共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 187 毫秒
1.
2,4-D丁酯的水解与光解特性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过室内模拟试验,研究2,4-D丁酯在不同pH值和温度下的水解动态和在有机溶剂中的光解特性。结果表明,2,4-D丁酯的水解与光解均符合一级动力学方程。在pH7以下的缓冲溶液中,2,4-D丁酯的水解反应十分缓慢,但在碱性溶液中其水解速率加快。25℃下2,4-D丁酯在pH5、7和9的缓冲溶液中的水解半衰期分别为23.5、5.8d和10.7min。2,4-D丁酯的水解速率随温度升高而增加,在温度为15、25℃和35℃的pH7缓冲溶液中的水解半衰期分别为21.5、5.8、3.9d,平均温度效应系数为2.57。2,4-D丁酯水解反应的活化能与温度之间无明显相关性,而活化熵与温度呈显著相关性。2,4-D丁酯的水解主要由活化熵所驱动。采用GC-MS技术对2,4-D丁酯水解产物进行鉴定,确定水解产物主要是2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸和2,4-二氯苯酚。2,4-D丁酯在正己烷中光解速率比在甲醇中快,在丙酮中几乎不发生光解,其光解速率随浓度的升高而减慢。 相似文献
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为了解碘甲磺隆钠盐在水溶液中的光降解特性,评价其环境安全性,以太阳光和高压汞灯为光源,进行光解试验,研究了碘甲磺隆钠盐在不同水溶液中的光解行为及水体pH值对其光解的影响。结果表明,碘甲磺隆钠盐在所有试验水体中的降解均符合一级动力学方程,不同水体中碘甲磺隆钠盐的半衰期分别为14.29～21.26h（太阳光）与2.29～3.76min（高压汞灯）,两种光源下碘甲磺隆钠盐在各自然水体中的降解速率依次为井水〉河水〉池塘水〉稻田水。不同pH值水体中的光解实验表明,碘甲磺隆钠盐在酸性介质中的光解比在碱性介质中快,顺序为pH5〉pH7〉pH9〉pH11。 相似文献
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从处理农药生产废水的膜生物反应器中分离到一株能以丁草胺为惟一碳源和能源生长的细菌BD-1,经鉴定为施氏假单孢菌（Pseudomonas stutzeri）。在纯培养的条件下测定了BD-1对丁草胺的降解性能。结果表明,在接种量为菌浓度OD415萨0．2,pH7．0、30℃条件下,BD-1对丁草胺的降解符合一级动力学特征,1．0、10．0和100．0mg·L^-1的丁草胺的降解半衰期分别为0．11、0．60和0．96d。BD-1在不同pH及温度下对丁草胺的降解作用为pH7．0〉pH6．0〉pH8．0,30℃〉20℃〉40℃。GC／MS初步分析结果表明,丁草胺的主要微生物降解产物为2-氯-2’,6’-二乙基乙酰苯胺和2,6-二乙基苯胺。 相似文献
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为指导合理使用嘧菌酯以及评价其环境特性提供依据,并为处理该药剂废水的研究提供基础参数,研究了嘧菌酯在不同温度和pH条件下水溶液中的降解情况。结果表明,嘧菌酯在水中相对稳定,温度和pH是影响嘧菌酯在水环境中降解的两个主要因素;在不同温度条件下,嘧菌酯的半衰期分别为56.1、37.7、15.5、13.6 d,水解速率常数随温度的升高而增加,说明嘧菌酯的水解受温度影响较大,低温抑制水解,高温促进水解;在不同pH值缓冲溶液中,嘧菌酯的半衰期分别为47.9、29.6、17.2 d,水解速率依次为pH9〉pH7〉pH5,说明嘧菌酯在偏碱性环境中稳定性较差。 相似文献
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建立了黄瓜和土壤中啶氧菌酯残留量的检测分析方法,对啶氧菌酯在黄瓜和土壤中的消解动态及残留规律进行了研究。啶氧菌酯的最小检出量为3.5×10-11g;在黄瓜和土壤基质中的最低检出浓度均为0.005mg·kg-1。对黄瓜和土壤2种基质,设置了0.005、0.05、0.25 mg·kg-13个添加水平,每个添加水平设置5个重复,啶氧菌酯在黄瓜和土壤中的添加回收率为68.61%~122.4%,变异系数为1.06%~17.2%。田间试验结果表明:啶氧菌酯在天津地区黄瓜和土壤中的残留消解半衰期分别为5.71d和12.9 d,在山东地区黄瓜和土壤中的残留消解半衰期分别为2.70d和10.3 d,在江苏地区黄瓜和土壤中的残留消解半衰期分别为9.76d和14.9 d。距最后一次施药5d时,啶氧菌酯在黄瓜中的最高残留量为0.014mg·kg-1,远低于欧盟规定的黄瓜中啶氧菌酯最大残留限量0.05mg·kg-1。 相似文献
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设施土壤中三唑酮降解动力学研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
经25℃下培养1个月,采用GC/MS定量监测设施土壤和无菌土壤中三唑酮和降解产物三唑醇的含量变化。结果表明设施土壤中三唑酮的降解符合热力学方程,半衰期为15.2 d,无菌土壤处理后三唑酮的半衰期为39.4 d。土壤中降解产物三唑醇有立体选择体,在设施土壤中三唑醇的对映体选择值(EF)为4,无菌土壤中三唑醇的EF值为2。三唑醇的降解符合一元三次方程,设施土壤中三唑醇在第7 d达到最高点后含量逐步降低,无菌处理土壤中三唑醇含量最高点出现在第14 d。 相似文献
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采用微波辅助光催化降解和直接光解实验方法,研究了苯噻草胺在光催化和直接光解两种体系下的降解情况,并考察了初始pH值、腐植酸浓度以及阿特拉津对其光催化降解和直接光解的影响。结果表明,在光照4min内,苯噻草胺直接光解效率为93．3％,较光催化降解效率高出28．9％;初始pH值从1．88增加至10．28时,苯噻草胺光催化和光解速率常数分别提高了250％和58．6％;添加腐植酸对苯噻草胺的直接光解和光催化均具有抑制效应,并且抑制效应随着腐植酸浓度的增加而增加,当腐植酸浓度增加至40mg·L^-1时,直接光解和光催化降解速率分别降低了51．8％和47．5％;10mg·L^-1的阿特拉津抑制了苯噻草胺的前期降解,整体直接光解速率降低了46．3％,但整体光催化降解速率没有减小。此外,采用GC—MS对苯噻草胺两种降解体系下的主要中间产物进行鉴定,并提出了主要的光降解途径。 相似文献
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以太阳光为光源,利用玻片药膜法和高效液相色谱法研究浓度、水质硬度、pH和共存离子等因子对阿维菌素乳油、水乳剂和微乳剂3种液体剂型光解的影响。结果表明：3种阿维菌素液体剂型光解率随光照时间延长而逐渐增大。在试验初始浓度范围内,3种阿维菌素制剂光解均符合一级动力学方程,且与药液浓度呈负相关。在不同浓度、pH、共存离子条件下,阿维菌素的光解速率均表现为乳油〉水乳剂〉微乳剂,pH对单一剂型光解有较大影响,而共存离子对其影响作用较小。在不同浓度硬水条件下则表现为随水质硬度增加,微乳剂半衰期减少,水乳剂和乳油略微增大,在蒸馏水下的半衰期为微乳剂〉水乳剂〉乳油,而在684mg·L-1硬水时半衰期为水乳剂〉微乳剂≈乳油。相比于乳油,微乳剂和水乳剂光解速率较慢,可以有效延长阿维菌素持效期,进一步提高阿维菌素在田间的应用效果。 相似文献
11.
Use of stable tracer studies to evaluate pesticide photolysis at elevated temperatures 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
New methods were developed to determine photolysis rates of medium-weight pesticides in the gas phase using elevated air temperatures and solid-phase microextraction (SPME). A 57-L glass chamber was constructed that utilized collimated xenon arc irradiation that could heat chamber air to increase the amount of pesticide in the gas phase. Gas-phase photolysis rates were determined at various air temperatures by comparing the rate of loss of each of the tested pesticides to a photochemically stable tracer, hexachlorobenzene. Interval sampling of gas-phase constituents was performed using SPME immediately followed by GC-ECD or GC-MSD analysis. The two pesticides under examination were the dinitroaniline herbicide trifluralin and the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos. The gas-phase photolysis for trifluralin was found to be rapid with half-lives of 22-24 min corrected for sunlight. These results were comparable to photochemical lifetime estimates from other investigators under sunlight conditions. Elevating temperatures from 60 to 80 degrees C did not affect photolysis rates, and these rates could be extrapolated to environmental temperatures. From 60 to 80 degrees C, gas-phase chlorpyrifos photolysis lifetimes were observed to range from 1.4 to 2.2 h corrected for sunlight and will thus be important together with hydroxyl radical reactions for removing this substance from the atmosphere. At these elevated temperatures, pesticides and tracer compounds were found to be substantially in the gas phase, and possible effects on reaction rates from wall interactions were minimized. 相似文献
12.
Sandro Froehner William Furukawa Marcell Maceno Erissen Cardoso da Luz 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2009,196(1-4):161-168
Photodegradation of four pharmaceuticals (i.e. carbamazepine, ibuprofen, ketoprofen and 17α-ethinylestradiol) in aqueous media was studied using a solar light simulator (Xe lamp irradiation) and sunlight experiments. These experiments were carried out in river and seawater and compared to distilled water. The latter was used to evaluate the direct photodegradation pathways. Irradiation time was up to 400 min and 24 days for the solar light simulator and sunlight assays, respectively. Pharmaceutical photodegradation followed a first-order kinetics and their half-lives calculated in every aqueous matrix. Moreover, the sensitizing effect of DOC was evaluated by comparison with the kinetics obtained in distilled waters. Ketoprofen was rapidly transformed via direct photolysis in all the waters under both sunlight (t 1/2?=?2.4 min) and simulated solar light simulator test (t 1/2?=?0.54 min). Under xenon lamp radiation, ibuprofen and 17α-ethinylestradiol were photodegraded at moderate rate with half-lives from 1 to 5 h. Finally, carbamazepine had the lowest photodegradation rate (t 1/2?=?8–39 h) attributable to indirect photodegradation. Indeed, its elimination was strongly dependent on the DOC concentration present in solution. Finally, several ketoprofen photoproducts were identified and plotted against solar light simulator irradiation time. Accordingly, the photodegradation pathway of ketoprofen was postulated. 相似文献
13.
不同光照条件下蚯蚓避光性运动与蚓粪机械化分离参数量化 总被引：5，自引：5，他引：0
蚯蚓和蚯蚓粪的机械化分离是目前蚯蚓规模化养殖业亟需解决的瓶颈问题之一,针对目前最常用的蚯蚓光分离工艺方法在实际养殖分离中全凭人为经验、效率低、无机械化参数等问题,探究了不同光质条件:白光、黄光、绿光、蓝光、红光、白炽灯光在10~270 lx不同光照强度下,对照实际自然环境场景:室内光照、室外阴处光照和太阳光直射光照条件下的蚯蚓避光应激行为,并结合光线辐射在蚯蚓粪多孔介质内的衰减规律分析了蚯蚓堆肥物料表层一定之内厚度无蚯蚓的原因。结果表明:光照强度10 lx时,蚯蚓不受光照影响;光照强度10~30 lx时,蚯蚓的避光反应显现;光照强度30~210 lx时,蚯蚓的避光应激程度随着光照强度增加缓慢加强,消失时间不断缩短;光照强度210 lx时,光照引起的蚯蚓的避光反应程度趋于最大。白光和太阳光引起蚯蚓避光反应最显著,蚯蚓蠕动消失时间分别为6.5和5 min,蚯蚓消失5 min后堆料表层无蚯蚓层厚度在10~15 mm之间。蚯蚓对红色光应激程度极低,平均消失时间20 min;除了红光,随着光照强度增加,蚯蚓在堆料表面的消失时间呈现对数曲线趋势下降。该研究量化分析了蚯蚓对光质、光照强度的应激响应时间,以期为蚯蚓养殖分离,机械自动化逐层、定时、定量、定光强分离表层蚯蚓粪提供工艺参数。 相似文献
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Flumorph is an oomycete fungicide that is now used extensively in China. A residue analysis method for the determination of flumorph in environmental samples was developed with solid-phase extraction (SPE) for sample preparation and high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) for separation. An environmental fate study was performed concerning the degradation of flumorph in soils, aqueous buffer solutions, and natural waters under laboratory-controlled conditions. The degradation of flumorph in three Chinese soil samples followed a first-order kinetics, with half-lives all longer than 100 days. No degradation of flumorph occurred in aqueous buffer solutions having different pH values or in natural waters with different physical and chemical properties. The data generated from this study could be helpful for risk assessment studies of the pesticide in the environment. 相似文献
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对竹子硝酸还原酶活力的研究表明:因竹叶提取液偏酸,用 pH8.5的25mmol/L 磷酸盐缓冲液(含聚乙烯吡略啉酮(PVP)65mg/ml),提取(最终 pH为7.5)的叶片酶活力最高,酶反应达最高速率时的底物 KNO_3浓度为25mmol/L。在漫射光下,用 50mmol/LKNO_3诱导6h,叶片酶活力达高峰。光照对竹子酶活力具诱导作用,其中以光强5000lx 诱导12h、8000lx 诱导8h 最佳。中龄叶对 KNO_3和光照的诱导反应最敏感,诱导产生的酶活力比嫩叶和老叶高,尚未展开的嫩叶酶活力极低。不同叶龄叶酶活力,与叶片氨基氮和叶绿素含量呈极显著的正相关。在竹根中未能检测出硝酸还原酶活力。 相似文献
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Graebing PW Chib JS Hubert TD Gingerich WH 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(4):870-878
The photodegradation of [(14)C]niclosamide was studied in sterile, pH 5, 7, and 9 buffered aqueous solutions under artificial sunlight at 25.0 +/- 1.0 degrees C. Photolysis in pH 5 buffer is 4.3 times faster than in pH 9 buffer and 1.5 times faster than in pH 7 buffer. In the dark controls, niclosamide degraded only in the pH 5 buffer. After 360 h of continuous irradiation in pH 9 buffer, the chromatographic pattern of the degradates was the same regardless of which ring contained the radiolabel. An HPLC method was developed that confirmed these degradates to be carbon dioxide and two- and four-carbon aliphatic acids formed by cleavage of both aromatic rings. Carbon dioxide was the major degradate, comprising approximately 40% of the initial radioactivity in the 360 h samples from both labels. The other degradates formed were oxalic acid, maleic acid, glyoxylic acid, and glyoxal. In addition, in the chloronitroaniline-labeled irradiated test solution, 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline was observed and identified after 48 h of irradiation but was not detected thereafter. No other aromatic compounds were isolated or observed in either labeled test system. 相似文献
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Cleveland CB Bormett GA Saunders DG Powers FL McGibbon AS Reeves GL Rutherford L Balcer JL 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2002,50(11):3244-3256
Spinosad is a bacterially derived insect control agent consisting of two active compounds, spinosyns A and D. The objective of this paper is to describe the environmental fate of spinosad in aquatic systems. To this end, several studies performed to meet regulatory requirements are used to study the fate and degradation in individual environmental media. Specifically, investigations of abiotic (hydrolysis and photolysis) and biotic (aerobic and anaerobic aquatic) processes are described. Understanding developed from the laboratory-based studies has been tested and augmented by an outdoor microcosm study. Understanding of aquatic fate is a building block for a complete environmental safety assessment of spinosad products (Cleveland, C. B.; Mayes, M. A.; Cryer, S. A. Pest Manag. Sci. 2001, 58, 70-84). From individual investigations, the following understanding of dissipation emerges: (1) Aqueous photolysis of spinosad is rapid (observed half-lives of <1 up to 2 days in summer sunlight) and will be the primary route of degradation in aquatic systems exposed to sunlight. (2) Biotic transformations contribute to spinosad's dissipation, but less so than photolysis; they will be of primary importance only in the absence of light. (3) Spinosad partitions rapidly (within a few days) from water to organic matter and soil/sediment in aquatic systems but not so rapidly as to replace sunlight as the primary route of dissipation. (4) Abiotic hydrolysis is relatively unimportant compared to other dissipation routes, except under highly basic (artificial) conditions and even then observed half-lives are approximately 8 months. Degradation pathways are understood are follows: (1) Degradation primarily proceeds by loss of the forosamine sugar and reduction of the 13,14-bond on the macrolide ring under aqueous photolytic conditions. (2) Degradation to several other compounds occurs through biotic degradation. Degradation under anaerobic conditions primarily involves changes and substitutions in the rhamnose ring, eventually followed by complete loss of the rhamnose ring. Degradation under aerobic conditions was more extensive (to smaller compounds) with the loss of both the forosamine and rhamnose sugars to diketone spinosyn aglycon degradates. (3) Hydrolytic degradation involves loss of the forosamine sugar and water and reduction on the macrolide ring to a double bond at the 16,17-position. 相似文献
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Mercury (II) solutions were irradiated by a simulated sunlight in the presence of humic acid (HA) or fulvic acid (FA). Results show that, under the experimental conditions and the FA and HA chosen, less than 20% of the Hg in solution was photolysed with a rate of (1.63±0.29)×10?2 s?1 (n=23) and the rest of (2.38±0.40)×10?4 s?1 (n=23) depending on the substitutes of humic substances to which Hg were bond. The sunlight photolysis lifetimes were estimated to be 4 and 250 sunlight hours respectively under summer conditions at Stockholm latitude. 相似文献