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在已知的生命所必需的微量元素中,硒是较引人注目的一种,人体缺硒或富硒都会引起疾病。在硒含量特别高时,可导致硒中毒,硒中毒分地方性中毒和职业性中毒两类。前者系由于某些地区的土壤、食物中硒含量过高而引起的,其症状为毛发脱落,指甲、皮肤和神经系统受损害,最后发展为四肢瘫痪。 相似文献
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土壤硒的形态及有效硒的提取 总被引：18，自引：3，他引：18
本文研究了陕西省几种主要土壤中硒的形态,并提出了一种土壤有效硒的浸提方法。土壤无机态硒的易溶部分依照杰克逊对无机磷分级方法被分为NH4Cl-Se、Al-Se和Fe-Se三类。三部分硒总量占全硒含量的37—65%,平均为48%。三者的比例大致为Fe-Se>Al-Se>NH4Cl-Se,它们与全硒和NaHCO3-Se均呈显著相关,与水溶态硒相关不显著;由盆栽试验证明,土壤有效硒的NaHCO3浸提法可以用作判断土壤对作物供硒能力的指标,而水溶态硒在本试验范围内与作物吸收性不一致。 相似文献
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干湿交替灌溉对富硒土壤硒形态及水稻硒积累的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以自然富硒土壤为试材,采用盆栽试验,探讨了轻干湿交替、重干湿交替、正常管理和淹水状态下的土壤硒形态及水稻硒积累。结果表明:籽粒产量以轻干湿交替处理最高,比淹水处理高22.17%,二者差异显著。所有处理水稻不同部位的含硒量均表现为根(0.411~0.695mg/kg)茎(0.214~0.378mg/kg)叶(0.187~0.327mg/kg)谷壳(0.156~0.235mg/kg)籽粒(0.132~0.185mg/kg)。籽粒含硒量和土壤可溶态硒含量以重干湿交替处理最高,淹水处理最低,其中二者含硒量差异也达显著水平。土壤有效硒含量与水稻根、茎叶、谷壳和籽粒中硒含量均呈现显著或极显著正相关(0.939**,0.896**,0.793**,0.723*)。水稻根的硒吸收系数也以重干湿交替处理最高(0.438),淹水处理最低(0.259),表明干湿交替提高了水稻硒吸收能力。综合分析得出,干湿交替灌溉不但能提高水稻产量,还能提高稻米硒含量,且比正常管理节约用水,整体表现以轻干湿交替处理为最佳。 相似文献
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通过基质栽培试验,研究了硒酸钠、亚硒酸钠和硒代蛋氨酸(0～0.8 mg/kg)对金针菇(Flammulina velutipes)吸收和富集硒的影响。结果表明,外源硒的添加显著增加了金针菇原基和子实体的硒含量,且硒含量均随硒添加浓度的上升而显著增加。在相同硒浓度水平下,3种外源硒对金针菇子实体硒含量的增加效果为亚硒酸钠硒代蛋氨酸硒酸钠:施硒量为0.8 mg/kg时,3种硒处理下金针菇子实体的硒含量分别为0.24、0.12和0.08 mg/kg。此外,亚硒酸钠处理下金针菇子实体和原基的硒回收率大于硒代蛋氨酸和硒酸钠处理。且随着硒添加浓度的增加,硒代蛋氨酸和硒酸钠处理下子实体硒的回收率显著下降:分别从14.28%逐渐降低到6.33%和从13.67%减少到3.70%;而添加硒酸钠时,硒的回收率随添加浓度的增加无显著变化。 相似文献
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亚硒酸钠浓度对螺旋藻生长及富硒量的影响 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
以亚硒酸钠做为螺旋藻富硒的来源，研究了亚硒酸钠梯度浓度对钝顶螺旋藻生长及富硒量的影响。结果表明：当硒浓度超过３６０ｕｇ／ｍｌ时，螺旋藻的生长即受抑制，硒浓度为４６ｕｇ／ｍｌ时，表现出促进螺旋藻生长的趋势，而硒浓度为１８４ｕｇ／ｍｌ时，螺旋藻可达到最高富硒量，平均为６５９．９ｎｇ／ｎｇ。 相似文献
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施用氨基酸硒肥对梨体内硒含量的影响 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
【目的】以华酥梨为试材,研究了不同施肥方式施用氨基酸硒肥对梨体内硒含量的影响,以期为氨基酸硒肥的合理施用及富硒梨生产提供理论依据。【方法】试验设置叶面喷施和土壤施入两种施肥方式,每种施肥方式设置4个处理,其中土壤施入设每株施入30 m L(900 mg/plant)、60 m L(1800 mg/plant)、90 m L(2700 mg/plant)和120m L(3600 mg/plant),叶面喷施设每株喷施300倍(150.0 mg/plant)、400倍(112.5 mg/plant)、600倍(75.0mg/plant)和1000倍(45.0 mg/plant)。叶面喷施从盛花期开始,每隔15天喷施一次,直至果实成熟前15天左右停止,共喷施7次。土壤施入前将氨基酸硒肥兑清水,均匀浇于施肥坑中,于盛花期一次性施入。分别于花后15 d、30 d、45 d、60 d、75 d、90 d取果实和叶片,并将果实解析为果皮、果肉和果心3个部分,分别测定硒含量。【结果】1)两种施肥方式均可极显著提高梨果实和叶片中的硒含量。2)喷施氨基酸硒肥后梨果实和叶片中硒含量在发育初期最高,不同部位硒含量的变化趋势不同,而土施氨基酸硒肥后梨果实和叶片中硒含量均呈现逐步升高的趋势,并在采收时达到最高。3)施肥后单果硒吸收量呈现上升的趋势,花后30 45 d为果实吸收硒的关键期。4)梨叶片的硒含量高于果肉,而且含量高低顺序不受施肥的影响,但果皮、果肉和果心3个部位硒含量的高低顺序与施肥方式有关,喷施氨基酸硒肥可以改变硒在果实各部位含量的高低顺序,而土施氨基酸硒肥对其没有影响。5)施肥量较小时,果肉和叶片中硒含量与施肥量呈正相关,但当施肥时有效硒含量超过2700 mg/plant时,硒含量反而会下降。【结论】施用氨基酸硒肥影响着梨树体内硒含量。与土施相比,喷施处理后梨对硒的吸收快、吸收和积累效率高、硒利用率高,因此,喷施氨基酸硒肥是富硒梨生产最经济有效的方法,施肥量以有效硒含量不超过2700mg/plant为宜。 相似文献
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磷对富硒赤红壤与红壤上小白菜硒吸收及土壤硒形态的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用土培盆栽试验方法,研究了广西两种主要富硒土壤施入不同水平磷对小白菜硒吸收积累的影响及土壤硒形态转化规律,旨在为提高土壤有效形态硒含量及植物硒含量提供理论依据。试验采集广西具有代表性的富硒赤红壤(贵港市桂平市)和富硒红壤(桂林市永福县),设置4个磷梯度盆栽试验。结果表明:相同的磷处理在不同土壤上对小白菜硒吸收效果不同。在富硒赤红壤上低磷处理(P50,50 mg/kg)有利于小白菜地上部和地下部对硒的吸收;在富硒红壤上中磷处理(P110,110 mg/kg)小白菜地上部硒含量最高,地下部施入磷则硒含量均显著低于对照。同时,磷的施入对硒在小白菜体内的转运在两种土壤上也存在差异。在富硒赤红壤上当磷施入量在80 mg/kg以下时,磷的施入会抑制硒从地下部向地上部的转运;在富硒红壤上磷的施入则均能促进硒的转运;但二者均在中磷处理时达到峰值。植株体内硒含量间的差异取决于土壤有效形态硒含量。研究结果显示磷的施入均显著增加了土壤中水溶态和交换态硒的含量,且小白菜硒的含量与土壤中水溶态硒规律一致。研究还发现在两种土壤上不同磷处理对土壤硒形态转化规律不同,这为进一步研究磷与土壤硒间的互作关系提供了参考。 相似文献
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以培育富硒森林蔬菜为目标,在暗棕壤上进行了荚果蕨、小叶芹、小根蒜、婆婆丁等4种山野菜施硒试验。硒肥种类为亚硒酸钠,施硒量为0.10~10.00mg kg-1,直接施肥范围为0~15cm表土。经过一个完整的生长周期(1a)后测定土壤和植物硒指标。结果表明,典型暗棕壤对外源亚硒酸钠态硒具有较强吸收与保持能力,从低剂量至高剂量施入的硒有90%~70%以上仍保留在原施硒土层内;其中H2O可溶态硒占全硒的6.03%~3.78%,KH2PO4浸提的有效态硒占全硒的19.36%~37.54%,而且土壤全硒、KH2PO4浸提的有效态硒及H2O可溶态硒皆与最初的施硒量呈线性正相关。在土施强化供硒条件下,4种山野菜均能高量富集硒,其含硒量为对照的1.7~158.9倍;不同植物的富硒能力有差异,它们在递增施硒情况下高量富集硒的变化模式也各有特点。总体来看,山野菜含硒量与施硒量之间为非线性正相关关系,但在一定的较低施硒量范围内这种关系则是线性的,线性范围因植物而异;土壤的可溶态硒、KH2PO4浸提的有效硒甚至全硒等指标与山野菜含硒量之间亦均呈明显的非线性正相关,且施硒量较低时其关系亦表现为线性。初步得出,典型暗棕壤控制施硒是在近自然条件下培育富硒森林蔬菜并获取高富硒生物资源的有效途径;不过,强烈搅动的砂砾质暗棕壤却不利于硒肥保持和植物吸收,不适于富硒森林蔬菜栽培。 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(17-18):2437-2447
Abstract A modified selenium (Se) fractionation procedure was used to study Se distribution in three soils (two silt loams and one silty clay). This sequential procedure consisted of: i) 0.2 M potassium sulfate (K2SO4)‐soluble fraction, ii) 0.1 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4)‐exchangeable fraction, iii) 0.5 M ammonium hydroxide (NH3H2O)‐soluble fraction, iv) 6 M hydrochloric acid (HCl)‐extractable fraction, and v) residual fraction digested with perchloric (HClO4) and sulfuric (H2SO4) acids. The fractionation procedure had high recovery rates (92.5 to 106%). The Se distribution in soil was controlled by soil properties, such as pH, oxide, clay, and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) contents. In the untreated soil samples, residual Se fraction was dominant. In the Se‐enriched soils, the silty clay had significantly more Se in the NH3H2O and residual fractions while in the two silt loams the largest were KH2PO4 and residual fractions. The Se availability in the two silt loams was higher than in the silty clay. The Se availability pattern in the untreated soils was: unavailable (HCl + residual fractions) >> potentially available (KH2PO4 + NH3H2O fractions) > available (K2SO4 fraction), while in the Se‐enriched soils it was potentially available > unavailable > available. 相似文献
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江苏省几种低硒土壤中硒的形态分布及生物有效性 总被引：22，自引：3，他引：22
利用连续浸提技术研究了江苏省低Se地区 3种土壤 (旱作土和太湖地区水稻土 )的Se含量及其形态分布。结果表明 ,3种土壤Se含量均偏低 ,尤其是长江沉积物发育的砂土属于贫Se土壤。对土壤Se形态分析表明有机物 硫化物结合及元素态Se是这些土壤中Se的主要存在形态 ,其次是残渣态 ,二者之和约占土壤总Se含量的 70 %～ 80 %。 5种形态中 ,除盐酸可提态Se趋向于向犁底层富集外 ,其他几种形态均为耕作层接近或高于犁底层。可溶态Se含量受其他形态Se影响较小 ,受土壤 pH值的影响较大 ;可交换态Se则相反 ,与除可溶态Se外的其他形态和土壤全Se含量均有显著正相关关系 ,但与土壤 pH值和土壤有机质无关。 5种有效Se浸提剂中 ,0.5mol/LNaHCO3浸提的Se与植株含Se量有极显著正相关关系 ,可作为低Se土壤的有效Se浸提剂 相似文献
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Sanghun Lee Howard J. Woodard James J. Doolittle 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(6):823-832
Some South Dakota soils contain high levels of available selenium (Se) for crop uptake. A field study was conducted to determine if any popular wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties demonstrate differential Se uptake. A total of 280 samples including eight winter wheat and ten spring wheat varieties were analyzed for grain Se concentration and uptake for two growing years. Soil samples were sequentially fractionated into (1) plant available (0.1?M KH2PO4 extractable) and (2) conditionally available (4?M HCl extractable) pools and analyzed separately for total Se. Selenium concentration in wheat grain had a wide variability and the mean value over two years was 0.63?µg?Se?g?1. Grain Se concentration and Se uptake were not significantly different by wheat varieties tested in this study. Grain Se concentration was significantly correlated with soil Se levels, soil pH, and orthophosphate-P content within a location, but grain Se concentration was strongly influenced by geographical location in which different amounts of soil Se bioavailability occurred. 相似文献
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应用Langmuir等温式解释我国东北某些土壤对磷酸离子的吸附作用 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
目前应用Langmuir吸附等温式来探讨土壤对磷酸离子的吸附作用,较为广泛.自从Olsen(1957)系统地报道以来,从机理到结合生产实际的研究已有大量的报道,我国近年来也有研究.由于土壤本身组成的复杂性,多数学者用纯物质(如纯粘土或铁与铝的含水氧化物等)进行吸附等温式的机理研究,已取得了很多结果. 相似文献
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Dasheng?Sun Qingfang?Bi Kejie?Li Peibin?Dai Yan?Yu Weiwei?Zhou Ting?Lv Xipeng?Liu Jun?Zhu Qichun?Zhang Chongwei?Jin Lingli?Lu Xianyong?Lin
Little is known about the effects of temperature and drying–rewetting on soil phosphorus (P) fractions and microbial community composition in regard to different fertilizer sources. Soil P dynamics and microbial community properties were evaluated in a soil not fertilized or fertilized with KH2PO4 or swine manure at two temperatures (10 and 25 °C) and two soil water regimes (continuously moist and drying–rewetting cycles) in laboratory microcosm assays. The P source was the dominant factor determining the sizes of labile P fractions and microbial community properties. Manure fertilization increased the content of labile P, microbial biomass, alkaline phosphomonoesterase activity, and fatty acid contents, whereas KH2PO4 fertilization increased the content of labile inorganic P and microbial P. Water regimes, second to fertilization in importance, affected more labile P pools, microbial biomass, alkaline phosphomonoesterase activity, and fatty acid contents than temperature. Drying–rewetting cycles increased labile P pools, decreased microbial biomass and alkaline phosphomonoesterase activity, and shaped the composition of microbial communities towards those with greater percentages of unsaturated fatty acids, particularly at 25 °C in manure-fertilized soils. Microbial C and P dynamics responded differentially to drying–rewetting cycles in manure-fertilized soils but not in KH2PO4-fertilized soils, suggesting their decoupling because of P sources and water regimes. Phosphorus sources, temperature, and water regimes interactively affected the labile organic P pool in the middle of incubation. Overall, P sources and water availability had greater effects on P dynamics and microbial community properties than temperature. 相似文献
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Potassium (K) leaching is detrimental to the maintenance of sustainable arable soil K fertility,especially in low-K fixation soils.It is not known whether the application of inorganic fertilizers with lower K mobility or crop straw can reduce potential K leaching in low-K fixation arable soils.The potential K leaching of 14 representative arable soils with different K fixation capacities in China was evaluated with or without the addition of K under two rainfall intensities (90 and 225 mm),and then potential K leaching was assessed in relation to five K sources (KCl,K2SO4,KH2PO4,maize (Zea mays L.) straw,and rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw).Without K addition,K leaching mainly occurred in sandy soils at 90 mm of rainfall and in soils with greater organic matter at225 mm of rainfall.With K addition,the leaching percentage of exogenous K ranged from 0.6%to 11.6%at 90 mm of rainfall and 1.2%to 21.2%at 225 mm of rainfall.The greatest K leaching occurred in soils with fewer K-bearing minerals and lower pH at both rainfall intensities.In most cases,KH2PO4,which has lower K mobility,markedly reduced K leaching in both high-and low-K leaching soils at the two rainfall intensities.Maize and rice straw reduced K leaching only in soils with high K leaching,regardless of rainfall amount,whereas more K was leached in soils with lower K leaching at high rainfall intensity.In conclusion,KH2PO4 and straw should be preferred for reducing K leaching in low-K fixation arable soils. 相似文献
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土壤磷酸盐位是研究土壤磷有效度的具有相对能量意义的概念,它的提出为研究土壤磷的问题开辟了一条新的途径[2,3,11].磷位值是土壤有效磷的强度指标,把它运用于土壤需磷诊断上,使它成为指导磷肥施用的有用工具,在当前生产上有一定意义. 相似文献