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1.
温室白粉虱和烟粉虱常混合发生,危害严重。丽蚜小蜂是粉虱类害虫的重要寄生性天敌,被广泛应用于温室作物上粉虱的防控。本文分别以温室白粉虱和烟粉虱作为扩繁寄主,经多代连续扩繁,各自建立起稳定的丽蚜小蜂种群（分别以W1和W2表示）,以这两种小蜂种群为天敌试虫,研究了其对不同寄主植物上混合发生的两种寄主粉虱若虫的寄生选择性及其后代蜂生长发育适应度表现。结果表明,番茄、茄子、菜豆上温室白粉虱和烟粉虱的同龄若虫同时存在时,小蜂W1和W2均偏好寄生于温室白粉虱,且寄生其若虫内后代蜂的发育历期显著短于寄生烟粉虱若虫内的发育历期;黄瓜上两种粉虱混合存在时W1偏好寄生于烟粉虱,且寄生其若虫内后代蜂的发育历期显著短于寄生温室白粉虱若虫内的发育历期,但寄主植物及粉虱对丽蚜小蜂的羽化率均无显著影响。综合来看,无论饲养寄主为温室白粉虱或是烟粉虱,丽蚜小蜂均偏好寄生温室白粉虱,且寄生温室白粉虱内的后代蜂发育适合度较高,这对指导寄生蜂的人工饲养及有效利用具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。 相似文献
2.
番茄褪绿病毒Tomato chlorosis virus(ToCV)对我国番茄种植业破坏极大,而粉虱类昆虫是其主要传播介体。本研究调查了我国内蒙古自治区赤峰市和贵州省贵阳市的番茄褪绿病毒病发生情况,发现赤峰市的发病率为73.3%,贵阳市的发病率为53.3%。两个地区均存在Q型烟粉虱和温室白粉虱,赤峰市的Q型烟粉虱和温室白粉虱分别占75.9%和24.1%;贵阳市的Q型烟粉虱和温室白粉虱分别占39.8%和60.2%。对两个地区的两种粉虱种群在室内进行传毒特性研究,结果发现,经过48 h获毒后Q型烟粉虱和温室白粉虱的获毒量没有明显差异,但无论1头或10头粉虱,Q型烟粉虱的传毒量都高于温室白粉虱。结果说明,近年来随着Q型烟粉虱发生的日益严重,番茄褪绿病毒通过Q型烟粉虱的传播值得人们重视和进一步研究。 相似文献
3.
前期研究发现温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood)与烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)伪蛹可以在辽宁省最冷月份的温室作物上存活并且越冬的烟粉虱伪蛹携带番茄黄化曲叶病毒(Tomato yellow leaf curl virus,TYLCV)。为了进一步明确辽宁省越冬粉虱伪蛹在初春时期能否正常羽化,以及成功羽化的烟粉虱携带TYLCV的情况,对2013年4月中旬辽宁部分县市区保护地作物上14份粉虱伪蛹进行了研究:分析了粉虱羽化率,镜检鉴别了粉虱种类,鉴定了烟粉虱生物型并检测了新羽化烟粉虱成虫体内携带的TYLCV。结果显示,14份伪蛹样品羽化率范围为47%-93%,平均羽化率77%;其中,4份样品(锦州TH1、葫芦岛LSH1、葫芦岛LSH2和葫芦岛LSH3)的羽化率高于90%,仅有1份样品(朝阳JP1)的羽化率低于50%。在14份样品中,10份样品为烟粉虱种群,其余4份样品为烟粉虱和温室白粉虱混合种群且仅在鞍山岫岩(XY)样品中温室白粉虱占优势(比例50%)。14份烟粉虱样品(包括混合样品)中,12份样品烟粉虱均为Q型,其他2份样品为B型和Q型烟粉虱混合种群。结果表明,辽宁省越冬粉虱伪蛹在初春时期能正常羽化,所有采集的烟粉虱样品均未能检测到TYLCV。 相似文献
4.
烟粉虱与温室白粉虱羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽转移酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶性质的比较研究 总被引：16，自引：2，他引：16
对温室白粉虱 Trialeurodes vaporariorum和烟粉虱 Bemisia tabaci羧酸酯酶(Car E)、乙酰胆碱酯酶 (ACh E)和谷胱甘肽转移酶 (GSTs)的生物化学性质进行了初步研究。比较 Car E活性 ,烟粉虱显著高于温室白粉虱 ,烟粉虱和温室白粉虱 Car E对底物乙酸 -α-萘酯的 Km 分别为 0 .073mmol/ L 和 3.458mmol/ L。烟粉虱 ACh E活性分布高峰在 2～3m OD/ (min·头 )之间 ,而温室白粉虱 ACh E活性分布高峰在 10～ 15 m OD/ (min·头 )之间 ,烟粉虱 ACh E的 Km 值是温室白粉虱 Km 值的 12 .6倍。烟粉虱的 GSTs比活力为2 .218OD/ (mg pro·min) ,显著高于温室白粉虱的 GSTs比活力 0 .663OD/ (mg pro· min) ,差异达极显著水平 ,烟粉虱 GSTs对底物的亲和力比温室白粉虱高。 相似文献
5.
许多粉虱寄生蜂雌蜂对粉虱若虫的攻击方式不仅是寄生,而且还能取食。本文以海氏桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerus hayati作为测试寄生蜂,Q隐种烟粉虱和温室白粉虱作为寄主,在非选择和双向选择条件下调查了寄生蜂对寄主的取食和寄生选择性。研究结果表明,非选择试验条件下,海氏桨角蚜小蜂48 h内取食1～4龄烟粉虱和温室白粉虱若虫的数量分别为10.7、6.4、6.7、5.0头和4.4、3.7、2.8、2.3头,寄生1～4龄烟粉虱若虫的数量分别为22.1、27.5、25.4、16.5头,但不能寄生各龄期温室白粉虱若虫;而在选择试验条件下,寄生蜂取食1～4龄烟粉虱若虫的数量分别为同龄期温室白粉虱若虫数量的1.8、2.6、2.5、1.5倍。说明寄生蜂的取食寄主能力明显受寄主种类和龄期的影响。海氏桨角蚜小蜂更适合用来防治烟粉虱,但不适于防治温室白粉虱。 相似文献
6.
烟粉虱和温室白粉虱的区别 总被引：22，自引：3，他引：22
对烟粉虱和温室白粉虱形态做了区别 ,介绍了B型烟粉虱和温室白粉虱在生物生态学上的差异 ,同时给出了B型烟粉虱特征性银叶反应的鉴定方法。 相似文献
7.
［目的］ 明确武汉、荆州、孝感、随州、武穴5个棉花主产区烟粉虱生物型组成。［方法］ 通过以线粒体细胞色素氧化酶I（mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I, mtCOI）为基础的PCR RFLP和基因测序的方法,鉴定湖北5个棉花主产区烟粉虱地理种群的生物型组成,并分析5个地理种群与其他省种群的系统发育关系。［结果］ Q型烟粉虱为湖北省棉花主产区的优势种群,而武汉温室种群则均为B型烟粉虱,土著生物型ZHJ1型在大田中略有分布;系统发育分析表明,湖北省棉花主产区B型和Q型烟粉虱种群均与中国其他多个省的烟粉虱种群亲缘关系较近。［结论］ 本文研究结果可以为湖北省5个棉花主产区烟粉虱的有效防治提供参考。 相似文献
8.
烟粉虱是一种世界性重大害虫,随着杀虫剂的抗药性问题以及在蔬菜上的残留问题日益严重,生物防治成为解决这一问题的重要措施。本文研究了释放巴氏新小绥螨对温室大棚番茄上自然发生的烟粉虱种群的控制作用。结果表明:释放巴氏新小绥螨,对温室大棚番茄上的烟粉虱的种群具有明显的压制作用;温室大棚番茄上烟粉虱种群,在释放捕食螨和常规对照处理间的总体动态趋势相同,烟粉虱的数量在番茄植株上的分布均为上部中部下部叶片,但常规对照处理的烟粉虱数量是释放捕食螨处理的2～3倍;在烟粉虱种群密度低时,释放巴氏新小绥螨的防治效果较好,达到90%以上,随着烟粉虱密度的增大,巴氏新小绥螨对烟粉虱的防治效果下降,但番茄拉秧时防效仍可达到55.70%。相比化学农药,释放巴氏新小绥螨的生物防治措施对治理烟粉虱更具有稳定性和长效性的优势。 相似文献
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10.
在北京和河北局部地区Q型烟粉虱取代了B型烟粉虱 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用烟粉虱[Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)]B生物型和Q生物型mtDNA COⅠ基因片段的特异性引物及烟粉虱mtDNA COⅠ基因片段通用引物,对2009年采自北京市海淀区、昌平区和河北廊坊市的蔬菜所3个基地的烟粉虱种群的生物型进行了鉴定,同时以本实验室在温室内长期饲养的B型烟粉虱种群作为对照。结果表明,2009年在3个地区所采集的烟粉虱全部为Q型,而在2004年这3个基地发生为害的烟粉虱全部为B型,表明Q型烟粉虱已经取代了B型烟粉虱在这些地区发生为害。 相似文献
11.
Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B and the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), have become serious pests of cotton and vegetable crops in China since the early 1990s. In recent years, however, B. tabaci have broken out more frequently and widely than have T. vaporariorum. The B. tabaci biotype B has also developed higher resistance to several insecticides. Here, the effects of four different host plants on the insecticide susceptibility of B. tabaci biotype B and T. vaporariorum have been compared. The LC(50) values of imidacloprid, abamectin, deltamethrin and omethoate in T. vaporariorum reared on cucumber were significantly higher than those in B. tabaci (the LC(50) values in T. vaporariorum were respectively 3.13, 2.63, 2.78 and 6.67 times higher than those in B. tabaci). On the other hand, the B. tabaci population reared on cotton was more tolerant to all four insecticides tested than the T. vaporariorum population from the same host, especially to abamectin (up to 8.4-fold). The effects of the four host plants on the activity of carboxylesterase (CarE) in B. tabaci biotype B and T. vaporariorum were also compared. The results showed that, although the CarE activity of B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum varied depending on the host plants, the B. tabaci population possessed significantly higher CarE activity than the T. vaporariorum population reared on the same host plant. This was especially so on cucumber and cotton, where the CarE activities of the B. tabaci population were over 1.6 times higher than those of T. varporariorum. The frequency profiles for this activity in B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum populations reared on same host plant were apparently different. 相似文献
12.
Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) and Tomato infectious chlorosis virus (TICV) are two criniviruses that are emerging worldwide, and induce similar yellowing diseases in tomato crops. While TICV is transmitted only by Trialeurodes vaporariorum , ToCV is transmitted by three whitefly species in two genera Trialeurodes vaporariorum , T. abutilonea and Bemisia tabaci . The efficiency of transmission by T. vaporariorum from plants infected by one virus or by both was compared, and the probability of virus transmission by a single whitefly was derived from group testing experiments. The estimated transmission probabilities ranged from 0·01 to 0·13, and were not significantly different between ToCV and TICV, or between single and mixed infections. Experiments using B. tabaci as a vector and source plants infected by TICV and ToCV did not reveal any functional trans-complementation for transmission of TICV by ToCV, suggesting that if this phenomenon occurs in nature, it is at a very low frequency. Possible reasons why TICV did not establish in southern France while ToCV is now endemic are discussed. 相似文献
13.
比较了取食不同寄主植物的烟粉虱后代羧酸酯酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶的活力。结果表明:寄主植物对烟粉虱羧酸酯酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活力影响显著,取食不同寄主植物的烟粉虱后代羧酸酯酶和AChE活力差异显著。在试验的甘蓝、花菜、小白菜和苘麻4种寄主中,取食小白菜、甘蓝的烟粉虱后代种群羧酸酯酶的酶活力显著高于取食花菜和苘麻的,取食小白菜的酶活力最高,是取食苘麻的3.90倍。取食甘蓝的后代种群AChE的酶活力最高,取食苘麻的后代种群酶活力最低;取食花菜与小白菜、小白菜与苘麻之间没有明显差异,但甘蓝与其他寄主上的烟粉虱后代种群之间的差异均达到了极显著水平。取食甘蓝、花菜、小白菜的后代AChE OD值分别为取食苘麻的2.85、2.39倍和1.07倍。 相似文献
14.
ABSTRACT Root-knot nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne are economically important pathogens of a wide range of crops. The tomato resistance gene Mi typically confers resistance to the three major species, M. incognita, M. javanica, and M. arenaria. However, virulent populations completely overcoming the Mi resistance still occur. In an attempt to develop molecular markers for virulence against Mi and gain insights into the genetic relationships among virulent populations of different species and origins, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses of laboratory-selected virulent, field virulent, and avirulent populations of M. incognita, M. javanica, and M. arenaria were carried out. A RAPD marker, specific for selected virulent populations, was identified, and subsequently, converted to a sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR). Sequence characterization of the SCAR locus showed that alleles from laboratory- and field-selected virulent populations were highly similar to each other and clearly different from alleles from natural virulent and avirulent populations. This result suggests that the genetic mechanism for virulence against Mi may be similar among selected virulent populations of the three Meloidogyne spp., but different between selected and natural virulent populations. Based on the nucleotide polymorphisms at the SCAR locus, codominant and dominant polymerase chain reaction-based markers were developed enabling rapid diagnosis of selected virulent genotypes in M. incognita, M. javanica, and M. arenaria. 相似文献
15.
A recent survey of insecticide resistance in two of the most problematic pests in UK glasshouses revealed some new developments. At least some individuals in all UK samples of Trialeurodes vaporariorum that were tested resisted the insect growth regulator (IGR) buprofezin. The most strongly resistant strains were unaffected by the field application rate of this compound, and even samples from populations that had never been exposed to buprofezin contained individuals that survived the highest concentration applied (10,000 mg litre-1). The field rate of buprofezin was shown to select for resistance through vapour action alone. The benzophenylurea teflubenzuron, an unrelated IGR, was cross-resisted by buprofezin-resistant individuals. There was no evidence of resistance to imidacloprid, but all T vaporariorum strains tested, regardless of origin, exhibited a high innate tolerance to nicotine, when compared with another whitefly species, Bemisia tabaci. Marked resistance to fenbutatin oxide and tebufenpyrad was found in single glasshouse populations of Tetranychus urticae, but these compounds and abamectin appeared to remain highly effective against all other strains collected. 相似文献
16.
南方、爪哇和花生根结线虫的快速灵敏的PCR鉴定方法 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
为了研制南方、爪哇和花生根结线虫快速灵敏的检测和鉴定方法,分别分离了4个南方根结线虫和3个爪哇根结线虫特异性的随机扩增多态性DNA (RAPD)片段。在这些RAPD标记DNA序列的基础上,设计了多对SCAR PCR引物,并用源于国内外的南方、爪哇、花生、北方和象耳豆根结线虫群体验证其扩增特异性和灵敏度。最终确定了3对高效扩增的SCAR引物,它们组合使用可以可靠灵敏地鉴定南方、爪哇和花生根结线虫。3对引物的扩增灵敏度达1/3条的二龄幼虫、雄虫或雌虫,这表明本研究研制的PCR鉴定法可用于生产实践中土样和根样中3种根结线虫快速灵敏的鉴定。 相似文献
17.
稻瘟菌无毒基因AVR-Pikm的定位 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
无毒基因是病原物中决定寄主抗病性表达与否的功能基因,其功能的丧失导致毒性小种的产生。在先前的研究中,本研究小组从稻瘟病菌中分离了与无毒基因AVR-Pikm连锁的2个SCAR标记SCO12946和SCE121406。在本研究中,作者首先通过TAC克隆末端核苷酸序列的测定及其与70-15全基因组序列的比较,将这2个标记定位到稻瘟菌第1号染色体上;然后,利用稻瘟菌70-15全基因组草图序列和SSR技术,又分离了与无毒基因AVR-Pikm连锁的4个SSR标记:SSR47T34、SSR50CA24、SSR52TAGG18和SSR56A28。进一步分析表明:上述4个SSR标记位于与SCO12946和SCE121406相反的一侧,与AVR-Pikm位点的遗传距离分别为4.90、7.01、19.12和21.94cM,无毒基因AVR-Pikm位于SCE121406和SSRA7T34之间。本研究获得的稻瘟菌无毒基因AVR-Pikm的精细定位为通过染色体步移克隆该基因奠定了基础。 相似文献