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土壤发生和发育过程定量研究进展 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
土壤发生和发育研究已从定性全面走向定量化研究。随土壤发育程度的提高，土壤的颗粒粒径分布特征、形态特征、微形态和矿物学特征、有机质、磁学、电化学、元素地球化学特征等诸多方面均呈现有规律的变化。因而可以根据土壤的特性推断土壤发育程序和土壤的相对年龄。 相似文献
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我国土壤氮、磷、钾的基本状况 总被引：90，自引：2，他引：90
本文根据我国建国以来主要的研究结果对我国土壤氮、磷、钾的基本状况进行了概略的阐述。我国土壤氮磷钾含量的变幅：N是0.04-0.38%；P是0.017-0.11%；K是0.05-2.50%。耕地土壤几乎全部都需补给氮素，大约有1/2-1/3缺磷；1/4-1/3缺钾。缺钾土壤主要分布在长江以南，但北方土壤的缺钾问题也需要及时注意。成土母质、风化程度和人为的耕作施肥措施是影响土壤氮、磷、钾状况的主要因素。 相似文献
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很多化验室采用吸管法分析土壤粒级，可是，此法要求在特定的深度吸取悬浮液较麻烦而且费时，本文阐述了一种快速，容易取样的新方法，即用注射器水平插入隔膜吸取土样悬液）粘粒和粉粒），二种方法分析结果的准确度相同，但注射器法更适宜于系列土样分析。 相似文献
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铁岭市土壤养分现状与施肥建议 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过1998年秋后对辽宁省铁岭市七个县（市）区55万hm^2耕地的747个土样化验分析,结果表明：土壤有机质含量平均为1.58%,仍然是较缺和中等状况,但较缺面积有所增加。全氮含量平均为0.089%,略有下降,也处于中等和较缺状况,同样,较缺面积增大。有效磷含量平均为13.8mg/kg,明显增加,已处于中等和较缺状况,并且有一定面积达到较丰富状况。速效钾含量平均为114mg/kg,明显下降,大面积处于中等和较缺状况,而且较缺面积大幅度增加。 相似文献
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土壤微藻对土壤质量影响的研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
研究了土壤微藻对于土壤理化及生物学性质的影响 ,并作定量及定性分析。以土壤和水为两种不同基质 ,在基质中接种 5种土壤微藻藻液 (立方色球藻、土生绿球藻、舟形藻、沙角衣藻以及由 4种藻种形成的混合藻液 ) ,进行见光和黑暗培养 ,分别在 0 ,2 0 ,4 0 ,60 d时 ,测定环境 p H值、微生物量 (不包括藻类 )、有机质含量 ,作极差分析和图形比较。研究结果表明 ,环境 p H值变化、微生物量变化和有机质含量变化在不同藻种相同培养条件下 ,存在一定的相似性。藻种变化对 p H值和微生物增加的影响大于因基质变化和光照变化所产生的影响 ;基质变化对于环境有机质含量的影响大于因藻种变化和光照变化而产生的影响 ;微藻在土壤中培养时的 3种数据变化均大于在水中培养时的 3种数据变化。 相似文献
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土壤变暖对土壤微生物活性的影响 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
讨论了土壤变暖对土壤微生物活性的影响及其后果。许多研究表明，土壤呼吸与土壤温度呈正相关关系。描述这种关系所用的模式有线性回归分析、A10关系式、幂关系式、Arrhenius关系式及其它关系式，但这些模式通常不能准确地估计呼吸率。尽管如此，几乎所有的研究都显示土 壤温度强烈地影响土壤微生物活性及呼吸。在一定温度范围内，土壤变暖提高土壤微生物活性及呼吸率。解释这种现象的一种机制是微生物群体组成随温度升高而改变。文章最后指出，为了得出更加的结论及更加准确地预测全球变暖对土壤的影响，应进一步加强土壤变暖对土微生物活性的影响的研究。 相似文献
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四种土壤管理方式对李园土壤微生物和土壤酶的影响 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
通过2003~2004两年的试验发现,刈割覆盖、刈割压埋、畜粪还园三处理纤维分解菌和硅酸盐细菌的数量均明显高于清耕处理(对照),且两种微生物数量均以夏季最多,秋季次之,春季再次,冬季最少。前三处理蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶、纤维分解酶、多酚氧化酶的酶活性都较清耕有显著或极显著提高;各处理酶活性也以夏季最高、秋季次之,春季再次,冬季最低。2004年刈割覆盖、刈割压埋两处理蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性较2003年有显著或极显著增加,畜粪还园、清耕两处理三种酶活性两年间差异很小。经相关性分析还发现,纤维分解菌除与脲酶相关性不显著外,它与其余的酶均显著或极显著正相关;硅酸盐细菌与所有的酶均极显著正相关。 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(3-5):301-312
Abstract The amounts and forms of zinc in twenty surface soils from Canterbury and Southland, New Zealand were determined using a sequential fractionation scheme. Total soil zinc concentrations ranged from 38.1 mg#lbkg‐1 to 113.8 mg#lbkg‐1. Although the proportions of zinc found in individual fractions varied between soils, on average approximately 3% occurred as exchangeable zinc, 5% as organic‐bound zinc, 9%, 18%, 24% was associated with manganese, amorphous iron and crystalline iron oxides, respectively, and 40% was in the residual fraction. In a group of soils formed in greywacke alluvium or loess, exchangeable zinc was inversely related to soil pH. Within the same group of soils, those of similar age with greater concentrations of total and organic‐bound zinc were present in imperfectly‐ and poorly‐drained soils compared with well‐drained soils. Zinc extracted from the soils with a range of reagents used to assess ‘plant available’ zinc was correlated strongly with the concentrations of zinc present in the exchangeable and organic‐bound zinc fractions. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(11):1217-1236
Abstract Zinc fractions occurring in five wetland soils as a function of organic matter application and soil redox potential were studied under laboratory conditions. The results indicate that a large portion of native or added Zn is bound to the soil mineral component. Exchangeable and organic complexed Zn and Zn bound to amorphous and crystalline sesquioxides were found to be in dynamic equilibrium. Exchangeable and complexed Zn were positively correlated with both native and/or added organic matter, while Zn bound to the amorphous and crystalline sesquioxides were negatively correlated with added organic matter. As soil redox potential decreased, the amount of exchangeable and organic complexed Zn decreased, while Zn bound to the amorphous and crystalline sesquioxides increased. Zinc fractions examined varied, depending upon soil cation exchange capacity, clay and organic carbon content. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(3-4):545-560
Abstract Information on the redistribution of applied micronutrients into different fractions as a result of lime application is important to predict plant accumulation of nutrients and to select appropriate chemical extraction procedures for evaluation of micronutrient availability. The present work was carried out to study the influence of liming on the availability and redistribution of zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) among soil fractions. Additionally, the effect of liming was evaluated on the recovery of these micronutrients by different chemical extractants (Mehlich‐1, Mehlich‐3, and diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (DTPA), which were correlated with Zn and Cu concentrations in corn (Zea mays L.) plants and soil fractions (exchangeable, organic matter, amorphous iron oxides, and crystalline iron oxides). The results showed that Zn added to soil samples that did not receive lime was retained mainly in the exchangeable and organic matter fractions. The liming resulted in distribution of Zn into iron oxides and as a result decreased the plant accumulation of Zn. Mehlich‐3 was the most efficient extractant to predict the plant accumulation of Zn in the acid soils, whereas DTPA was the most efficient in the limed soils. The oxide crystalline fraction was the major fraction responsible for retaining Cu in the soils. However, Cu added to soil was distributed mainly into organic matter. Mehlich‐3 was the most suitable extractant for predicting the bioavailability of Cu in limed or unlimed soils. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(15-16):2457-2471
Abstract The objectives of this study were to (1) characterize zinc (Zn) fractions and their relation to Zn extracted with mixed‐bed ion exchange resin capsules and (2) assess the relationships between the latter and Zn uptake by rice in 12 Mollisols from North India. The Resin Adsorption Quantity (RAQ) of Zn was measured after 1 and 14 days of anaerobic incubation. Six organic and inorganic Zn fractions were determined on anaerobic soil. Zinc uptake by rice was studied in a greenhouse experiment. Soil Zn fractions under reduced conditions followed the order residual Zn (80%)>carbonates and amorphous oxides bound Zn (12%)>weakly organically bound Zn (3%)>crystalline oxides bound Zn (2%)>strongly organically bound Zn (2%)>water soluble + exchangeable Zn (1%). RAQ‐Zn was best correlated with Zn bound to carbonates and amorphous oxides. Due to negative interactions between bicarbonate and Zn uptake, correlations between relative dry matter yield or total Zn uptake and the different Zn fractions, DTPA‐Zn measured on dry soil, or RAQ Zn were not significant. Adjusting soil test values according to soil pH improved the prediction of relative dry matter yield, but further studies are required to determine whether the resin capsule can be used as a soil test for Zn in calcareous soils. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(17-18):2461-2487
Abstract Copper (Cu) is bound strongly to organic matter, oxides of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn), and clay minerals in soils. To investigate the relative contribution of different soil components in the sorption of Cu, sorption was measured after the removal of various other soil components; organic matter and aluminum (Al) and Fe oxides are important in Cu adsorption. Both adsorption and desorption of Cu at various pH values were also measured by using diverse pasture soils. The differences in the sorption of Cu between the soils are attributed to the differences in the chemical characteristics of the soils. Copper sorption, as measured by the Freundlich equation sorption constants [potassium (K) and nitrogen (N)], was strongly correlated with soil properties, such as silt content, organic carbon, and soil pH. The relative importance of organic matter and oxides on Cu adsorption decreased and increased, respectively, with increasing solution Cu concentrations. In all soils, Cu sorption increased with increasing pH, but the solution Cu concentration decreased with increasing soil pH. The cumulative amounts of native and added soil Cu desorbed from two contrasting soils (Manawatu and Ngamoka) during desorption periods showed that the differences in the desorbability of Cu were a result of differences in the physico‐chemical properties of the soil matrix. This finding suggests that soil organic matter complexes of Cu added through fertilizer, resulted in decreased desorption. The proportions of added Cu desorbed during 10 desorption periods were low, ranging from 2.5% in the 24‐h to 6% in the 2‐h desorption periods. The desorption of Cu decreased with increasing soil pH. The irreversible retention of Cu might be the result of complex formation with Cu at high pH. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(17-18):2367-2381
Abstract The extractant Mehlich‐1 is routinely used in Brazil for determination of soil nutrients, whereas Mehlich‐3 has been suggested as a promising extractor for soil fertility evaluation. Both were used for extraction of molybdenum (Mo) in Brazilian soils with Mo dosage by the KI+H2O2 method. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to study soil Mo adsorption. Mehlich‐1 extracted more Mo than Mehlich‐3 in soils with high contents of organic matter, clay, and iron (Fe) oxides. Mehlich‐3 and Mehlich‐1 extractions correlated positively and significantly with amorphous Fe oxides, crystalline Fe oxides, and organic matter. Molybdenum recovering rates correlated to crystalline Fe oxides and clay contents but not to organic matter, pH, and Mo adsorption capacity. Amorphous and crystalline Fe oxides, clay, and organic matter were responsible for most of the Mo adsorption. The Langmuir isotherm described better the Mo adsorption to soil amorphous Fe oxides and organic matter than the Freundlich isotherm. 相似文献
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水稻子实对不同形态重金属的累积差异及其影响因素分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
在分析成都平原核心区土壤重金属(Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn)全量、各形态含量及相应点位种植的水稻子实重金属含量的基础上,通过统计分析、空间插值及线性回归方程的模拟,研究了土壤Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn全量的空间分布状况、各形态重金属含量统计特征,以及水稻子实对重金属各形态的累积差异及其影响因素。结果表明,成都平原水稻土重金属污染较轻,除Cd外,均低于国家土壤环境质量二级标准。土壤中重金属的可交换态含量均较低,Cd主要以铁锰氧化态存在,Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb主要以残渣态存在。水稻子实对5种重金属的累积效应顺序为:Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb>Cr。与水稻重金属累积关系密切的重金属活性形态(可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和有机物结合态)主要有:Cd的碳酸盐结合态、Cr的可交换态、Pb的有机物结合态和Cu的碳酸盐结合态含量;Zn各活性形态对水稻子实含量的影响不明显。土壤理化性质对不同活性形态重金属元素的影响效应各不相同。活性态Cd主要受有机质、pH和容重的影响;活性态Cr与pH、有机质、CEC和容重密切相关;活性态Pb与有机质、容重、中细粉粒、砂粒等均有密切的关系;Cu的活性主要受粘粒、有机质含量的影响;Zn的有效性主要受pH、有机质、砂粒、容重的影响。总的看来,对土壤Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn各活性形态含量影响效应较强的是有机质、pH、容重,而与土壤吸附性能密切相关的颗粒组成、CEC的影响不甚明显。 相似文献
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三个红壤性水稻土的有机质和腐殖质的含量由淹育型水稻土→潴育型水稻土→潜育型水稻土依次逐渐增加,其C/N和H/P比值也顺次增大。它们的粘土矿物组成无明显差异。铁、锰物质在潴育型水稻土剖面中分异最明显,其次为淹育型水稻土;而无定形氧化铁在剖面中变幅最大却是潜育型水稻土;结晶态铁在土壤剖面中分异亦有一定规律,其中潴育型水稻土的指示性土层(W层)的晶胶率(结晶铁/无定形铁)远较其它土层为高,这种变化特性的差异,对区分不同水分作用的水稻土发育类型有一定的特殊意义;土壤络合态铁与土壤有机质含量有关。土壤氧化锰与土壤氧化铁相比虽然含量低,但对土壤氧化还原条件反应更加敏感,所以在土壤剖面中淋移趋势更加明显。 相似文献
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研究砂姜黑土旱改水对土壤中Mn含量、赋存形态和有效性的影响结果表明,砂姜黑土中Mn存在于粘土矿物、晶形氧化铁、无定性氧化铁、氧化锰态、有机物和碳酸盐中比例分别为27.19%~46.26%、10.48%~21.65%、2.76%~12.28%、17.39%~26.53%、10.61%~24.57%和0.16%~8.35%。旱改水实施水旱轮作后砂姜黑土中全Mn含量极显著降低,平均降幅为8.77%,但伴随土壤pH值的趋中性,土壤中Mn由植物有效性较低的晶形铁结合态逐渐向植物有效性较高的氧化锰态、无定形铁态和有机态转化,活化了土壤中的Mn,提高了Mn的有效性和可移动性。 相似文献
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O. K. BORGGAARD 《European Journal of Soil Science》1984,35(1):71-78
Soils from Denmark and Tanzania were extracted with ammonium acetate (controls), EDTA to dissolve amorphous iron oxides, and dithionite-EDTA (DE) to dissolve crystalline iron oxides. The amounts of chloride adsorbed by the extracted soils from 1 m NaCl at pH 5 and pH 7 were determined. The differences (ΔCl) between chloride adsorption at pH 5 and pH 7, attributed to variably charged groups, decreased when iron oxides were removed by EDTA and DE extraction. Close correlations (P>0.001), with negligible intercepts, were found (i)between EDTA-extractable iron (amorphous iron oxides) and the decrease in ΔCl following EDTA extraction, and (ii) between the difference between DE-extracted iron and EDTA-extractable iron (crystalline iron oxides) and the further decrease in ΔCL following DE extraction. The difference between ΔCl for acetate-extracted and DE-extracted samples was calculated from the contents and specific surfaces of amorphous and crystalline iron oxides, together with ΔCl per m2 for synthetic iron oxides. Calculated and measured values were in very good agreement, indicating that soil iron oxides, in relation to chloride adsorption, may be treated as if they consist of only two fractions. 相似文献