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1.
发展棉花间套作体系是缓解我国黄河流域棉花与其他作物争地矛盾的主要策略,但目前对棉花间套作体系下棉花的增产机理尚不明确。因此,本研究通过田间试验设置了棉花与小麦、大蒜和花生间套作,并对其根系分别采取塑料膜分隔、尼龙网分隔和不分隔处理,从而研究在隔根处理下不同作物与棉花间作对棉花产量及生物量累积的影响。研究表明:(1)隔根处理下的不同作物与棉花间作的土地当量比(LER)大于1,说明试验中棉花间套作体系均体现出间作优势,且在小麦/棉花套作和大蒜/棉花套作的体系中,小麦和大蒜对于棉花的资源竞争力大于0,小麦和大蒜在共生期内是优势种;花生相对于棉花的资源竞争力小于0,在花生/棉花间作体系中,棉花是优势种。(2)在棉花盛蕾期,单作棉处理的棉花的叶、茎器官的干物质累积量多于其他3个处理,而在花铃期后,间套作体系中的干物质积累量多于单作棉处理,间套作体系中的棉花生殖器官干物质积累量高于单作棉处理。(3)盛蕾期和初花期,单作棉的茎、叶器官的分配率高于小麦套作棉花、大蒜套作棉花和花生间作棉花处理,在盛花期和盛絮期,处理间的差异不显著;不同种植模式下生殖器官干物质分配率的差异与茎、叶器官相反。相关研究结果可... 相似文献
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玉米-豆科作物带状间套作对养分吸收利用及产量优势的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为明确玉米大豆套作、玉米花生间作养分吸收利用对产量优势贡献的差异。本研究开展了2年大田试验,通过比较间套作与相应单作成熟期植株氮磷钾养分吸收量和利用效率,综合分析了玉米大豆套作、玉米花生间作中养分吸收和利用效率的变化。结果表明:玉米大豆套作土地当量比(land equivalent ratio, LER)为1.16～1.72,具有套作产量优势,玉米花生间作LER为0.89～1.13,无明显间作产量优势。玉米大豆套作体系中,植株氮、磷、钾养分吸收总量比相应单作提高32.60%～54.22%、27.35%～34.64%和17.74%～24.42%,氮素利用效率低于相应单作21.99%～42.07%。氮、磷、钾吸收效率对LER的贡献分别为0.34～0.62、0.31～0.46和0.22～0.32,利用效率的贡献分别为–0.11～–0.35、–0.03～–0.31和–0.11～0.22。玉米花生间作体系中,氮、磷、钾养分吸收总量分别高出相应单作–7.86%～31.58%、23.09%～46.52%和1.60%～55.48%,氮素利用效率高出相应单作7.55～26.60。氮、磷、钾吸收效率对LE... 相似文献
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豆科–燕麦间作对作物光合特性及籽粒产量的影响 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
为进一步揭示豆科燕麦间作体系中作物产量优势的光合机制,设置燕麦单作、大豆单作、花生单作、大豆燕麦间作和花生燕麦间作试验,在不施氮肥的条件下,调查大豆、花生同燕麦的产量、功能叶片相对叶绿素含量(SPAD)及光合特性。结果表明,与单作相比,大豆–燕麦和花生–燕麦间作优势明显,土地当量比(LER)分别为1.41~1.63和1.31~1.52。同大豆间作的燕麦除单株粒重及千粒重外,其他各产量构成因子均增加;同花生间作的燕麦各产量构成因子均高于单作燕麦,其中小穗数、穗粒数、单株粒重与单作相比差异显著;间作提高了大豆各产量构成因子,但降低了花生的结荚数及单株粒重。间作提高了燕麦的叶绿素含量和净光合速率,改变了叶绿素构成,使燕麦衰老延缓;间作对大豆的相对叶绿素含量及净光合速率均无显著影响;在燕麦孕穗后期至抽穗期,间作花生净光合速率显著高于单作。在不施氮肥的条件下,间作体系均明显优于单作,其中燕麦花生间作体系显著促进了燕麦的生长发育,大豆燕麦间作体系对燕麦、大豆均有一定促进作用。 相似文献
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竞争和补偿是间作体系产量优势发挥的主要生态学原理之一。于2017—2020年在甘肃张掖开展田间试验,试验包括3个玉米/豆科间作体系,即玉米/豌豆(maize/pea,M/P)、玉米/蚕豆(maize/fababean,M/F)、玉米/大豆(maize/soybean,M/S),4个单作种植体系,即单作豌豆(solepea,SP)、单作蚕豆(solefababean,SF)、单作大豆(sole soybean, SS)、单作玉米(sole maize, SM)。通过测定单间作条件下作物产量,分析间作作物增产率、豆科对玉米竞争力(aggressivity, A)、间作体系土地当量比(land equivalent ratio, LER)、净效应(net effect, NE)、补偿效应(complementarity effect,CE)和选择效应(selectioneffect,SE),以明确补偿效应和选择效应在3个间作体系产量优势发挥中的角色。结果表明:4年平均, M/P、M/F和M/S的LER分别为1.30、1.31和1.13,大豆偏土地当量比小于0.5,豌豆和蚕豆偏土地当量比大于0... 相似文献
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施氮量和玉米-花生间作模式对氮磷吸收与利用的影响 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
2004—2005年在山东泰安研究了施氮量与种植方式对玉米和花生产量、生物量、氮磷吸收与利用以及蛋白质产量的影响。结果表明, 与单作相比, 玉米-花生间作显著提高了玉米产量和氮、磷吸收量, 但降低了花生产量和氮吸收量。2行玉米4行花生间作模式(2∶4间作模式)的产量、生物量、蛋白质产量、氮磷吸收量以及氮磷吸收利用效率均高于2行玉米8行花生间作模式(2∶8间作模式); 2∶4间作模式的氮、磷吸收效率均显著高于单作模式, 土地当量比(LER)和蛋白质土地当量比(PLER)均大于1, 土地利用率提高8%~17%, 间作优势明显。与不施氮处理相比, 施氮处理显著提高间作玉米产量, 间作花生增产不显著, 促进玉米-花生间作体系氮、磷积累, 提高了氮、磷吸收总量及磷吸收利用效率, 从而显著提高了间作体系的产量和蛋白质产量, 间作优势却随施氮量的增加而降低。 相似文献
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不同品种组合下春夏玉米套作的氮素利用特征研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
选用玉米早熟品种鲁原单14、中熟品种掖单22和晚熟品种掖单13,以单作为对照,研究了品种对套作和单作条件下春、夏玉米氮素利用特征以及产量的影响。结果表明,单作和套作条件下,春玉米生长期的延长有利于其吸氮量的增加,但不利于夏玉米的氮素利用。套作处理的氮素吸收效率、氮肥生产效率和氮收获指数均高于单作,但氮素利用效率介于单作春玉米和单作夏玉米之间。当春玉米对氮素的竞争能力适中,夏玉米竞争能力强时,更利于套作体系氮素优势的充分发挥。与早熟、中熟、晚熟春玉米套作组合的氮吸收土地当量比平均分别为2.46、1.63和2.04;生物产量的土地当量比平均分别为1.91、1.603和1.78。但从全年氮素利用和生物产量看,较好的套作组合是掖单13/掖单22、掖单13/掖单13和鲁原单14/掖单13。与单作相比,春夏玉米套作显著提高了全年氮素生产力和生物产量,合理的品种选择有利于套作条件下玉米高产优质潜力的充分发挥。 相似文献
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为探究不同氮效率夏玉米品种间作的氮肥增产效果,采用田间试验研究了不同施氮水平下,不同氮效率夏玉米品种间作种植模式对其产量、氮素积累量、地上部生物量、光合特性及氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,不施氮水平下,郑单958和浚单20间作较郑单958和浚单20单作产量分别增加8.82%和6.34%,吐丝期净光合速率分别增加47.68%和30.89%;施氮240 kg/hm~2水平下,间作较郑单958和浚单20单作产量分别增加7.19%和5.88%,吐丝期净光合速率分别增加27.31%和22.16%;施氮450 kg/hm~2水平下,间作较郑单958和浚单20单作产量分别增加6.53%和5.31%,吐丝期净光合速率分别增加19.20%和7.43%。间作模式下,施氮240,450 kg/hm~2,玉米分别增产9.55%和11.22%,但2个氮水平间差异不显著。郑单958和浚单20间作提高了夏玉米氮素积累量,氮肥利用率提高3.10~3.47个百分点,氮肥农学效率提高1.08~2.64 kg/kg;施氮240 kg/hm~2水平下,郑单958和浚单20间作的氮肥利用率高于浚单20单作,氮肥农学效率最高。综合产量和氮肥利用效率,郑单958和浚单20间作施氮240 kg/hm~2效果较好。 相似文献
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《华北农学报》2021,36(3)
为了明确高粱大豆间作体系的间作优势,试验于2018-2019年在山西省汾阳市高粱试验田进行,设置高秆高粱晋杂22单作(G1)、矮秆高粱晋杂34单作(G2)、大豆单作(D)、2行高粱2行大豆间作(2G1∶2D、2G2∶2D)、2行高粱3行大豆间作(2G1∶3D、2G2∶3D)、2行高粱4行大豆间作(2G1∶4D、2G2∶4D)共9个处理,研究不同高粱与大豆间作模式下高粱大豆产量、土地生产力、水分养分利用效率的变化。结果表明,间作高粱的千粒质量、穗粒质量与单作高粱间差异不显著;大豆的结荚数在不同处理间达到显著差异,与单作相比,2G1∶2D、2G2∶2D、2G1∶4D、2G2∶4D间作处理大豆的结荚数分别降低37.89%,32.16%,22.46%,21.51%;高粱与大豆间作体系的土地当量比(LER)和水分当量比(WER)均大于1,表明间作具有土地和水分利用优势;间作体系的养分优势主要表现在氮累积量的增加;2G1∶2D间作处理的LER、WER、氮累积量分别比2G2∶2D间作处理提高8.91%,8.30%,4.56%,2G1∶4D间作处理的LER、WER、氮累积量分别比2G2∶4D间作处理提高10.17%,9.14%,4.35%,在晋杂22大豆间作体系下,2G1∶4D间作处理的LER、WER、氮磷钾累积量均高于2G1∶2D和2G1∶3D间作处理。高粱与大豆间作具有较高的土地生产力、水分及氮素养分利用优势;高秆高粱晋杂22与大豆间作比矮秆高粱晋杂34与大豆间作优势明显;2G1∶4D间作处理是最适宜的高粱和大豆间作配比。 相似文献
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Results reported in the literature with regard to productivity of intercropping systems in comparison to sole cropping are very inconsistent. A field experiment was therefore conducted in the northern part of the Guinea Savanna in Ghana to compare the productivity of maize/cowpea mixed cropping, maize/cowpea relay intercropping with maize/cowpea rotation and maize monocropping over a 4-year period. The treatments included two levels of nitrogen (0 and 80 kg of N ha−1 y −1 as urea) and two levels of phosphorus application (0 and 60 kg of P ha−1 y−1 as Volta phosphate rock). At all levels of N and P application, maize yields of the intercropping systems, especially of maize/cowpea mixed cropping, were significantly lower than in sole cropping. Highest maize yields were obtained in maize/cowpea rotation, which in contrast to the other cropping systems did not show any reductions in yields over years. Cowpea yields were generally less affected by the cropping system, but were notably depressed when cowpea was relay-intercropped with maize. In treatments without fertilizer application (N and P) Land Equivalent Ratios (LER) and Area x Time Equivalency Ratios (ATER) generally indicated lower productivity of the intercropping systems as compared to sole cropping, with the maize/cowpea rotation showing the highest productivity. Conversely, fertilizer application resulted in higher productivity of the intercropping systems over the 4-year period. Productivity on the basis of ATER was generally lowest in maize/cowpea relay-intercropping as a consequence of the long time of land occupation. All of the parameters indicate low productivity of maize monocropping, clearly demonstrating that crop sequence as well as fertilizer application must be considered as important for maintaining high production levels at this site. 相似文献
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Field experiments were carried out under unstressed conditions of soil water during two summer crop growing seasons (1998–99 and 1999–2000 seasons) in a South African semi‐arid region (Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa). The aim of this study was to investigate shade effects on beans intercropped with maize in terms of plant mass and radiation use. The experimental treatments were two cropping systems (no shading/sole cropping and shading/intercropping) and two row orientations (north–south and east–west). At the top of bean canopies shaded by maize, incident radiation was reduced by up to 90 %. Shading reduced total dry matter of beans by 67 % at the end of the growing season, resulting in yield losses. The dry matter partitioning into leaf and stem (the ratios of leaf and stem to total biomass) was about 50 % higher in intercropping than sole cropping. In contrast, intercropped beans had 40 % lower dry matter partitioning into pod (the ratio of pod to total biomass). Fraction of radiation intercepted by sole‐cropped beans steeply increased until canopy closure (0.9) and then slowly decreased, while fraction of radiation intercepted by intercropped beans remained constant between 0.0 and 0.2 throughout the growing seasons. However, intercropped beans had 77 % higher radiation use efficiency (RUE) than sole‐cropped beans. In contrast, for maize, no effect of intercropping (shading) was found on growth, partitioning, yield, radiation interception or RUE. Consequently, lower bean yield losses can be attained in association with late shading rather than early shading. This can be controlled by growing crops with different temporal and spatial treatments. As regards row treatment, no effect of row direction was found on growth, partitioning, yield, radiation interception or RUE. 相似文献
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The selection of cultivars for the predominant cropping systems of small farms in the tropics depends to a large extent on the information obtained by testing their performance across the different systems. The main objective of this experiment was to measure the genotype × cropping system (G × CS) interaction for yield and selected agronomic traits of climbing beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown as sole crop and intercropped with two morphologically contrasting maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars. A secondary objective was to identify the most efficient and productive bean–maize intercrop combinations. Seven climbing bean genotypes were grown as sole crop and intercropped with two maize varieties, BH 140 (Mix. 1) and Guto (Mix. 2), in a factorial arranged Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications at Bako Agricultural Research Center in western Ethiopia. Main effects due to genotype and cropping system (except days to flowering) were significant for all bean traits considered. The genotypes × cropping system interaction terms were also significant for the number of seeds per pod, 100-seed weight, harvest index and seed yield. While bean seed yield significantly correlated with the number of seeds per pod (in Mix. 1) and with harvest index (in both mixtures), positive and significant correlations occurred with the number of pods per plant and 100-seed weight under sole cropping system. The correlation between bean seed yields of Mix. 1 and Mix. 2 and between Mix. 2 and sole crop were positive and significant. No such relationship was found between Mix. 1 and sole crop. The results suggest that selection of suitable climbing bean cultivars for intercropping with maize varieties predominantly grown in the area should be made under the associated culture of the two crops. Intercropping contributed to a significant reduction in seed yield of the bean genotypes due mainly to its adverse effects on the numbers of pods per plant and seeds per pod. The index tLER1 identified most bean–maize genotype combinations of Mix. 2 as biologically more efficient system than Mix. 1. On the other hand, tLER2 values of more than 1.00 for all treatments of Mix. 2 demonstrated higher overall productivity of the intercrop system when the bean genotypes were grown in association with a late-maturing and high yielding maize hybrid BH 140. 相似文献
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玉米–大豆带状套作行距配置对作物生物量、根系形态及产量的影响 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
空间配置是影响间作套种作物生长和产量构成的关键因素之一。本研究固定玉米–大豆套作带宽200 cm,玉米采用宽窄行种植,设置4个玉米窄行行距为20 cm(A1)、40 cm(A2)、60 cm(A3)和80 cm(A4)套作处理,2个玉米和大豆净作对照处理,研究行距配置对套作系统中玉米和大豆生物量、根系及产量的影响。结果表明,套作大豆冠层光合有效辐射和红光/远红光比值均低于净作,且随着玉米窄行的增加而降低。套作系统中大豆地上地下生物量、总根长、根表面积和根体积从第三节龄期(V3)到盛花期(R2)逐渐增加,但随着玉米窄行的增加而降低。套作玉米地上地下生物量从抽雄期到成熟期逐渐增加,根体积却逐渐降低,但这些参数随玉米窄行的变宽而增加。玉米和大豆在带状套作系统中产量均低于净作,且随玉米窄行的变宽,玉米产量逐渐增加,2012和2013两年最大值平均为6181 kg hm–2,而大豆产量逐渐降低,两年最大值平均为1434 kg hm–2,产量变化与有效株数和粒数变化密切相关。此外,玉米–大豆带状套作群体土地当量比(LER)大于1.3,最大值出现在A2处理,分别为1.59(2012年)和1.61(2013年),且最大经济收益也出现在A2处理(2年每公顷平均收益为1.93万元)。因此,合理的行距配置对玉米–大豆带状套作系统中作物的生长、产量构成和群体效益具有重要的作用。 相似文献
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Summary The intereropping of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) is a common practice in the Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. In this experiment, 25 populations of bush bean were evaluated for nutritional and culinary traits of dry seed and immature pod in sole crop and in intercrop in two years and in two locations, in order to determine whether selection of bush bean in sole crop can result in genetic progress for intercrop.There were no differences in the population means between cropping systems. Significant differences were detected among populations for all traits tudied except starch content, crude ash, water absorption and coat proportion. Population x environment interaction was significant for pod thickness. Bean populations did not interact with cropping systems for any trait, although there were differences between cropping systems for crude protein. These results suggest that a sole crop system provides sufficient information to select bean populations efficiently for the bush bean-maize intercropping system, although the advanced generations of the breeding program should be tested for quantitative traits such as protein content in the appropriate cropping system (intercropping) to know the competitive ability with the associated species. This would permit to choose bush bean populations which complement more efficiently and would be less competitive with the maize population. 相似文献
16.
施磷对不同间作体系间作优势与磷肥利用的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
为了探明施磷水平对不同间作体系产量间作优势和磷肥利用的影响,在河北曲周主要研究了施磷对玉米‖蚕豆、玉米‖大豆和玉米‖油菜3种间作体系土地当量比(LER)、磷吸收量、磷肥吸收效率和磷间作优势的影响。结果表明：玉米‖蚕豆的LER是1.24~1.31,玉米‖油菜的LER是1.20~1.24,玉米‖大豆的LER是1.11~1.15,均大于1,具有明显的间作优势;3个磷水平下,吸磷量表现为玉米‖大豆>玉米‖蚕豆>玉米‖油菜,除玉米‖油菜间作体系外,比单作玉米分别高21.5%%~40.2%和13.3%~22.9%,且均随着施磷量的增加而增加,但增加幅度降低;3种间作体系均具有明显的磷间作优势,除玉米‖大豆间作体系外,施磷后均降低;磷肥吸收效率除玉米‖蚕豆在施磷90 kg/hm2外均低于单作玉米,并且随着施磷量的增加而降低。这表明,通过活化磷能力强的作物与玉米间作可以提高土壤难溶性磷的利用,玉米‖大豆和玉米‖蚕豆比玉米‖油菜效果好,适宜的施磷量为90 kg/hm2。 相似文献
17.
玉米/辣椒间作复合群体生理效应研究Ⅰ.不同间作方式对玉米/辣椒光合速率和产量的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
为了确定玉米/辣椒间作不同种植方式下,对玉米/辣椒光合速率和产量的影响,设置3种玉米/辣椒间作带型结构,带比分别为P/M2:3、P/M2:5、P/M2:7。从光合速率上看,在3种间作2:3、2:5、2:7中,玉米光合速率均为最高,其次是单作,辣椒光合速率最低,辣椒间作比单作光合速率降低6.78%～20.4%;从产量上看,3种间作方式在产量上均高于单产,且达到极显著水平,并以2:3间作方式的总产量最高,比对照高84.7%。综合来看,2:5间作方式产值效应最好。 相似文献
18.
Tadanori Nozaki Akira Kumazaki Takato Koba Keiko Ishikawa Hiroshi Ikehashi 《Euphytica》1997,96(1):115-123
Common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L. is intercropped or relay cropped with maize in many Andean highlands of Colombia and Peru.
Breeding beans for the target multiple cropping systems is essential for the development of productive and sustainable agriculture
for the Andean smallholders. Outline of the breeding programme should follow the farming system approach with the establishment
of on-farm trials and early farmers involvement. Bean breeding is oriented to minimize intercrop competition and to stabilize
complementarity with maize. Genetic traits needed for improved varieties are divided as follows : traits not interacting with
the cropping systems, traits specific to intercrops and traits related with socioeconomic and seed quality aspects. Screening,
prebreeding and recombination nursery are better made under sole cropping while varietal improvement and on-farm trials are
conducted under the target multiple cropping systems. Breeding schemes may involve recurrent, pedigree and bulk hybrid selection.
The given application concerns the genetic improvement of P. coccineus, P. polyanthus and interspecific hybrids of P. vulgaris
for both simultaneous and relay intercropping in Colombia and Peru. Earliness, cold tolerance, resistance to fungus diseases
(mainly Ascochyta leaf blight and anthracnosis) and seed yield potential were the major objectives of the bean improvement
programme. Priority has been given to the exploitation of the large diversity available in the secondary gene pool of common
bean.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
19.
S. Adhikary D. K. Bagchi P. Ghosal R. N. Banerjee B. N. Chatterjee 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》1991,167(5):289-293
To examine the advantages of cereal-legume intercropping system with maize as main crops, field studies conducted for two years on sandy upland loamy soils in Bihar plateau, India, indicated maize-groundnut as the best system. Yield advantages were noticed between 22–44 % over sole maize cropping. Different production indices largely indicated the same pattern in ranking intercropping treatments. Of the other legumes used, mung also showed potential whereas cowpea and soyabean did not. Increasing cropping intensities through use of interspace by legume did not significantly reduce maize yield, particularly in combination with groundnut and mung. Soil nitrogen enrichment through legume cultivation could be noted through examination of soil test values and yield of succeeding wheat crop. Wheat, however, did not show its promise as a follow-up crop without input of water and fertilizer. 相似文献
20.
马铃薯/玉米套作对马铃薯品种光合特性及产量的影响 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
以马铃薯品种中薯5号(早熟, 株型直立)和米拉(中晚熟, 株型扩散)单作为对照, 在大田条件下, 调查马铃薯/玉米套作模式中2个品种光合指标的变化、块茎形成期至块茎增长期不同叶位气体交换参数的变化, 分析光合指标对产量的影响。结果表明, 整个生育期马铃薯叶绿素含量(Chl a+Chl b)套作高于单作, 叶面积指数(LAI)、比叶重(SLW)和叶绿素a/b值(Chl a/b)套作低于单作。从块茎形成期至块茎增长期, 群体光合有效辐射(PAR)、水分利用效率(WUE)、气孔限制值(Ls)呈下降趋势, 净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)呈上升趋势。PAR、Pn、Gs、Tr均随叶位的降低显著下降, 套作下降幅度低于单作。套作中、下层叶片Pn的下降受气孔因素和非气孔因素限制。套作降低了马铃薯上层叶Pn, 提高了中、下层叶Pn。套作中薯5号的Chl a+Chl b生育前期高于米拉, 生育后期低于米拉, SLW则相反; LAI和Chl a/b整个生育期高于米拉。套作中薯5号上层叶PAR高于米拉, 中、下层叶PAR低于米拉; 套作中薯5号上层叶Pn与米拉相近, 中、下层叶Pn高于米拉; 各层叶WUE、Ls高于米拉, Gs、Ci、Tr低于米拉。总之, 套作改变了马铃薯的光合特性, 并显著降低了马铃薯块茎产量; 套作恶化了中薯5号/玉米复合群体的光环境, 改善了米拉/玉米复合群体的光环境, 米拉/玉米套作体系土地当量比(1.40)大于中薯5号/玉米体系(1.24), 显示了较强的套作优势, 宜在生产中优先推广。 相似文献