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1.
为给杂交育种和人工辅助授粉提供参考,用花粉离体培养法,研究了不同植物生长调剂对猕猴桃花粉萌发和花粉管生长的影响。结果表明:不同植物生长调节物质对花粉萌发和花粉管生长的作用不同。6-BA抑制花粉萌发和花粉管生长;萘乙酸在10mg/L时促进萌发效果最好,抑制花粉管生长;赤霉素在60～90mg/L质量浓度范围内促进花粉萌发和花粉管生长,最适质量浓度为90mg/L;多效唑只有在50mg/L时能促进花粉萌发,抑制花粉管生长;2,4-D在0.5mg/L时促进萌发和花粉管生长,其它质量浓度表现抑制作用;精胺在0.025mmol/L、腐胺在0.05mmol/L时促进猕猴桃花粉萌发和花粉管生长,亚精胺对猕猴桃花粉萌发和花粉管生长表现抑制作用。  相似文献   

2.
为了揭示蔷薇原种金樱子与现代月季品种间远缘杂交常不能结实的原因,以现代月季品种‘芦王特’、‘歌林娇红’、‘同情’、‘白雪山’为母本,二倍体野生蔷薇原种金樱子为父本,开展远缘人工定向杂交,测定父本花粉活力,研究授粉后花粉在柱头萌发形态以及胚胎发育等生殖生物学特性。结果发现,与以上4个月季品种杂交时父本金樱子的花粉活力分别为8.0%、22.0%、63.7%、39.8%;‘同情’人工授粉后2 h平均每个柱头上萌发花粉数分别有8.1粒,其他品种均未在柱头上观察到花粉萌发;授粉后4h平均每个柱头上萌发花粉数分别为17.6、21.9、11.7、12.0粒;到授粉后12 h时数量达到最多,分别为23.4、60.4、40.3、34.4粒;随后萌发数量急剧下降,且大部分花粉管细短、弯曲并停留在柱头表面。另外,4个月季品种授粉后每个柱头上的花粉萌发率均先升后降;在授粉10天后观察到的子房中含有的球形胚异常降解,金樱子与‘同情’及‘白雪山’的杂交胚胎中可观察到鱼雷形及子叶形胚,但后期出现胚胎异常降解。杂交时使用的父本花粉活力并不低,但授粉24 h之后的花粉管出现异常以及受精后胚胎大量败育可能是导致金樱子远缘杂交不结实的重要因素。  相似文献   

3.
川榛柱头可授性及花粉管生长特性的研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文
以川榛为实验材料,以平榛和平欧杂种榛为对照,采用荧光显微法观察不同环境条件、不同授粉方式、不同花序形态、不同授粉时间柱头上花粉的附着数量、花粉萌发率和花粉管的生长特性,以期确定川榛最佳可授期和授粉方式,掌握花粉萌发所需的适宜温湿度。结果表明:川榛不同花期柱头可授性大小为:盛花期末花期露红期;川榛疏散状花序的可授性优于直簇状,平刷授粉效率优于点授;在加双层湿滤纸的培养皿高湿度条件下,花粉管萌发和生长速度先于温室和田间条件,说明湿润温和的环境更利于川榛花粉的附着、萌发和花粉管的生长;环境温湿度和种质对花粉管萌发具有重要影响,花粉管的生长速度受环境温湿度的影响较大,与种质无关。  相似文献   

4.
【目的】对辽宁杨雄花序及花粉萌发过程进行观测与分析,为更好地利用辽宁杨进行良种选育提供依据。【方法】以辽宁杨雄花序为对象,通过花枝水培、花粉体外萌发和花粉贮藏等手段,借助模式图绘制、图表解析等方法,系统研究辽宁杨雄花序发育及散粉规律、花粉体外萌发规律,并探讨不同贮藏条件对花粉萌发及花粉管生长的影响。【结果】1)辽宁杨雄花序从花芽膨大到散粉可分为花蕾期、伸展期、盛花期和开花末期4个阶段,历时12天,花药大多数于第4阶段成熟,此时轻微触动即可导致花粉从花药散落。2)花粉体外萌发的适宜条件为210 g·L-1蔗糖+30 mg·L-1H3BO3+10 mg·L-1Ca Cl2,21℃,其萌发率最高,达到58.57%;150 g·L-1蔗糖+40 mg·L-1H3BO3+10 mg·L-1Ca Cl2,23℃组合中的花粉管最长,达到753.20μm。蔗糖、H3BO3、Ca Cl2、温度对辽宁杨花粉萌发及花粉管生长影响均达到显著水平(P0.05)。3)暗培养7 h时,花粉管不再伸长。4)-20℃下贮藏的花粉,其萌发率高于另外2个温度条件下的萌发率,且贮藏温度越低花粉管越长;同一贮藏温度下,花粉萌发率随贮藏时间的延长而降低,花粉管随贮藏时间的延长而变短。【结论】为避免花粉损失,花粉的采集应考虑在雄花序发育的第3阶段进行;对花粉管长度和花粉萌发率的统计分析表明二者不存在相关关系;贮藏温度越低,花粉生活力降低的速度越慢,花粉管萌发到相同长度所需的时间越短;与新鲜花粉相比,若是利用贮藏的花粉进行杂交试验,为保证授粉效果,此时的授粉次数应增加而授粉的时间间隔应延长。  相似文献   

5.
田埂报春为 1a生宿根野生花卉 ,花期为 1月中旬至 3月下旬 ,总状轮生伞形花序 ,单花 5～ 7朵轮生 ,花瓣 5枚 ,雄蕊 5枚 ,花粉红色或浅紫色 ,单花花期 3～ 6d ,单花序花期 7～ 15d ,全株花期长达 2个月之久。在授粉受精过程中 ,花粉的萌发受温度影响较大 ,2 0～ 2 5℃温度范围较适宜花粉萌发 ;不同花期花粉萌发率存在较大差异 ,初花期与盛花期的花粉萌发率分别达4 1 79%和 6 7 4 4% ,在杂交育种中宜选用初花期和盛花期的花粉 ;花粉生活力保存时间的长短对育种工作具有重要意义 ,以 5℃加干燥剂的储藏方式效果最佳 ,394h后萌发率仍有 2 1 0 %。田埂报春自然授粉杂交结实率低 ,需人工辅助授粉 ,以长花柱花 (♀ )×短花柱花 (♂ )组合表现了较高的结实率 (6 4 5 8% ) ,自交不亲和。  相似文献   

6.
5种榛属植物的亲和性分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
对5种榛属植物种间与自交亲和性进行了分析,旨在找出其亲和组合,为杂交育种和生产栽培提供理论依据.利用荧光检测法对榛子授粉和花粉管的行为进行观察,结果显示亲和与不亲和组合在花粉萌发率和花粉管生长情况方面有显著差异;榛子杂交和自交不亲和表现为花粉管因受到胼胝质的阻塞而在花柱表面扭曲,亲和的花粉管进入柱头后很快到达基部;平榛与其它几个种正反交亲和性都很好,而华榛与杂交榛杂交正反交都不亲和.其它各种之间杂交存在不同程度的单侧种间不亲和,平榛与毛榛自交亲和,其它自交不亲和.杂交榛82-11做母本自交与各个种进行杂交田间授粉试验,坐果率调查结果与荧光检测的亲和性结果相一致.  相似文献   

7.
为了提高榆叶梅的坐果率和杂交育种效果,采用花粉液体培养法,开展了人工辅助授粉和杂交育种试验,研究了5种植物生长调节剂对重瓣榆叶梅花粉萌发和花粉管生长的影响情况。结果表明:花粉萌发和花粉管生长取决于植物生长调节剂的种类和质量浓度,适于榆叶梅花粉萌发和花粉管生长的赤霉素、6-BA和2,4-D的质量浓度分别为25.0～100.0、5.0～10.0和0.5～10.0 mg/L;萘乙酸对榆叶梅花粉萌发起抑制作用,而在质量浓度为0.5～2.5 mg/L时,其对榆叶梅花粉管生长却有促进作用;多效唑对榆叶梅花粉萌发和花粉管生长总体上有抑制作用。  相似文献   

8.
大叶相思花粉离体萌发适宜条件及活力检测方法   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
【目的】对大叶相思花粉离体萌发适宜条件以及花粉活力不同检测方法进行研究,为今后进一步开展人工控制授粉、选育优良的马大杂交新品种提供基础。【方法】采回花穗的次日10:00之后,使用毛笔刷法收集大叶相思花粉;通过不同培养温度、不同蔗糖浓度和不同硼酸浓度处理后进行花粉离体萌发,筛选适宜大叶相思花粉离体萌发的条件;采用过氧化物酶法、I_2-KI法以及花粉管离体萌发法对大叶相思花粉进行活力测定,探讨大叶相思花粉有效的活力测定方法。【结果】大叶相思花粉在28℃下培养,其花粉平均萌发率为71.99%,花粉管平均长度为5.3 D(1 D=1倍的花粉粒长度),花粉管平均条数为6.2条,显著高于其他培养温度的处理。当培养基中含有200 g·L~(-1)蔗糖时,大叶相思花粉萌发率为84.96%,其花粉管平均长度为5.8 D,花粉管平均条数为6.2条,显著高于含有其他蔗糖浓度的处理。在含有300 mg·L~(-1)硼酸的培养基中培养大叶相思花粉,其平均萌发率为75.32%,花粉管平均长度可达4.8 D,平均花粉管条数为5.4条,显著高于在其他硼酸浓度下的处理。大叶相思花粉在培养温度30℃、200 g·L~(-1)蔗糖、300 mg·L~(-1)硼酸的培养基中萌发率为98.26%,花粉管长度均可达到10倍复合花粉粒的长度,最多可萌发出10条花粉管,显著高于其他处理。培养3 h的大叶相思花粉,萌发率为65.74%;培养6 h时,其萌发率为90.55%;培养24 h后,其萌发率趋于稳定,达到最高值98.26%。过氧化物酶法检测的花粉活力为99.67%,I_2-KI法检测的花粉活力为99.00%,花粉管离体培养法检测的花粉活力为98.15%,3种方法检测的花粉活力无显著差异。【结论】大叶相思花粉在不同的离体培养处理下,其萌发情况均不相同且差异显著,最佳离体萌发条件为200 g·L~(-1)蔗糖+300 mg·L~(-1)硼酸,培养温度为30℃,萌发率为98.26%。过氧化物酶法、I_2-KI法以及花粉管离体培养法检测的花粉活力无显著差异。研究结果可为今后开展大叶相思的花粉收集、贮藏及活力测定等研究,以及开展人工控制授粉选育优良马大杂种相思新品种等研究提供重要依据。  相似文献   

9.
为给观赏海棠杂交育种提供参考依据,采用单因素和正交试验方法,对日本海棠花粉离体萌发培养基进行了筛选,对其花粉活力展开了研究,探讨并观察了观赏海棠花粉离体萌发条件和花粉萌发过程。单因素试验结果表明:当蔗糖、硼酸、硝酸钙的处理浓度分别为10%、0.02%(其萌发率与0.04%浓度处理的无显著差异)、0.02%(其萌发率与0.01%浓度处理的无显著差异)时,日本海棠的平均花粉萌发率及花粉管长度最高值分别达到55.2%与853.11μm、54.4%与595.07μm、37.6%与713.74μm,显著高于同一试验因素下的其余各处理。正交试验结果表明:10%蔗糖+0.02%硼酸+0.04%硝酸钙的组合培养基为日本海棠离体萌发的最适培养基,以此培养基培养的日本海棠其平均花粉萌发率与花粉管长度分别达到70.1%和777.02μm,显著高于除以(10%蔗糖+0.01%硼酸+0.03%硝酸钙)组合培养基处理以外的其他组合培养基处理。在日本海棠花粉离体萌发过程中,培养第1个小时内花粉未萌发,培养2~4 h的花粉萌发率和花粉管生长速率均达到最高值,分别达23.4%/h及259.01μm/h,培养8 h后,其萌发速率趋于平稳,培养12 h后,其花粉管生长速度趋于平稳。研究结果表明,日本海棠离体萌发的最佳培养基为(10%蔗糖+0.02%硼酸+0.04%硝酸钙)组合培养基,以此组合培养基培养2~4 h其花粉萌发率与花粉管生长速率均最高。  相似文献   

10.
濒危植物扇脉杓兰的花部特征与繁育系统   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
通过野外观测,运用杂交指数(OCI),花粉萌发试验,去雄、套袋、人工授粉等方法对扇脉杓兰开花特性、花粉活力、柱头可授性、繁育系统进行研究,并对其柱头表面和花粉进行扫描电镜观察.结果表明:扇脉杓兰4-6月份开花,群体花期23天,单花花期12 ～ 16天.开花当天柱头即具有可授性,柱头可授性持续期为14天左右.花粉活力在花朵刚开放时最高(95％),至花朵凋谢之前仍保持较高的活力(70％).雌雄生殖单位在持续时间上有较长的相遇期.开花时柱头略高出花药,在花朵开放的整个过程中雌、雄蕊的相对位置始终不变.扇脉杓兰杂交指数OCI =4.自然条件下,扇脉杓兰的结实率仅为5％.人工自花授粉、异花授粉的结实率分别为90％和95％,表明扇脉杓兰是高度自交亲和的.而套袋后不采取措施和去雄的花均小结实,表明扇脉杓兰不存在自动的自花授粉、无融合生殖,因而扇脉杓兰必须通过一定的媒介传粉才能繁衍后代.  相似文献   

11.

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.  相似文献   

12.

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.  相似文献   

13.

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.  相似文献   

14.

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.  相似文献   

15.
本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。  相似文献   

16.

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.  相似文献   

17.
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18.

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.  相似文献   

19.
In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.  相似文献   

20.
The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha−1 target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha−1. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m2, with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

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