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1.
The development of pedotransfer functions offers a potential means of alleviating cost and labour burdens associated with bulk‐density determinations. As a means of incorporating a priori knowledge into the model‐building process, we propose a conceptual model for predicting soil bulk density from other more regularly measured properties. The model considers soil bulk density to be a function of soil mineral packing structures (ρm) and soil structure (Δρ). Bulk‐density maxima were found for soils with approximately 80% sand. Bulk densities were also observed to increase with depth, suggesting the influence of over‐burden pressure. Residuals from the ρm model, hereby known as Δρ, correlated with organic carbon. All models were trained using Australian soil data, with limits set at bulk densities between 0.7 and 1.8 g cm?3 and containing organic carbon levels below 12%. Performance of the conceptual model (r2 = 0.49) was found to be comparable with a multiple linear regression model (r2 = 0.49) and outperformed models developed using an artificial neural network (r2 = 0.47) and a regression tree (r2 = 0.43). Further development of the conceptual model should allow the inclusion of soil morphological data to improve bulk‐density predictions.  相似文献   

2.
The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of biochar amendment on soil acidity and other physico‐chemical properties of soil in Southern Ethiopia using a field experiment of three treatments: (1) biochar made of corn cobs, (2) biochar made of chopped Lantana camara stem, and (3) biochar made of Eucalyptus globulus feedstock and a control, in which neither of the biochar was used. Each treatment had three levels of 6, 12 and 18 t ha−1. The experiment was setup with RCBD in a factorial arrangement with three replications. In this regard, a total of 36 plots (each 2 × 2 m size) were applied with three replications to the depth of 0–15cm. From these 36 plots, composite soil samples were collected to the depth of 0–30 cm and analyzed for bulk density, total porosity, pH, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, potassium, and exchangeable acidity using standard procedures before and after biochar application. Two‐way ANOVA was also used to analyze the impact of the biochars on soil acidity and other properties. For the treatments that had significant effects, a mean separation was made using Least Significance Difference (LSD) test. The results showed the application of biochar significantly reduced, soil bulk density and exchangeable acidity when compared with a control (p < 0.05). Moreover, the total soil porosity, soil pH, total nitrogen, soil organic carbon, available phosphorus, and potassium were significantly increased in the soil. From among applied biochar treatments, Lantana camara applied at the level of 18 t ha−1 had a higher impact in changing soil physico‐chemical properties. In general, the study suggests that the soil acidity can be reduced by applying biochar as it can amend other soil physico‐chemical properties.  相似文献   

3.
《Soil Use and Management》2018,34(2):187-196
The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of chemical and physical fractions of soil organic matter (SOM ), rather than SOM per se , as indicators of soil physical quality (SPQ ) based on their effect on aggregate stability (AS ). Chemically extracted humic and fulvic acids (HA and FA ) were used as chemical fractions, and heavy and light fractions (HF and LF ) obtained by density separation as physical fractions. The analyses were conducted on medium‐textured soils from tropical and temperate regions under cropland and pasture. Results show that soil organic carbon (SOC ), SOM fractions and AS appear to be affected by land use regardless of the origin of the soils. A general separation of structurally stable and unstable soils between samples of large and small SOC content, respectively, was observed. SOM fractions did not show a better relationship with AS than SOC per se . In both geographical regions, soils under cropland showed the smallest content of SOC , HA and carbon concentration in LF and HF , and the largest HF /LF ratio (proportion of the HF and LF in percent by mass of bulk soil). With significant associations between AS and SOC content (0.79**), FA /SOC (r  = −0.83**), HA /FA (r  = 0.58**), carbon concentration of LF (r  = 0.69**) and HF (r  = 0.70**) and HF /LF ratio (r  = 0.80**), cropland showed lowest AS . These associations indicate that SOM fractions provide information about differences in SOM quality in relation to AS and SPQ of soils from tropical and temperate regions under cropland and pasture.  相似文献   

4.
[目的]探究不同改良剂对融雪剂盐害土壤的修复效果及其对矮牵牛生长的影响,为改良剂的大田推广提供理论依据。[方法]采用香菇菌糠、平菇菌糠和脱硫石膏3种改良剂,通过土柱室内模拟试验,对改良后土壤的pH值,土壤电导率(EC),K+,Na+,Cl-、容重和孔隙度进行测定。[结果]改良处理后,pH值均有不同程度的降低;香菇菌糠施用量为24g/kg时,降低土壤EC值效果最显著;平菇菌糠改良可以有效提高土壤中K+离子含量;对于降低土壤中Na+离子含量而言,表现为:平菇菌糠香菇菌糠脱硫石膏;香菇菌糠处理(24g/kg)对于降低土壤中Cl-离子含量、土壤容重和提高孔隙度等方面效果最显著,土壤容重比CK减少了57.3%,孔隙度增加了24.6%,使矮牵牛单株鲜重较CK增加了244.64%。[结论]当香菇菌糠施用量达到24g/kg时,改良融雪剂盐害土壤的效果最显著。  相似文献   

5.
施肥措施对砂姜黑土水分入渗性能的影响   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
土壤水分入渗是降雨和灌溉水转变为土壤有效水的过程,是降水、地表水、土壤水和地下水相互作用的环节,是影响作物水分利用效率的重要因素。砂姜黑土黏粒含量高,具有楔型结构等障碍因子,水分入渗性能和持水能力较弱,作物水分利用效率低。改良土体结构是提高土壤入渗与持水能力,增加作物水分利用效率的重要途径。为研究施肥措施对砂姜黑土理化性质及水分入渗性能的影响,设置不施肥对照(CK)、测土配方施肥(PF)、测土配方施肥+秸秆还田(PF+JG)和测土配方施肥+粉煤灰(PF+FMH)4个试验处理,进行小麦-玉米田间轮作试验。研究了土壤容重、颗粒组成、总孔隙度和有机质含量的变化规律,分析了土壤水分入渗特征及其与土壤理化性质之间的关系。结果表明,PF+JG、PF+FMH处理使土壤有机质含量分别较CK和PF提高18.01%、8.92%和11.18%、2.61%,土壤容重分别降低12.90%、11.29%和4.48%、2.98%,土壤总孔隙度分别增加13.89%、5.87%和12.46%、4.56%,土壤水分累积入渗量分别增加98.08%、90.39%和34.64%、29.41%。PF+JG(1.18×10-4 m·s-1)和PF+FMH(1.13×10-4 m·s-1)处理的土壤水分稳定入渗速率分别是CK(5.92×10-5 m·s-1)和PF(8.73×10-5 m·s-1)的1.99倍、1.91倍和1.35倍、1.29倍。土壤水分稳定入渗速率与有机质及总孔隙度显著正相关(P0.01),与土壤容重呈显著负相关(P0.05)。该研究表明,秸秆还田和粉煤灰处理,可提高土壤有机质含量,降低土壤容重,增加土壤孔隙度,提高土壤水分稳渗速率,可为土壤水分入渗性能提升提供理论依据。  相似文献   

6.
Imbalanced fertilizer use with intensive cropping has threatened the sustainability of agroecosystems, especially on acid soils. An understanding of the long-term effects of fertilizers and amendments on soil health is essential for sustaining high crop yields. The effects of application of fertilizers, and amendments for 46 years on soil properties and maize yield in an acid Alfisol were investigated in this study. Ten fertilizer treatments comprising different amounts of NPK fertilizers, farmyard manure (FYM) and lime, and one control, were replicated three times in a randomized block design. At 0–15 cm soil depth, bulk density was least (1.20 t/m3), porosity (49.8%) and water holding capacity (61.7%) were greatest in 100% NPK + FYM, corresponding to the largest organic carbon content (13.93 g/kg). Microbial biomass C and dehydrogenase activity in 100% NPK + FYM were 42% and 13.7% greater than 100% NPK, respectively. Available nutrients were significantly more with 100% NPK + FYM and 100% NPK + lime than control and other fertilizer treatments. At 15–30 cm depth, the effect of various treatments was comparable to the surface layer. Grain yield declined by 55% and 53% in 100% NPK(-S) and 100% NP, respectively, compared with 100% NPK, whereas 100% N as urea alone eventually led to crop failure. Soil porosity recorded the greatest positive correlation (r = .933**), whereas bulk density recorded a negative significant correlation (r = −.942**) with grain yield. The results suggest that integrated use of FYM/lime with chemical fertilizers is a sustainable practice in terms of crop yield and soil health, whereas continuous application of urea alone is detrimental to the soil health.  相似文献   

7.
A semiquantitative nutrient balance is presented for a field monocropped with sisal on Ferralsols in Tanzania. Input of nutrients included wet deposition, non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation and nutrients added with planting material. Nutrient output consisted of the harvested product. The average annual shortfall between 1966 to 1990 was 12 kg N ha−1, 2·8 kg P ha−1, 38 kg K ha−1, 44 kg Ca ha−1 and 19 kg Mg ha−1. The nutrient balance was compared to changes in topsoil (0–20 cm) nutrient contents of the sisal field during the same period. Average annual decrease in soil nutrient contents was: 104 kg N ha−1, 1·8 kg P ha−1, 11 kg K ha−1, 29 kg Ca ha−1 and 10 kg Mg ha−1. Much more nitrogen was lost from the topsoil than can be explained by the nutrient balance, indicating significant losses. Changes in soil phosphorus content are almost explained by the nutrient balance. More exchangeable cations were removed with the yield than were lost from the topsoil, which may imply that cations are extracted from the subsoil. Both the nutrient balance and the changes in soil nutrient contents showed that monocropping sisal is mining nutrients. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

8.
The effectiveness of mulch and termite activity in the rehabilitation of the physical properties of crusted soil was studied in northern Burkina Faso (Province de Bam). A split plot design was used with three replications each being on one soil type. The soil types were Ferric Lixisol, Haplic Lixisol and Chromic Cambisol. The main factor was termite activity, and to this end dieldrin (0·50 kg a.i. ha−1) was used to create plots without termite activity next to plots with termite activity. The subplots consisted of Pennisetum pedicellatum mulch, wood Pterocarpus lucens mulch and composite (wood+straw) mulch, applied at rates of 3, 6 and 4 t ha−1, respectively. Two years after establishing the experiment, the combined effect of termite and mulch on the change in physical properties of the soil was measured. The parameters used for this assessment were porosity, saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil resistance to cone penetration. Soil water content was also measured. Termite activity was found to increase soil porosity, soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, improve soil water status and reduce soil bulk density and soil resistance to cone penetration. The only difference between bare plots and mulched plots without termites was in water content. This indicates that the mechanism whereby mulch improves the physical properties of crusted soil is mainly based on soil biology processes and to a limited extent on protecting soil against weather impact. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

9.
选取黄土丘陵区12种典型植被样地,通过测定各样地不同土层植物残体生物量、土壤容重、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度及饱和导水率,研究各指标随土层深度和植被类型的变化规律及其对土壤饱和导水率的影响。结果表明:(1)除容重随土层深度增加外,植物残体、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度和饱和导水率均随土层深度减少,其中植物残体大多集中于表层土壤(0—10 cm),占总残体生物量的51.4%～85.7%。(2)不同植被类型其植物残体及土壤物理性质存在显著差异,乔木林地植物残体、农耕地土壤容重、灌木林地非毛管孔隙度及饱和导水率均最大,而毛管孔隙度与不同土地利用类型间无显著差异。(3)饱和导水率随植物残体生物量密度(0—10 cm)和土壤容重呈幂函数减小,随毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度呈幂函数增大;土壤容重(BD)和非毛管孔隙度(NCP)是影响土壤饱和导水率(K_s)的主要因素,且土壤饱和导水率可表示为两者的综合非线性方程(K_s=0.6BD~(-4.717)NCP~(0.203),P0.01,R~2=0.63,NSE=0.50)。此外,沙棘灌木林地平均饱和导水率最大,有利于降雨过程中土壤水分入渗,具有较强的水土保持功能。本研究结果可为黄土高原植被恢复生态水文效益评价提供理论依据。  相似文献   

10.
This paper reports the development and evaluation of a field technique for in situ measurement of root density using a portable spectroradiometer. The technique was evaluated at two sites in permanent pasture on contrasting soils (an Allophanic and a Fluvial Recent soil) in the Manawatu region, New Zealand. Using a modified soil probe, reflectance spectra (350–2500 nm) were acquired from horizontal surfaces at three depths (15, 30 and 60 mm) of an 80‐mm diameter soil core, totalling 108 samples for both soils. After scanning, 3‐mm soil slices were taken at each depth for root density measurement and soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) analysis. The two soils exhibited a wide range of root densities from 1.53 to 37.03 mg dry root g−1 soil. The average root density in the Fluvial soil (13.21 mg g−1) was twice that in the Allophanic soil (6.88 mg g−1). Calibration models, developed using partial least squares regression (PLSR) of the first derivative spectra and reference data, were able to predict root density on unknown samples using a leave‐one‐out cross‐validation procedure. The root density predictions were more accurate when the samples from the two soil types were separated (rather than grouped) to give sub‐populations (n = 54) of spectral data with more similar attributes. A better prediction of root density was achieved in the Allophanic soil (r2 = 0.83, ratio prediction to deviation (RPD ) = 2.44, root mean square error of cross‐validation (RMSECV ) = 1.96 mg g −1) than in the Fluvial soil (r2 = 0.75, RPD = 1.98, RMSECV = 5.11 mg g −1). It is concluded that pasture root density can be predicted from soil reflectance spectra acquired from field soil cores. Improved PLSR models for predicting field root density can be produced by selecting calibration data from field data sources with similar spectral attributes to the validation set. Root density and soil C content can be predicted independently, which could be particularly useful in studies examining potential rates of soil organic matter change.  相似文献   

11.
This study evaluated the effect of biochar and phosphorus fertilizer application on selected soil physical and chemical properties in two contrasting soil types: Rhodic Ferralsols (clay) in Thohoyandou and Leptic Cambisols (loamy sand) in Nelspruit, South Africa. Field experiments were conducted in summer and winter. Treatments consisted of a factorial combination of four biochar levels (0, 5, 10 and 20 t ha?1) and two phosphorus fertilizer levels (0 and 90 kg ha?1) arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Chickpea was the test crop. Soil bulk density, aggregate stability, porosity, total C, total N, C:N ratio, K and Mg were determined. Biochar (10 t ha?1) and phosphorus increased bulk density and decreased porosity at 0–5 and 15–20 cm soil depth on a loamy sand soil in both seasons. The interaction between biochar and phosphorus increased total C and total N on a clay soil in the summer sowing. However, in the loamy sand soil, biochar (10 t ha?1) increased total C, C:N ratio, K and Mg in the summer sowing. The effect of biochar was more evident in the loamy sand soil than the clay soil suggesting that the influence of biochar may be soil-specific.  相似文献   

12.
通过对环青海湖区退化芨芨草群落的土壤容重和有机碳含量的测定分析,确定了退化芨芨草群落的土壤碳密度特征。结果显示,重度退化芨芨草群落的土壤容重显著大于中度退化芨芨草群落的土壤容重。重度退化芨芨草群落土壤有机碳含量普遍低于中度退化芨芨草群落,特别是两者表层土壤有机碳含量差异极为显著(p0.001)。在0—100cm剖面上,中度退化芨芨草群落土壤有机碳含量总体呈减少趋势,重度退化的则呈现减少和先增加后减小的两种变化趋势。芨芨草群落土壤有机碳密度跟有机碳含量变化趋势一致;芨芨草群落土壤有机碳主要集中在0—30cm土层,中度和重度退化下该深度土壤有机碳密度分别为7.35和2.92kg/m2,占整个剖面有机碳密度的57.45%和63.06%;环青海湖区中度和重度退化芨芨草群落剖面土壤有机碳密度为12.79和4.63kg/m2。  相似文献   

13.
Agricultural activities emit greenhouse gases (GHGs) and contribute to global warming. Intensive plough tillage (PT), use of agricultural chemicals and the burning of crop residues are major farm activities emitting GHGs. Intensive PT also degrades soil properties by reducing soil organic carbon (SOC) pool. In this scenario, adoption of no‐till (NT) systems offers a pragmatic option to improve soil properties and reduce GHG emission. We evaluated the impacts of tillage systems (NT and PT) and wheat residue mulch on soil properties and GHG emission. This experiment was started in 1989 on a Crosby silt loam soil at Waterman Farm, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA. Mulching reduced soil bulk density and improved total soil porosity. More total carbon (16.16 g kg−1), SOC (8.36 mg L−1) and soil microbial biomass carbon (152 µg g−1) were recorded in soil under NT than PT. Mulch application also decreased soil temperature (0–5 cm) and penetration resistance (0–60 cm). Adoption of long‐term NT reduced the GHG emission. Average fluxes of GHGs under NT were 1.84 g CO2‐C m−2 day−1 for carbon dioxide, 0.07 mg CH4‐C m−2 day−1 for methane and 0.73 mg N2O‐N m−2 day−1 for nitrous oxide compared with 2.05 g CO2‐C m−2 day−1, 0.74 mg CH4‐C m−2 day−1 and 1.41 mg N2O‐N m−2 day−1, respectively, for PT. Emission of nitrous oxide was substantially increased by mulch application. In conclusion, long‐term NT reduced the GHG emission by improving the soil properties. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

14.
Biochar is used as a soil amendment for improving soil quality and enhancing carbon sequestration. In this study, a loamy sand soil was amended at different rates (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% v/v) of biochar, and its physical and hydraulic properties were analyzed, including particle density, bulk density, porosity, infiltration, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and volumetric water content. The wilting rate of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) grown in soil amended with various levels of biochar was evaluated on a scale of 0–10. Statistical analyses were conducted using linear regression. The results showed that bulk density decreased linearly (R2 = 0.997) from 1.325 to 0.363 g cm?3 while the particle density decreased (R2 = 0.915) from 2.65 to 1.60 g cm?3 with increased biochar amendment, with porosity increasing (R2 = 0.994) from 0.500 to 0.773 cm3 cm?3. The mean volumetric water content ranged from 3.90 to 14.00 cm3 cm?3, while the wilting rate of tomato ranged from 4.67 to 9.50, respectively, for the non-amended soil and 100% biochar-amended soil. These results strongly suggest positive improvement of soil physical and hydraulic properties following addition of biochar amendment.  相似文献   

15.
Our knowledge of effects of land use changes and soil types on the storage and stability of different soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions in the tropics is limited. We analysed the effect of land use (natural forest, pasture, secondary forest) on SOC storage (depth 0–0.1 m) in density fractions of soils developed on marine Tertiary sediments and on volcanic ashes in the humid tropics of northwest Ecuador. The origin of organic carbon stored in free light (< 1.6 g cm?3) fractions, and in two light fractions (LF) occluded within aggregates of different stability, was determined by means of δ13C natural abundance. Light occluded organic matter was isolated in a first step after aggregate disruption by shaking aggregates with glass pearls (occluded I LF) and in a subsequent step by manual destruction of the most stable microaggregates that survived the first step (occluded II LF). SOC storage in LFs was greater in volcanic ash soils (7.6 ± 0.6 Mg C ha?1) than in sedimentary soils (4.3 ± 0.3 Mg C ha?1). The contribution of the LFs to SOC storage was greater in natural forest (19.2 ± 1.2%) and secondary forest (16.6 ± 1.0%) than in pasture soils (12.8 ± 1.0%), independent of soil parent material. The amount of SOC stored in the occluded I LF material increased with increasing silt + clay content (sedimentary soils, r = 0.73; volcanic ash soils, r = 0.58) and aggregation (sedimentary soils, r = 0.52; volcanic ash soils, r = 0.45). SOC associated with occluded I LF, had the smallest proportion of new, pasture‐derived carbon, indicating the stabilizing effect of aggregation. Fast turnover of the occluded II LF material, which was separated from highly stable microaggregates, strongly suggested that this fraction is important in the initial process of aggregate formation. No pasture‐derived carbon could be detected in any density fractions of volcanic ash soils under secondary forest, indicating fast turnover of these fractions in tropical volcanic ash soils.  相似文献   

16.
Effects of six slope lengths, 60 m to 10 m with 10-m increments, on soil physical properties were evaluated for plough-based conventional till and no-till seedbed preparation on field runoff plots for three consecutive years from 1984 to 1987. Soil physical properties measured included texture, bulk density, infiltration capacity, and soil moisture retention characteristics. Conventional till treatment caused a rapid increase in soil bulk density and penetration resistance, and decrease in available water capacity and equilibrium infiltration rate. Gravel content increased with cultivation duration. Soil bulk density of 0–5 cm depth was 1·20 Mg m−3 for 1984, 1·39 Mg m−3 for 1985 and 1·46 Mg m−3 for 1986 for conventional till; and 1·13 Mg m−3 for 1984, 1·33 Mg m−3 for 1985, and 1·27 Mg m−3 for 1986 for the no-till treatment. The penetration resistance of the no-till treatment was relatively low and increased with cultivation duration. Mean penetration resistance for 0–5 cm depth was 2·2 kg cm−2 in 1984, 2·71 kg cm−2 in 1985, and 3·79 kg cm−2 in 1986. The available water capacity decreased in both tillage methods without any consistent trends with regard to slope length. The equilibrium infiltration rate declined drastically for long slopes and conventional till methods. The data support the conclusion that these soils should be managed with short slope lengths and a no-till method of seedbed preparation. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

17.
Improved quantification is needed for long‐term soil organic carbon (SOC) transport in runoff at watershed scales. Coshocton wheel samplers were used to collect runoff samples from no‐till and chisel‐till watersheds in corn (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) rotations over 13 years. Samples were analyzed for SOC, N, P, K, and soil losses. The SOC losses, ranging from 0 to 357 kg ha−1 event−1, were correlated (r2 = 0·80–0·94) in power law relationships with N, P, K, soil loss, and runoff. Two events occurring in corn when soybean and cover crop residue were present in no‐till had combined SOC transport of 460 kg ha−1, nearly double the no‐till losses of a previous 11‐year period and 20 times higher than chisel‐till in the same events. Infrequent, extreme transport events that are not well characterized empirically, particularly in no‐till, can strongly influence hydrologic C transport from agriculture watersheds. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

18.
The effects of cattle manure and inorganic N‐fertilizer application on soil organic carbon (SOC), bulk density, macro‐aggregate stability and aggregate protected carbon were determined on clay and sandy soils of the Murewa smallholder farming area, Zimbabwe. Maize was grown in four fields termed homefields (HFs) and outfields (OFs) because of spatial variability induced by management practices and with the following fertility treatments: control (no fertility amelioration), 5, 15 and 25 t/ha cattle manure + 100 kg/ha N applied annually for seven consecutive years. The addition of cattle manure resulted in significant (P < 0.01) increases in SOC, macro‐aggregate stability and aggregate protected carbon in clay soils from at least the 5 t/ha cattle manure rate and was comparable between HFs and OFs on clay soils. Aggregate protected carbon in clay soils was significantly higher from the 15 and 25 t/ha cattle manure rates compared to the 5 t/ha cattle manure treatment. In contrast, only SOC was significantly (P < 0.05) increased with the addition of cattle manure on the sandy soils, while bulk density, macro‐aggregate stability and aggregate protected carbon were not significantly changed. Bulk density was also not significantly (P > 0.05) different on the clay soils. A significant and positive linear relationship (r2 = 0.85) was found between SOC and macro‐aggregate stability, while an r2 value of 0.82 was obtained between SOC and aggregate protected carbon on the clay soils. However, no regressions were performed on data from the sandy soils because of the lack of significant changes in soil physical properties. Application of cattle manure and inorganic N‐fertilizer significantly increased (P < 0.05) maize grain yield on both soil types. Results show that inorganic N‐fertilizer combined with cattle manure at 5–15 t/ha per yr is necessary to increase maize yields and SOC on sandy soils in Murewa, while at least 15 t/ha per yr cattle manure is required on the clay soils to improve physical properties in addition to maize yields and SOC.  相似文献   

19.
Reclamation of disturbed soils is done with the primary objective of restoring the land for agronomic or forestry land use. Reclamation followed by sustainable management can restore the depleted soil organic carbon (SOC) stock over time. This study was designed to assess SOC stocks of reclaimed and undisturbed minesoils under different cropping systems in Dover Township, Tuscarawas County, Ohio (40°32·33′ N and 81°33·86′ W). Prior to reclamation, the soil was classified as Bethesda Soil Series (loamy‐skeletal, mixed, acid, mesic Typic Udorthent). The reclaimed and unmined sites were located side by side and were under forage (fescue—Festuca arundinacea Schreb. and alfa grass—Stipa tenacissima L.), and corn (Zea mays L.)—soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) rotation. All fields were chisel plowed annually except unmined forage, and fertilized only when planted to corn. The manure was mostly applied on unmined fields planted to corn, and reclaimed fields planted to forage and corn. The variability in soil properties (i.e., soil bulk density, pH and soil organic carbon stock) ranged from moderate to low across all land uses in both reclaimed and unmined fields for 0–10 and 10–20 cm depths. The soil nitrogen stock ranged from low to moderate for unmined fields and moderate to high in some reclaimed fields. Soil pH was always less than 6·7 in both reclaimed and unmined fields. The mean soil bulk density was consistently lower in unmined (1·27 mg m−3 and 1·22 mg m−3) than reclaimed fields (1·39 mg m−3 and 1·34 mg m−3) planted to forage and corn, respectively. The SOC and total nitrogen (TN) concentrations were higher for reclaimed forage (33·30 g kg−1; 3·23 g kg−1) and cornfields (21·22 g kg−1; 3·66 g kg−1) than unmined forage (17·47 g kg−1; 1·98 g kg−1) and cornfield (17·70 g kg−1; 2·76 g kg−1). The SOC stocks in unmined soils did not differ among forage, corn or soybean fields but did so in reclaimed soils for 0–10 cm depth. The SOC stock for reclaimed forage (39·6 mg ha−1 for 0–10 cm and 28·6 mg ha−1 for 10–20 cm depths) and cornfields (28·3 mg ha−1; 32·2 mg ha−1) were higher than that for the unmined forage (22·7 mg ha−1; 17·6 mg ha−1) and corn (21·5 mg ha−1; 26·8 mg ha−1) fields for both depths. These results showed that the manure application increased SOC stocks in soil. Overall this study showed that if the reclamation is done properly, there is a large potential for SOC sequestration in reclaimed soils. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

20.
《Geoderma》2001,99(1-2):147-168
Not only the amount of organic carbon in soil is important for soil organic matter (SOM) stability, but also its physical and chemical properties. The appropriate technique for the assessment of SOM dynamics can vary between soil types, and information about this is lacking for Ferralsols of the central Amazon basin. First, this work identified SOM pools which are sensitive to land-use changes on the terra firme in the central Amazon. In a second step, the effects of single trees on SOM properties were evaluated in a mixed tree crop plantation in comparison to secondary and primary forest sites. Thus, the processes of organic matter stabilization could be studied in the highly aggregated soils. A combination of aggregate and density fractionation was found to be most suitable for physical SOM characterization. The particulate organic matter (POM, density less than 1.6 Mg m−3) varied by one order of magnitude between sites and could be used as a sensitive indicator of land-use changes. Aggregate stability was not related to SOM contents or bulk SOM properties. The incorporation of plant material into stable SOM, however, was enhanced by aggregation. Among aggregate separates, the fraction, 0.25–0.5 mm, showed single-tree effects the most. SOM replenishment was higher under tree species with low quality litter, i.e. high C-to-N and polyphenol-to-N ratios. High quality litter from a leguminous ground cover, however, showed low soil nitrogen and carbon replenishment but increased nitrogen concentrations in light fractions. Litter with a high quality may improve soil nitrogen availability but not amounts of total SOM, which could only be shown for low quality litter. The results indicate the importance of aggregation and POM dynamics for SOM stabilization in the studied Xanthic Ferralsols of the central Amazon basin.  相似文献   

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