用、分配规律,为苹果矮化中间砧高产高效栽培配套技术提供理论依据。【方法】采用盆栽方法,以1年生宫藤富士不同中间砧(SH28、SH38、CG24)幼树为试材,利用稳定性同位素15N标记技术研究了不施氮肥(N0)、适宜施氮肥(N100)和过量施氮肥(N200)三个氮素水平下幼树的生长差异及氮吸收、利用和分配特性。【结果】不同类型中间砧幼树在不同施氮水平下树体生物量和氮利用率差异显著,在不施氮肥(N0)、适宜施氮肥(N100)和过量施氮肥(N200)三个氮素水平下,矮化效果最弱的SH28中间砧幼树在高量氮时,树体生物量和15N利用率显著增加;矮化效果明显的SH38和CG24中间砧幼树在适宜供氮条件下生物量和15N利用率最大,高氮素供应反而不利于树体生长和15N利用率的提高。在不同供氮水平下,15N在不同类型中间砧各部位的分配差异显著。SH28中间砧在高氮量供应时,15N更多分配到地上部;CG24在不施氮肥和适宜施氮条件下更多15N分配到地上部,高量施氮条件下更多分配到根系;SH38在适宜施氮条件下15N较多地分配到根系,不施氮和高量施氮条件下更多的分配到地上部。【结论】中间砧品种、施氮水平及其交互作用均对树体生长和15N利用产生显著影响,其影响显著程度由高到低分别为:中间砧品种施氮水平施氮水平和中间砧品种的交互作用。施氮水平和中间砧品种的交互作用对根冠比和氮分配的影响较施氮水平和中间砧品种更为显著。随着中间砧矮化程度的增强,氮对树体生长的促进作用减小,树体对氮的响应度和响应速率也相应减弱。 相似文献
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不同施氮水平对矮化富士苹果幼树生长、氮素利用及内源激素含量的影响 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
【目的】矮化中间砧是目前我国苹果栽培中主要的致矮手段,但在提早结果的同时存在树势早衰的现象,而有关矮化中间砧的果树氮素需求规律及其氮素与树体生长和内源激素之间的关系研究较少。本文研究氮素施用量对矮化中间砧苹果幼树的生长、氮素吸收利用及内源激素的影响,以期为苹果矮化中间砧的果树栽培中氮肥的科学施用和高效利用以及防止树体早衰提供理论依据。【方法】利用15N同位素示踪技术,以三年生宫藤富士/SH6/平邑甜茶(Borkh cv.Fuji/SH6/M.hupehensis Rehd)为试材,于春梢萌芽前,设置3个氮肥施用水平(N 50、100、200 kg/hm2,分别以N50、N100、N200表示),同时每棵树施15N-尿素0.5 g。于春梢旺长期、春梢缓长期,采用酶联免疫法测定茎尖和细根的激素含量;植株停止生长时,测其春、秋梢长度,并整株解析,称量各部分鲜重、干重,测植株全氮及其15N丰度。【结果】研究结果表明,不同施氮水平与植株生长及氮素吸收利用密切相关,春、秋梢长度、树体鲜重及植株全氮均以N50处理最低,N100次之,N200最高,但15N的利用率趋势正好相反,为N50N100N200;细根鲜重以N100处理(34.06 g)最高,N200(28.36g)次之,N50(22.47g)最低。施氮水平对茎尖和细根的赤霉素(GA)、玉米素核苷(ZRs)、脱落酸(ABA)和吲哚乙酸(IAA)的含量变化及其比值有较大影响。春梢旺长期和春梢缓长期茎尖、细根中的IAA和GA含量均为N50N100N200,而ZR和ABA的含量则随氮肥用量的增加而降低,表现为N50N100N200;春梢缓长期与春梢旺长期相比,除细根中GA含量(N50、N100、N200处理分别为5.13、5.68、6.17 ng/g,Fw)有所升高外,各器官的IAA、GA、ZR的含量均明显降低,且差异显著;两时期茎尖和细根的ZR/GA、ABA/GA比值均以N50处理最大,N100处理次之,N200处理最小;同一器官不同处理间(IAA+GA+ZR)/ABA比值也存在差异,N200处理显著高于其他处理。【结论】氮肥施用量在50 kg/hm2到200 kg/hm2范围内,随着氮肥用量的增加矮化中间砧苹果幼树的生长促进型激素含量、植株全氮和植株生物量显著增加,但15N利用率显著降低,且ZR/GA、ABA/GA比值逐渐降低。本试验条件下施氮量为N100 kg/hm2是矮化中间砧苹果幼树的适宜施氮量,有利于提高氮素利用率,促进细根生长,同时可延缓树势衰老,促进成花,保证苹果矮化密植集约化栽培中的氮肥充足和均衡供应。 相似文献
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以3年生盆栽红富士苹果 (Malus domestica Borkh.cv. Red Fuji)/平邑甜茶 (Malus hupehensis)为试材,研究了主枝开张角度对盆栽红富士苹果对13C分配及15N-尿素分配、利用的影响。结果表明,根系13C分配率随主枝开张角度的增大而减少,在秋梢生长期对照、枝条水平和枝条下垂3处理根系的13C分配率分别为46.39%、36.39%和26.73%;而叶片13C分配率则随主枝开张角度的加大而增大,3处理叶片的13C分配率分别为30.15%、42.40%和54.97%。主枝开张角度降低了植株15N利用率,在秋梢生长期差异显著。对照、枝条水平和枝条下垂3处理植株15N利用率分别为5.29%、3.87%和4.05%,对照显著高于开张角度处理。在春梢旺长期和秋梢生长期,主枝开张角度处理新梢的15N分配率显著降低,叶片15N分配率有所升高;春梢停长期,主枝开张角度处理地上部多年生枝干与新梢的15N分配率显著低于对照。 相似文献
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【目的】采用15N、13C同位素示踪技术,通过对不同施氮量下嘎啦幼苗生长状况及氮、碳分配、利用特性等的研究,以期为苹果生产合理施肥提供依据。【方法】将2年生盆栽嘎啦幼苗进行低、中、高三个氮水平处理,同时进行15N标记。在新梢旺长初始期、新梢旺长期、新梢缓长期分别进行整株13C标记,72小时后,整株解析为叶、梢、根三部分,进行15N、13C测定。样品全氮用凯氏定氮法测定,15N丰度用ZHT-03质谱计测定。13C丰度用DELTA V Advantage同位素比率质谱仪测定。【结果】1)中、高氮水平的施肥处理可在不同程度上提高整株及叶片干物质量和新梢长度。新梢旺长初始期和新梢缓长期嘎啦幼苗整株干物质量、新梢旺长期叶片干物质分配比率在中、高氮水平处理间差异不显著,中氮水平经济有效。新梢旺长期以后新梢长度以中氮高氮低氮,三者间差异性显著,中氮处理有利于新梢生长。2)在新梢旺长初始期,低氮处理植株叶片15N分配率达50%,比其他处理高出13个百分点左右,表明低氮处理更多的氮被叶片所利用,中氮和高氮处理间差异不显著,说明在本试验施氮条件下中氮供应水平已能满足氮素营养需求。3)新梢旺长期和新梢缓长期幼苗13C固定量均以中氮处理最高,新梢旺长初始期3个处理间根系13C分配率中氮高氮低氮,表明中氮处理有利于碳同化物在嘎啦幼苗中的分配。4)不同施氮量处理的嘎啦幼苗,15N利用率随施氮水平提高而降低,高氮处理对碳同化物分配没有显著贡献。【结论】低、中、高氮不同处理新梢缓长期碳同化物在各器官间的分配比较均衡,氮素水平不能影响碳同化物的分配。盆栽试验表明,中氮水平在保证营养供应的同时,能够促进新梢生长和树势健壮。 相似文献
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施氮对大豆根系形态和氮素吸收积累的影响 总被引：16，自引：3，他引：13
采用框栽试验方法研究了不同施氮水平对大豆根系形态和氮素吸收积累的影响,结果表明:不同施氮水平对大豆植株生物量、氮素吸收积累量及根系形态有显著影响,随施氮量增加,植株干重、氮素积累量、单株产量等均呈先增加后降低趋势,其中以N100[100 kg(N)·hm-2]处理效果最佳,总体表现为N100>N200>N50>N25>N0.无N(NO)和适量偏低的氮(N25、N50)增加了大豆的根冠比,但过多的氮(N200)反而降低了大豆的根冠比,说明低氮胁迫促进了大豆根系的生长.大豆根长、根表面积和根体积随施氮量的增加表现为先降后增而后又降低的规律,不施氮(N0)情况下,根长、根表面积和根体积均高于低氮处理(N25、N50),之后随施氮量增加而增加,当超过一定施氮量(N200)时又呈降低趋势.不同生育时期植株生物量、氮素积累、根长、根表面积和根体积等表现为花期>苗期>鼓粒期.因此施用一定量氮肥对大豆植株生物量、氮素积累以及根系形态等产生显著影响,进而影响大豆氮素转运量和转运效率,最终影响大豆籽粒产量和品质. 相似文献
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不同时期施氮矮化苹果对15N的吸收、 分配及利用 总被引：6，自引：5，他引：1
【目的】研究不同时期施氮对矮化苹果氮素吸收、 分配及利用的影响,以期为矮化果园合理施肥、 提高氮肥利用率提供科学依据。【方法】以5年生烟富3/M26/平邑甜茶苹果为试材,采用15N同位素示踪技术,研究3个时期施氮对15N-尿素的吸收、 分配及利用特性。试验设3个处理,每个处理为1株,重复3次,分别在萌芽期(3月20日)、 春梢缓长期(6月5日)和秋梢生长期(7月10日)3个时期进行施肥, 每次每株施15N-尿素(丰度10.14%)10 g,普通尿素150 g。果实成熟期(10月15日)取全株样品进行氮的分析测定。【结果】不同时期施肥,植株不同器官从肥料中吸收分配到的15N量对该器官全氮量的贡献率(Ndff)差异显著。萌芽期施肥,植株在盛花期根的Ndff值最高,多年生枝次之; 从春梢缓长期到果实膨大期,根部吸收的15N优先向新生营养器官转运,果实成熟前期各器官Ndff均达到较高水平; 到果实成熟期,果实的Ndff值最高。春梢缓长期施肥,秋梢生长期根的Ndff值最高; 果实成熟期新生器官的Ndff均达到较高水平,其中果实的Ndff值最高。秋梢生长期施肥,根和多年生枝等贮藏器官的Ndff值在各测定时期都处于较高水平,随着物候期推移,一年生枝、 叶片和果实等地上部新生器官的Ndff值逐渐增大,到果实成熟期,一年生枝、 叶片和果实等新生器官的Ndff均达到最高水平,但此期果实对15N吸收征调能力相对减弱。在果实成熟期,不同施肥处理植株各器官的15N分配率存在显著差异。萌芽期施肥,营养器官的15N分配率最大; 春梢缓长期施肥,生殖器官的15N分配率最大; 秋梢生长期施肥,贮藏器官的15N分配率最大。在果实成熟期,3个施肥时期处理间植株的总氮量、 吸收15N的量及15N肥料利用率存在显著差异,均以春梢缓长期施肥处理最大,分别为86.34 g、 1.38 g和30.07%; 秋梢生长期次之,分别为75.64 g、 1.25 g和27.22%; 萌芽期施肥处理最小,分别为72.82 g、 1.09 g和23.63%。【结论】在土壤比较贫瘠的果园中进行矮化栽培,生产上应制定合理的施肥次数,做到少量多次,在春季少施氮肥,初夏(果实膨大期)追施氮肥,同时加强当年贮藏营养,施肥时期适当后移,既能够满足树体不同生长发育阶段的需求,而且还能够尽量减少因灌溉和降水等造成的地表径流和地下淋溶损失等,提高氮肥利用效率。 相似文献
9.
果实膨大期分次施氮对苹果氮素吸收利用及土壤累积动态的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
以6a生苹果为试材,采用~(15) N同位素示踪技术,研究了果实膨大期等氮量分次(1次,2次,8次)追施N肥对~(15) N-尿素吸收、利用、损失及0—60cm土层氮素累积动态的影响。结果表明:随着果实的膨大,植株新生器官(叶片、新梢和果实)Ndff值以8次施氮处理最高,1次施氮处理最低;果实成熟期,8次施氮处理~(15) N吸收量分别是2次和1次施氮处理的1.61倍和2.10倍;植株营养器官和生殖器官~(15) N分配率均以8次施氮处理最高,1次施氮处理最低;随时间推移,8次施氮处理0—60cm土层~(15) N残留量逐渐高于2次和1次施氮处理,且主要集中在0—40cm土层;在果实成熟期,8次施氮处理~(15) N肥料利用率为17.65%,显著高于2次(10.99%)和1次施氮处理(8.37%),而~(15) N损失率为47.54%,显著低于2次(59.05%)和1次施氮处理(67.92%)。综合考虑,果实膨大期8次施氮处理效果最佳,可使氮肥在树体需肥的关键期充分发挥作用,能显著降低氮肥损失,保证稳定充足氮素供应,提高氮素利用率。 相似文献
10.
以‘夏黑’葡萄扦插苗为试验材料,采用盆栽试验方法,分析了磁化水灌溉后葡萄叶片、茎和根系中不同形态氮素含量、氮素代谢关键酶活性以及不同氮源的贡献率,探讨磁化作用对‘夏黑’葡萄扦插苗生长以及氮素吸收、分配和利用的影响。以~(15)N为外源氮肥,分3次施入土壤中。试验设置4个处理,包括:磁化水灌溉处理、非磁化水灌溉处理、磁化水灌溉+施氮处理、非磁化水灌溉+施氮处理。磁化处理组中利用磁化装置处理灌溉水。结果表明:1)施氮条件下,与非磁化处理相比,磁化处理后葡萄叶片、根系和全株的全氮量提高,但是肥料中~(15)N对不同器官中氮素的贡献率无显著差异;叶片和根系的氮素利用率显著提高;全氮在叶片中分配率显著提高,在茎中的分配率则显著降低。2)与非磁化处理相比,磁化处理后葡萄叶片中谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷氨酸合酶活性显著提高,根系中显著降低。3)与单独施氮相比,磁化水灌溉+施氮提高了土壤氮含量;氮肥中~(15)N利用率提高,损失率降低。由以上研究结果可以看出,磁化水灌溉不仅可提高氮素代谢关键酶活性,而且可提高不同器官中氮素营养的吸收和利用,从而改变了氮素在不同器官中的分布。 相似文献
11.
《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(8):1441-1452
Abstract Saltgrass [Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene var. stricta (Gray) Beetle], accession WA-12, collected from a salt playa in Wilcox, AZ, was studied in a greenhouse to evaluate its growth responses in terms of shoot and root lengths, shoot dry-matter yield, and nitrogen (N) (regular and 15N) absorption rates under control and salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) stress conditions. Plants were grown under a control (no salt) and three levels of salt stress (100, 200, and 400 mM NaCl, equivalent to 5850, 11700, and 23400 mg L? 1 sodium chloride, respectively), using Hoagland solution in a hydroponics system. Ammonium sulfate [(15NH4)2SO4], 53% 15N (atom percent 15N) was used to enrich the plants. Plant shoots were harvested weekly, oven-dried at 60°C, and the dry weights measured. At each harvest, both shoot and root lengths were also measured. During the last harvest, plant roots were also harvested and oven-dried, and dry weights were determined and recorded. All harvested plant materials were analyzed for total N and 15N. The results showed that shoot and root lengths decreased under increasing salinity levels. However, both shoot fresh and dry weights significantly increased at 200 mM NaCl salinity relative to the control or to the 400 mM NaCl level. Shoot succulence (fresh weight/dry weight) also increased from the control (no salt) to 200 mM NaCl, then declined. The root dry weights at both 200 mM and 400 mM NaCl salinity levels were significantly higher than under the control. Concentrations of both total-N and 15N in the shoots were higher in NaCl-treated plants relative to those under the control. Shoot total-N and 15N contents were highest in 200 mM NaCl-treated plants relative to those under the control and 400 mM salinity. 相似文献
12.
Nguyen Van Phi Hung Shiori Watanabe Shinji Ishikawa Norikuni Ohtake Kuni Sueyoshi Takashi Sato 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(6):888-895
The quantitative analysis of the initial transport of fixed isotope 15-nitrogen (15N) in intact nodulated soybean plants (Glycine max [L.] Merr. cv. Williams) was investigated at the vegetative stage (36 days after planting, DAP) and pod-filling stage (91 DAP) by the 15N pulse-chase experiment. The nodulated roots were exposed to N2 gas labeled with a stable isotope 15N for 1 h, followed by 0, 1, 3 and 7 h of exposure with normal air. Plant roots and shoots were separated into three sections (basal, middle and distal parts) with the same length of the main stem or primary root. Approximately 80 and 92% of fixed N was distributed in the basal part of the nodulated roots at the vegetative and pod-filling stages by the end of 1 h of 15N2 exposure, respectively. In addition, about 90% of fixed 15N was retained in the nodules and 10% was exported to root and shoot after 1 h of 15N2 exposure at 91 DAP. The percentage distribution of 15N in the nodules at the pod-filling stage decreased from 90% to 7% during the 7 h of the chase period, and increased in the roots (14%), stems (54%), leaves (12%), pods (10%) and seeds (4%). The 15N distribution was negligible in the distal root segment, suggesting that N fixation activity was negligible and recycling fixed N from the shoot to the roots was very low in the initially short time of the experiment. 相似文献
13.
To determine N2 fixation by intact grass-soil cores, samples were collected from 25 sites in central Texas during the summer. Three cores (32 cm2 each) were extracted immediately adjacent to one another from single grass clumps or sods. Two of these cores were incubated under 10% C2H2 in air and the third core was incubated for 12 h in an atmosphere with 10% 15N2 enrichment. Following incubation with 15N2 the same core was assayed for rate of C2H2 reduction (AR). Rates of AR were generally low and quite variable (0–7.6 μmol C2H4 core?1 day?1). 15N2 was incorporated into root and shoot tissues within 12–24 h. Extrapolated values of N2 fixation based on 15N2 incorporation ranged from 0 to 20 kg N ha?1100 day?1. The ratio of C2H2 reduced (μ mol C2H4 core?1 day?1) to N2 fixed (μ mol N2 fixed core?1 day?1) was highly variable ranging from 0 to 12. This study confirmed that N2 is fixed in the rhizosphere of grasses grown in Texas through the use of 15N2 and demonstrated that incorporation of fixed N into shoots was relatively rapid. 相似文献
14.
不同类型红富士苹果对春季土施~(15)N-尿素的吸收、分配和利用特性研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
以15年生"惠民短枝"(短枝型)和"长富10"(普通型)红富士苹果/平邑甜茶(M.domesticaBorkh.cv.RedFuji/M.hupenensisRhed)为试材,研究其对春季土施15N-尿素的吸收、分配与利用特性。结果表明,盛花期短枝型和普通型红富士均以细根中吸收的氮素来源与肥料的比例(Ndff)值最高,分别为0.407%和0.286%,短枝型显著高于普通型;新梢旺长期和花芽分化期,根部吸收的15N优先向新生营养器官运转,短枝型红富士,除叶片外,其余各器官中Ndff值均高于普通型;果实膨大期和果实采收期,短枝型和普通型红富士均以果实中Ndff值最高,短枝型高于普通型;采收后,短枝型和普通型红富士均以粗根中Ndff值最高,分别为0.902%和0.792%,短枝型高于普通型。不同物候期短枝型和普通型红富士吸收的15N在各器官的分配率存在差异,盛花期贮藏器官15N分配率最高,两品种差异不显著;新梢旺长期和花芽分化期,短枝型和普通型红富士贮藏器官15N的分配率不断下降,15N主要向营养器官分配,短枝型低于普通型;果实膨大期和果实采收期短枝型和普通型红富士生殖器官成为新的分配中心,短枝型显著高于普通型;采收后15N向贮藏器官回流、积累,短枝型红富士贮藏器官能积累更多的营养物质。春季土施15N-尿素,随着物候期的推移,短枝型和普通型红富士对15N尿素的吸收利用率逐渐上升,采收后达到最高,分别为24.643%和16.311%;短枝型红富士氮素利用率普遍高于普通型。 相似文献
15.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(21):3103-3119
Tropical legume cover crops are important components in cropping systems because of their role in improving soil quality. Information is limited on the influence of nitrogen (N) fertilization on growth of tropical legume cover crops grown on Oxisols. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of N fertilization with or without rhizobial inoculation on growth and shoot efficiency index of 10 important tropical cover crops. Nitrogen treatment were (i) 0 mg N kg?1 (control or N0), (ii) 0 mg N kg?1 + inoculation with Bradyrhizobial strains (N1), (iii) 100 mg N kg?1 + inoculation with Bradyrhizobial strains (N2), and (iv) 200 mg N kg?1 of soil (N3). The N?×?cover crops interactions were significant for shoot dry weight, root dry weight, maximal root length, and specific root length, indicating that cover crop performance varied with varying N rates and inoculation treatments. Shoot dry weight is considered an important growth trait in cover crops and, overall, maximal shoot dry weight was produced at 100 mg N kg?1 + inoculation treatment. Based on shoot dry-weight efficiency index, cover crops were classified as efficient, moderately efficient, and inefficient in N-use efficiency. Overall, the efficient cover crops were lablab, gray velvet bean, jack bean, and black velvet bean and inefficient cover crops were pueraria, calopo, crotalaria, smooth crotalaria, and showy crotalaria. Pigeonpea was classified as moderately efficient in producing shoot dry weight. 相似文献
16.
Upland rice is an important crop in South America, including Brazil. Nutrient interactions are important in determining crop yields. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate interaction among nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in upland rice production. The treatments applied to upland rice grown on an Oxisol were three levels of N (N0, N150 and N300 mg kg?1), three levels of P (P0, P100 and P200 mg kg?1) and three levels of K (K0, K100 and K200 mg kg?1). These treatments were tested in a 3 × 3 × 3 factorial arrangement. Grain yield, shoot dry weight, plant height, root dry weight, maximum root length, panicle number, 1000-grain weight, and grain harvest index were significantly influenced by N, P, and K treatments. The treatment that did not receive P fertilization did not produce panicle or grain. Hence, P was most yield-limiting nutrient compared to two other nutrients. At the N0P0K0 treatment, rice did not produce grains, indicating severe deficiency of these nutrients in Brazilian Oxisols. Maximum grain yield was obtained with the N300P200K200 treatment. Grain yield had significant positive association with plant height, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, maximum root length, 1000-grain weight, panicle number, and grain harvest index. Among these growth and yield components, shoot dry weight had the highest positive association with grain yield and root length minimum positive association with grain yield. Hence, adopting adequate soil and crop management practices can improve growth and yield components and increase grain yield of upland rice. 相似文献
17.
Domesticated and wild-type tepary beans (Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray) were grown with or without inoculation with rhizobia in pots under bacteriologically controlled conditions in a temperature-controlled glasshouse. Seeds were inoculated with a mixture of seven strains isolated from nodules collected from domesticated field-grown tepary bean in Arizona, USA, or with a commercial inoculant strain for Phaseolus vulgaris (CC511). Different degrees of plant reliance upon N2 fixation for growth were generated by supplying the inoculated plants throughout growth with nutrients containing a range of concentrations of 15N-labeled NO3 (0, 1, 2, 5 or 10 mM). An uninoculated treatment that received 10 mM 15N-labeled NO3 was included to provide data for plants solely dependent upon NO3 for growth. Six weeks after sowing, shoots were harvested for dry matter determination and subsequent 15N analysis, root-bleeding xylem sap was collected, and nodulation assessed. With regard to shoot biomass production, domesticated lines were more responsive to inoculation, but less responsive to applied N than wild types. All inoculated plants were nodulated, but the field isolates from tepary bean were more effective in N2 fixation than strain CC511. It was concluded that tepary bean requires a specific inoculant to benefit from fixation of atmospheric N2. Xylem sap samples were analysed for ureides (allantoin and allantoic acid), amino acid content (α-amino-N), and NO3 concentration. The amount of ureide-N present in xylem sap was expressed as a percentage of total solute N, described as the relative abundance of ureide-N (RUN), for each N treatment and was compared to the proportion of plant N derived from N2 fixation (%Ndfa) calculated using a 15N dilution technique. The RUN values ranged from 8% for saps collected from uninoculated plants provided with 10 mM NO3 in the nutrient solution (%Ndfa=0) to 86-91% for nodulated plants grown in the absence of externally supplied NO3 (%Ndfa=100). These data indicated that ureides were the principal product of N2 fixation exported from the nodules to the shoot in xylem sap. Since RUN values were closely related to %Ndfa, it was proposed that N-solute analysis of xylem sap could provide a valuable analytical tool to monitor the symbiotic performance of tepary bean. 相似文献