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1.
Muscle growth was studied in larvae of sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax L., reared at two temperatures: real ambient temperature ( congruent with 15 degrees C during vitelline phase and increased gradually) and 19 degrees C from fertilization until the end of larval development. Muscle cellularity, body length and body weight were measured. Early temperature influenced larval development and so, pre-larval phase finished earlier at 19 degrees C than at ambient temperature (4 and 6 days, respectively). Temperature also affected muscle growth such that at hatching and at mouth opening hypertrophy of muscle fibres was greater at 19 degrees C (P < 0.05), whereas hyperplasia was similar in both groups. After 25 days, the cross-sectional area of the white muscle was greater at 19 degrees C (P < 0.05), which was mainly associated with a higher proliferation of new white muscle fibres. At this stage the body length was also higher at 19 degrees C. Metamorphosis finished earlier in fish reared at 19 degrees C (52 days) than at natural temperature (82 days). At this developmental stage body length and cross-sectional area of the myotome were similar in both groups. However, muscle cellularity differed between groups. Thus, hypertrophy of muscle fibres was higher in fish reared at ambient temperature (P < 0.05), whereas proliferation of new muscle fibres was higher at 19 degrees C (P > 0.05).  相似文献   

2.
Infective Cooperia oncophora larvae were temperature and light conditioned by holding them at various temperatures and daily light intensities for up to 56 days prior to administration to parasite-free calves via stomach tube. The calves were killed either on day 20 or day 21 postinfection. A marked (up to 80.5%) inhibition of development occurred in larvae held at 4 degrees C while little or no inhibition occurred in larvae held at room temperature or in fresh larvae. Marked inhibition also occurred in larvae held at 15 degrees C for 56 days while a low rate of inhibition occurred in larvae held at 17 degrees C for 42 days. Low incidence of inhibition was recorded in two of four calves given larvae held at ambient temperatures of mid-summer while appreciable inhibition of development of larvae occurred in two calves permitted to graze during the second and third week of September in 1975. Temperature conditioning of C. oncophora eggs for 27 days did not result in inhibition of development of infective larvae subsequently cultured from the eggs. Photoperiod or the presence of light did not have any appreciable effect on the development of inhibition of C. oncophora under the conditions of these investigations.  相似文献   

3.
The influence of protein in exchange for carbohydrates on the energy maintenance requirement was studied with nearly fully-grown rats at ambient temperatures between 33 and 21 degrees C. The levels of the crude protein content were 10, 25, 40 and 70%. At an ambient temperature of 33 and 30 degrees C energy maintenance requirement increased with the growing protein content in the feed. At a temperature of 30 degrees C the following values of energy maintenance requirement were measured in the sequence of the protein levels mentioned: 330 +/- 11, 347 +/- 18, 360 +/- 15 and 399 +/- 15 kJ metabolizable energy/kg live weight 0.75 X d. The occurring changes largely coincide with the expected values calculated from the efficiency of the ATP synthesis in the oxidative catabolization of protein and carbohydrates. At ambient temperatures of less than 30 degrees C, thermogenous effects after the exchange of protein versus carbohydrates could only be observed partly or not. 30 degrees C in feeding on the maintenance level and 33 degrees C in the state of hunger are estimated as the lower critical temperatures. Below the critical temperatures down to 24 degrees C heat production increased less per 1 degree C temperature decrease both in hungry and fed rats than in the temperature range between 24 and 21 degrees C. By the decrease of the ambient temperature from 24 to 21 degrees C the heat production of the hungry or fed rats increased by 39 or 33 kJ/degrees C X kg live weight 0.75 X d.  相似文献   

4.
178 Penicillium strains were isolated from moulded feedstuffs (mainly corn and wheat after ambient air drying, wheat after refrigeration, corn after treatment with propionic acid), and investigated for the effect of temperature on growth rate. Temperatures between 4 and 27 degrees C were used. 159 strains proved psychrotrophic, they were able to grow at 4 degrees C on malt extract agar (MA) as well as in wheat; the growth in wheat was indicated by the production of ergosterol. On MA all psychrotrophic strains were able to grow also at 10-27 degrees C. The maximum rate of growth was reached at 10-15 degrees C, 15-20 degrees C, 20-27 degrees C, or must be assumed for temperatures greater than or equal to 27 degrees C. At 4 and 10 degrees C the mean growth rate on MA was 24 and 51%, respectively, related to the mean rate at 20 degrees C; the lower temperature limit of growth was found at - 1 degree C by graphic extrapolation. The Q10 value of growth on MA is about 2, if temperatures between 20 and 10 degrees C are compared; with decreasing temperature higher Q10 values up to 3.7 are obtained. The growth rate of a strain of Penicillium aurantiogriseum on wheat was affected by temperature nearly in the same manner as on malt extract agar. The results are discussed with respect to the risk of moulding during refrigerated storage of feedstuffs.  相似文献   

5.
Control of body temperature is critical to a successful anesthetic outcome, particularly during field immobilization of wild animals. Hyperthermia associated with exertion can lead to serious and potentially life-threatening complications such as organ damage (including myopathy) and death. Methods for monitoring core body temperature must accurately reflect the physiologic status of the animal in order for interventions to be effective. The goal of this preliminary study was to compare serial rectal and muscle temperatures in field-immobilized black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) and evaluate a possible association. Twenty-four free-ranging black rhinoceros were immobilized between February and March of 2010 in Ethosha National Park, Namibia. Pairwise comparisons showed a correlation of 0.73 (95% CI; 0.70-0.75) between rectal and muscle temperature measurements. Results from a multivariable model indicate that muscle temperature readings were, on average, 0.46 degrees C (95% CI; 0.36-0.57 degrees C) higher than rectal temperatures while adjusting for repeated measurements on the same rhinoceros, effect of duration of immobilization, and effect of ambient temperature on rhinoceroses' temperature readings. As immobilization time increased, muscle and rectal temperature values within an individual rhinoceros tended to equilibrate. The overall temperatures decreased by an average of 0.00059 degrees C/min (95% CI; -0.0047 to -0.0035 degrees C/min; P = 0.779). As the ambient temperature at time of immobilization increased by 1 degree C, the average rhinoceros temperature increased by 0.09 degrees C (95% CI; 0.06-0.11 degrees C, P < 0.0001). Higher body temperature creates a potential for cellular damage leading to complications that include myopathy. Methods for monitoring rectal, muscle, and ambient temperatures should be incorporated into anesthetic monitoring protocols for large ungulates, particularly under field conditions.  相似文献   

6.
In an experiment with broilers (origin Tetra B) and with rats (albino, Wistar line) with 2 animals each, heat production was ascertained by measuring CO2 production and O2 consumption over 20 minutes after their feeding 18 h and 1 h before the beginning of measuring at ambient temperatures of 30, 25, 20, 15 and 10 degrees C. Every variant was followed through over 6 h/d in 12 measuring sections. The feed amount/ánimal and day was adapted to energy maintenance requirement. At the beginning of the experiments the broilers and rats were 14 and 21 weeks old resp. and weighed 2.2 kg and 220 g resp. The variation of the ambient temperature did not influence the heat production of the broilers. In contrast to this, the time of feeding in relation to the beginning of measuring had a distinct effect on heat production. Whereas a heat production of 342 +/- 34 kJ/kg LW0.75.d was ascertained in the postabsorptive state 18 h after the last feed intake, it increased by 11% to 393 +/- 32 kJ/kg LW0.75.d when measuring began 1 h after feeding. The very act of feed intake increased heat production by 75%. Rats showed a distinct increase of heat production caused by a decreasing ambient temperature. In the temperature range of 30-25 degrees C the increase was shallower than in the range of 25-10 degrees C. Per 1 degrees C below 25 degrees C heat production increased by 30 kJ/kg LW0.75.d. The increase was independent of the metabolism level, which was influenced by the feeding variants. The results are discussed in connection with Rubner's theory of heat compensation.  相似文献   

7.
Reported in this paper are changes in the acid-base state and lactic concentration of blood and muscle samples taken from 28 pigs prior to, during, and after high-intensity exhausting stress applied at ambient temperatures between 17 degrees C and 21 degrees C and at 35 degrees C. Close correlations were found to exist between acid-base states, on the one hand, and lactic acid concentrations, on the other. The lactic acid concentrations reached in blood plasma were between 30 and 40 mHol/1, pH being below 7.0 and BE values being smaller than -22 mHol/1. Close relationships were established between the lactic acid concentration of venous blood plasma, blood pH, and the pH of the musculus longissimus dorsi. Respiratory compensation was of minor importance with ambient temperatures between 17 degrees C and 21 degrees C, but it was of considerable effectiveness at 35 degrees C.  相似文献   

8.
1. The effect of manipulating egg incubation temperature for short periods on turkey muscle development was determined using the M. semitendinosus, a thigh muscle, as the model. 2. Experiment 1. Eggs were incubated at a control temperature of 37.5 degrees C. For a 4-d period of 0 to 4, 5 to 8, 9 to 12, 13 to 16, 17 to 20 or 21 to 24 embryonic days (ED) eggs were transferred to either 38.5 or 35.5 degrees C. A regime of 38.5 degrees C at 5 to 8 and 9 to 12 ED caused an increased myonuclei number and muscle fibre number, respectively. 3. Experiment 2. Eggs were incubated at a control temperature of 37.5 degrees C. At 5 to 8 ED eggs were transferred to 38.5 or 35.5 degrees C. Temperature-manipulated embryos showed a delay in differentiation (myogenin expression) of the semitendinosus muscle compared to controls. 4. Manipulating the incubation temperature for 4 d in early incubation alters muscle development in the turkey with no observation of deformities or reduction in hatchability. We speculate that this increase in temperature may result in an improved muscle growth in the post-hatch bird.  相似文献   

9.
The inhibitory activity of condensed tannins extracted from four forage legume plants were evaluated by using a larval migration inhibition assay. The first (L1) and third (L3) stages of deer lungworm (Dictyocaulus viviparus), and the third stage (L3) of deer gastrointestinal nematodes were incubated with tannins extracted from Lotus pedunculatus, Lotus corniculatus, sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) and sainfoin (Onobrychus viciifolia). The tannins extracted from all the forages had inhibitory activity as measured by their ability to paralyse the larvae and inhibit them from passing through sieves. At the highest concentration used (1200 microg/ml) the tannins extracted from sainfoin had the highest activity against ensheathed L1 lungworm larvae (58 per cent), followed by L. pedunculatus (45 per cent), sulla (42 per cent) and L. comiculatus (35 per cent) when the larvae were incubated at 37 degrees C. The same trend, but with lower activities, was observed when the larvae were incubated at 22 degrees C. Anthelmintic activity against L3 lungworm larvae was evaluated by measuring the death rate of ensheathed L3 larvae after incubation with condensed tannins for two, 24 and 48 hours at room temperature (22 degrees C). The death rate was significantly higher (P<0.001) after 48 hours incubation than after two hours or 24 hours, and significantly higher (P<0.001) after 24 hours than after two hours incubation. Condensed tannins from sainfoin had the highest inhibitory activity followed by L. pedunculatus, sulla and L. comiculatus. The tannins from sainfoin also had the highest activity against L3 larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes, followed by L. pedunculatus, sulla and L. comiculatus. Exsheathed larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes were significantly more susceptible to the action of the tannins than ensheathed larvae.  相似文献   

10.
Multiparous Large White sows (n = 63) were used to investigate the effects of five ambient temperatures (18, 22, 25, 27, and 29 degrees C) and two dietary protein contents on their lactation performance. At each temperature treatment, ambient temperature was maintained constant over the 21-d lactation period. Dietary protein content was either 14 or 17% with essential amino acids levels calculated not to be limiting. The animals had ad libitum access to feed between the seventh and the 19th day of lactation. Diet composition did not influence lactation performance. Over the 21-d lactation, feed intake decreased from 5.67 to 3.08 kg/d between 18 and 29 degrees C. Between d 7 and 19, the corresponding values were 7.16 and 3.48 kg/d, respectively. This decrease was curvilinear; an equation to predict voluntary feed intake (VFI) from temperature (T, degrees C) and body weight (BW, kg) is proposed: VFI = -49,052 + 1,213 T - 31.5 T2 + 330 BW - .61 BW2 (residual standard deviation: 1,018). Skin temperature increased regularly with increased ambient temperature (34.6 to 37.4 degrees C between 18 and 29 degrees C), whereas udder temperature reached a plateau at 25 degrees C (38.3 degrees C). The gradient of temperature between skin and rectum was minimal (2 degrees C ) at 27 degrees C and remained constant at 29 degrees C. This constancy coincides with the marked reduction of feed intake. The respiratory rate increased from 26 to 124 breaths/min between 18 and 29 degrees C, and this indicates that the evaporative critical temperature was below 22 degrees C. The BW loss increased from 23 to 35 kg between 18 and 29 degrees C, but its estimated chemical composition remained constant. Pig growth rate was almost constant between 18 and 25 degrees C (241 g/d) and was reduced above 25 degrees C (212 and 189 g/d at 27 and 29 degrees C, respectively). In conclusion, temperatures above 25 degrees C seem to be critical for lactating sows in order to maintain their performance.  相似文献   

11.
1. Two experiments are described in which laying pullets maintained at constant temperatures were fed a range of diets with a view to defining optimum combinations of temperature and nutrient intake. 2. In the first experiment, all combinations of 6 temperatures (15 degrees, 18 degrees, 21 degrees, 24 degrees, 27 degrees and 30 degrees C) 9 diets (three protein concentrations and three energy contents) and two stocks were tested for 34 weeks using 4320 pullets. In experiment 2, all combinations of three rearing temperatures, three laying temperatures (18 degrees, 22.5 degrees and 27 degrees C) three diets (protein concentration) and two stocks were tested for 61 weeks using 2160 pullets. 3. As anticipated, higher dietary protein concentrations were needed to maintain egg output at higher temperatures. If diets suplying adequate amino acid intakes were provided, egg output was unaffected by temperatures in the range 15 degrees to 27 degrees C although, at the highest temperature, egg weight was slightly reduced and rate of lay (particularly in the later part of the laying year) was increased. At 30 degrees C, egg output was depressed whichever diet was fed. 4. Dietary energy content had small but significant effects on egg weight and egg output but did not interact with temperature. It was not possible to maintain egg weight or egg output at 30 degrees C by feeding a high energy, high protein diet. 5. Estimated heat output of the birds increased during the course of the experiment at the lower temperatures but decreased with time at 30 degrees C. Feather loss occurred earlier at the lower temperatures and this is interpreted as an effect of temperature on the timing of the annual moult, which also accounts for the better persistency of lay observed at 27 degrees C.  相似文献   

12.
Adults could only live and reproduce to their full capacity at temperatures between 20 degrees C and 30 degrees C. At 15 degrees C the females laid no eggs, the adult life span was relatively short and the reproductive capacity of females kept at 35 degrees C was low. The thermal histories of the flies had no apparent effect on their later reactions to temperature in any of the parameters tested. The viability rates of S. calcitrans eggs exposed to temperatures between 10 degrees C and 40 degrees C exceeded 84%, but 45 degrees C was lethal. The optimum temperatures for incubation of the eggs was 30 degrees C. Pupae of S. calcitrans seemed to tolerate temperatures between 20 degrees C and 30 degrees C, but their mortalities increased markedly outside this temperature range. Tests showed that pupal mortalities increased linearly with increasing periods of exposure to a temperature of 15 degrees C.  相似文献   

13.
Information in the literature indicates that young ostrich chicks, despite being precocial, are poor thermoregulators and may take between 8 and 12 weeks to develop efficient homeothermy. We measured the body temperatures (Tb) of young ostrich chicks (1 to 10 d) at ambient temperatures between 13 degrees and 28 degrees C under controlled conditions in the laboratory and under typical farm-rearing conditions to assess their ability to thermoregulate. Even 1-d-old ostriches could maintain a Tb above 36 degrees C at temperatures of 20 degrees C and older chicks maintained typical adult Tb at ambient temperatures of 13 degrees C in a constant temperature room. Chicks from 2-d-old could maintain adult T(b)s outdoors under a wide range of ambient temperatures and weather conditions. We conclude that ostrich chicks have well developed homeothermy soon after hatching and that some of the higher rearing temperatures recommended in the literature are unnecessary. In appropriate climates, chicks can be allowed outdoors soon after hatching provided they are not exposed to unfavourable weather conditions. Thermoregulation is, however, energetically expensive and thermoregulatory behaviour such as huddling may compete with other important activities like feeding.  相似文献   

14.
陈春山  刘康  魏凯  王帅 《野生动物》2012,33(2):77-80
对三线闭壳龟的生长与摄食进行了温度和食物组成双因子试验。采用成龟配合饲料、鲜活鱼类以及二者混合搭配(搭配比例1:1)3种食物组成,分别在27℃、28℃、29℃、30℃、31℃5个养殖温度梯度下进行三线闭壳龟生长的对比研究。结果表明,成龟配合饲料组体重增长率和背甲长生长率显著低于其他两组(P<0.05);30℃下龟体重和背甲生长速度极显著高于其他温度(P<0.01),而投饵率与其他温度并无显著差异。试验显示,完全采用试验所用成龟配合饲料不利于三线闭壳龟的生长,30℃为三线闭壳龟最佳生长温度。  相似文献   

15.
In a series of laboratory studies the optimum conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of strongyle parasites occurring in horses in tropical north Queensland were determined. No differences in behaviour were noted between the strongyle species. Development to the infective stage occurred only between 10 and 35 degrees C. The rate was affected by temperature, taking 15-24 days and 3 days, respectively, at the lowest and highest temperatures for the developing stages to reach the infective third stage. Yields of infective larvae were very low outside the range 20-33 degrees C, and were highest at 28 degrees C. Survival of infective larvae was good between 20 and 33 degrees C, and large numbers were recovered after 3 months in faeces incubated at 20-28 degrees C. At 33 and 37 degrees C larval survival was affected by the moisture content of the faeces, with infective larvae surviving better in dry than in moist faeces; even a residual moisture level of 40% significantly reduced the number of larvae recovered from faeces incubated at 37 degrees C for 1 month. Moisture also affected larval development, especially at the higher temperatures of 25-39 degrees C. When faecal moisture content fell to less than or equal to 20% by 3 days, larvae which had not yet reached the infective stage were still pre-infective at 7 days, while all larvae in faeces with adequate moisture had reached the infective third stage. It was not possible to determine the critical faecal moisture level below which larval development ceased, however, 28 degrees C (range 25-33 degrees C) was found to be the optimum temperature. Larval development was very rapid and yields of infective larvae highest at this temperature.  相似文献   

16.
The present experiment was conducted to determine the effect of muscle temperature during the prerigor and early postrigor period on meat tenderness, postmortem proteolysis, calpain system activity, water-holding capacity, and color. Lamb longissimus muscle (n = 14) from the right and left carcass sides was excised immediately after dressing, divided into an anterior and posterior sample, vacuum-packaged, and stored overnight at 5 to 35 degrees C. Further storage, up to 14 d postmortem, was at 2 degrees C. Tenderness at 1 d postmortem, tenderization during further storage, and postmortem proteolysis were negatively affected by overnight incubation above 25 degrees C. This effect could be explained by an effect of temperature on muscle contraction and activity of the calpain system. Muscle contraction was at a minimum after incubation at 15 degrees C. Water-holding capacity was negatively affected by incubation above 25 degrees C. Color scores improved with increasing incubation temperature at 1 d postmortem. However, after 14 d of postmortem storage, no differences in color scores were observed. Based on the present results and results of other groups, a temperature around 15 degrees C at the onset of rigor seems optimal to maximize tenderness without having detrimental effects on water-holding capacity or color.  相似文献   

17.
1. Male turkeys were reared to 6 weeks of age at 15 degrees C and 26 degrees C and fed ad libitum or restricted to 0.5 of the body weight of birds fed ad libitum. Basal metabolic rate was determined by indirect calorimetry at an ambient temperature of 20 degrees C. 2. Turkeys at 15 degrees C were lighter than those kept at 26 degrees C. Feather lengths and weight were similar in both groups. Fasting heat production corrected for both metabolic body size and activity was greater in turkeys reared at 15 degrees C than those at 26 degrees C. 3. Cranial breast feathers were significantly longer in restricted birds than in those fed ad libitum in contrast to a proportional decrease in the lengths of other feathers of 0.1 to 0.3. Feather weight as a proportion of body weight was 0.072 in restricted turkeys compared with 0.046 in birds fed ad libitum. There was no difference in basal metabolic rate between ad libitum and restricted turkeys. 4. It was concluded that feather growth was maintained in preference to body and muscle growth and that rearing birds at 15 degrees C did not improve breast feather cover. It is suggested that the growth of breast feathers in turkeys fed ad libitum is impaired.  相似文献   

18.
1. Based on records of all (n = 59 171 843) broiler chickens slaughtered over three years at one processing plant, the overall mortality of birds in transit was 0.126%. 2. There was a pronounced seasonal effect with increased mortality in the summer months, particularly June, July and August. Mortality increased when the maximum daily temperature (measured in the shade) rose above about 17 degrees C at the start of the summer. 3. Between 17.0 and 19.9 degrees C, mortality was 30% higher than at lower temperatures. Between 20.0 and 22.9 degrees C it increased 2.6-fold, and at temperatures of above 23 degrees C 6.6-fold. There was no evidence of birds dying from hypothermia at very low ambient temperatures (down to -1 degrees C). 4. The implication from the results is that above a maximum daily temperature of 17 degrees C steps may need to be taken to ameliorate the damaging effects of transport on bird welfare.  相似文献   

19.
1. Data from 30 published experiments have been analysed to examine the relationships between environmental temperature and the long-term, adapted responses of laying pullets, measured as metabolisable energy intake, egg output and body weight change. Heat production was also estimated indirectly from the other three variables. 2. The majority of experiments employed White Leghorns, but there were 8 large trials in which brown crossbred pullets had been compared directly with White Leghorns. These trials were used to estimate differences in energy intake and heat output between brown and white birds. 3. A total of over 26,000 birds was involved in the analysis. Individual trials varied in scale from 9 birds to 2,280 birds per treatment and in duration from 8 to 61 weeks. The constant temperatures investigated ranged from 10 degrees C to 34 degrees C, but there were no data for brown pullets beyond 30 degrees C. 4. The relationship between temperature and metabolisable energy intake is curvilinear, with food intake declining more steeply as ambient temperature approaches body temperature. Adapted heat production per bird is also a curvilinear function of temperature, tending towards a value of zero when extrapolated to the point at which ambient temperature equals normal body temperature. However no satisfactory data are available for fully adapted responses in the range 34 to 42 degrees C because egg production declines continuously when these temperatures are maintained for long periods. 5. When energy intake and heat output are expressed as functions of metabolic body size (kg 0.75) they can be represented as linear functions of temperature within the range 15 to 30 degrees C, but the slope must change outside this range. 6. It is calculated that the energy available for production is at a maximum at 23 degrees C for brown birds and at 24 degrees C for White Leghorns. Gross energetic efficiency is at a maximum at 30 degrees C, but egg output is reduced at this temperature. The optimum operating temperature for laying houses will depend upon the local cost of modifying ambient temperature and on the cost of supplying diets of appropriate protein content.  相似文献   

20.
OBJECTIVE: To compare temperature readings from an implantable percutaneous thermal sensing microchip with temperature readings from a digital rectal thermometer, to identify factors that affect microchip readings, and to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of the microchip for fever detection. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 52 Welsh pony foals that were 6 to 10 months old and 30 Quarter Horses that were 2 years old. PROCEDURES: Data were collected in summer, winter, and fall in groups 1 (n = 23 ponies), 2 (29 ponies), and 3 (30 Quarter Horses), respectively. Temperature readings from a digital rectal thermometer and a percutaneous thermal sensing microchip as well as ambient temperature were recorded daily for 17, 23, and 19 days in groups 1 through 3, respectively. Effects of ambient temperature and rectal temperature on thermal sensor readings were estimated. Sensitivity and specificity of the thermal sensor for detection of fever (rectal temperature, >or= 38.9 degrees C [102 degrees F]) were estimated separately for data collection at ambient temperatures 15.6 degrees C. RESULTS: Mean ambient temperatures were 29.0 degrees C (84.2 degrees F), -2.7 degrees C (27.1 degrees F), and 10.4 degrees C (50.8 degrees F) for groups 1 through 3, respectively. Thermal sensor readings varied with ambient temperature and rectal temperature. Rectal temperatures ranged from 36.2 degrees to 41.7 degrees C (97.2 degrees to 107 degrees F), whereas thermal sensor temperature readings ranged from 23.9 degrees (75 degrees F) to 42.2 degrees C (75 degrees to 108 degrees F). Sensitivity for fever detection was 87.4%, 53.3%, and 58.3% in groups 1 to 3, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The thermal sensor appeared to have potential use for initial screening of body temperature in equids at ambient temperatures > 15.6 degrees C.  相似文献   

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