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1.
以小麦为供试作物布设干旱过程试验,研究干旱过程中小麦叶片光合生理参数(包括净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(g_(ssat))、胞间CO_2与空气CO_2浓度比(Ci/Ca)、最大羧化速率(Vc_(max))以及最大电子传递速率(J_(max)))的变化特征,并探讨干旱不同阶段Pn与g_(ssat)的关系及其对气孔导度模型斜率的影响。结果表明:土壤有效含水量(ASWC)较大时(0.5),即水分供给充足条件下,小麦叶片光合生理参数随着ASWC的减少保持相对稳定;而当ASWC降至0.5时,g_(ssat)、Ci/Ca以及Pn减小,在ASWC0.3时,Pn与g_(ssat)及Ci/Ca的关系保持相对稳定;当ASWC0.3时,g_(ssat)随ASWC减小呈显著降低趋势,Vc_(max)和J_(max)也在此阶段随ASWC减小而线性降低,而Pn随g_(ssat)的减小降幅明显增大,拟合所获得的气孔导度模型斜率也随之发生改变;当ASWC0.1时,Ci/Ca随ASWC减小呈增大趋势,而Pn随ASWC减小而减小,在该阶段,Ci/Ca与Pn呈相反的变化趋势。根据叶片光合生理参数的变化特征,可将小麦受旱过程划分为4个阶段,即无干旱胁迫或干旱胁迫较轻的阶段、只有气孔因素影响光合生理过程的阶段、非气孔因素和气孔因素同时影响光合生理过程的阶段以及光合器官遭受损坏的阶段。  相似文献   

2.
以小麦回交导入系(ILs)群体(西峰20×晋麦47)160个株系及其亲本作为供试材料,研究干旱胁迫(DS)和正常灌溉(WW)条件下小麦不同发育时期旗叶叶绿素含量(ChlC)和千粒重(TGW)遗传特点和相互关系,并且评价该群体的遗传变异。结果表明,在两种水分条件下,小麦ILs群体及亲本的不同发育阶段旗叶ChlC和TGW表型值均呈显著差异,WW条件下的各性状表型值显著高于DS条件下的,旱胁迫系数在0.79~0.91之间。在两种水分条件下,小麦ILs群体各性状表型值介于双亲之间,且偏向于轮回亲本晋麦47,体现出回交导入系群体的遗传特性。群体内各性状表型变异广泛,且存在超亲分离,变异系数在8.39%~16.71%(DS)和8.61%~16.54%(WW),多样性指数在0.74~0.83(DS)和0.71~0.82(WW),遗传力较低,在0.29~0.62(DS)和0.20~0.50(WW)之间。ChlC与TGW间呈现极显著正相关(r=0.500**~0.629**,DS;0.488**~0.622**,WW),其中灌浆期的旗叶ChlC与TGW表现出较高的相关性(r=0.629**,DS;0.622**,WW),DS条件下的相关系数普遍高于WW的;同时ChlC对TGW具有显著的正向直接作用,灌浆期ChlC正向直接作用较大(0.582**,DS;0.312**,WW)。说明该群体适合进行小麦抗旱性状数量遗传研究,其研究结果将为进一步解析干旱调控小麦持绿性和千粒重表型变异的遗传基础,及其QTL精细定位奠定一定的理论基础。  相似文献   

3.
干旱对关中地区不同年代小麦品种旗叶光合特性的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
以陕西关中地区70年间大面积推广的冬小麦品种为材料,研究了干旱胁迫对冬小麦花后旗叶光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明,随着小麦品种的更替,抗旱性逐步增强,干旱胁迫下20世纪50年代以前品种五指麦、碧蚂1号比适宜水分条件下分别减产18.2%、38.3%,而90年代后品种小偃22仅减产2.3%。不同品种小麦收获前期旗叶净光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率、气孔导度受干旱影响均有所下降,但旗叶胞间CO2浓度则表现为增加趋势,碧蚂1号、小偃22号花后各阶段旗叶气孔导度平均降低了5%、18%,旗叶胞间CO2浓度则提高了9%、8%,说明干旱胁迫下花后旗叶净光合速率的降低并非是由气孔导度降低引起的。  相似文献   

4.
干旱胁迫环境下的胡杨叶片气孔变化   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
研究胡杨叶片气孔特征有助于解读干旱胁迫环境下的水分利用特征和抗旱机理。本文选取塔里木河下游英苏、阿拉干、依干布及麻3个典型断面,以胡杨为研究对象,探讨不同干旱胁迫梯度下胡杨叶片气孔密度与气孔长度的变化规律,分析胡杨雌、雄株在干旱胁迫下的响应差异。结果显示:(1)胡杨叶片气孔密度随干旱胁迫程度的增加呈上升趋势,而叶片气孔长度随干旱胁迫程度的加大呈减小趋势;(2)干旱胁迫环境下,胡杨雌、雄株叶片的气孔密度和气孔长度的变化率存在一定差异,表现为在干旱胁迫环境下,胡杨雄株的叶片下表皮气孔密度增长率较小,而胡杨雌株叶片的下表皮气孔长度负增长率显著大于雄性的下表皮;(3)胡杨叶片气孔密度和长度的变化反映胡杨雌、雄株的抗干旱能力,从胡杨叶片的气孔密度与气孔长度的变化结果显示,在干旱胁迫环境下,胡杨雄株的保水能力和耐受能力强于雌株。  相似文献   

5.
生物炭对不同水氮条件下小麦产量的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
研究生物炭与氮肥互作在不同水分条件下对小麦关键生育期旗叶光合参数、产量与主要农艺性状的影响,探讨生物炭改良不同水肥条件土壤并提高其作物产量的效果与内在机理,可为农田有机物资源合理利用提供理论支撑。本研究采用盆栽试验,生物炭用量设置五个水平(0,1%,2%,4%和6%),氮肥设置N0,N1和N2(0,0.2 g·kg~(-1)和0.4 g·kg~(-1))三个水平,小麦拔节期控制土壤田间持水量的80%和50%模拟正常水分和干旱胁迫两种水分环境。于小麦拔节期和抽穗期测定旗叶光合参数和SPAD值,成熟后对小麦籽粒产量及主要农艺性状进行统计。结果显示:(1)与不施生物炭处理相比,1%和2%生物炭用量平均增产6.62%和11.01%,4%和6%生物炭用量平均减产6.88%和10.1%,同时会导致千粒重、穗粒数和株高的降低;(2)正常水分条件下,1%和2%生物炭用量与N1和N2之间存在协同增产作用,而4%和6%生物炭用量表现出负面效应;(3)干旱胁迫条件下,仅1%和2%生物炭用量与N1存在协同增产作用,生物炭处理削弱N2增产潜力;(4)N0水平下,生物炭处理均表现出促进小麦旗叶光合速率,增加产量的作用;(5)N1条件下,生物炭促进小麦旗叶光合速率且在干旱胁迫条件下效果更明显。总体上生物炭对小麦旗叶光合参数和产量的影响受生物炭用量、氮素水平和水分条件共同制约且存在复杂的交互作用,干旱会限制生物炭与氮肥的协同增产作用;在低肥力土壤上应用生物炭的增产效果较好,而在质地较细且肥力中等的土壤应用时推荐48 t·hm~(-2)(2%)生物炭用量。  相似文献   

6.
干旱对小麦灌浆期旗叶光合等生理特性的影响   总被引：27，自引：8，他引：27  
对盆栽小麦开花灌浆期进行正常供水(CK)、中度干旱胁迫(MS)和严重干旱胁迫(SS)3种水分处理,测定旗叶各生理指标变化。结果表明:花后0～28d,中度干旱胁迫的旗叶中可溶性蛋白含量变化与对照接近,严重干旱胁迫下可溶性蛋白含量较低;开花8天以后,两种干旱处理旗叶中可溶性糖含量均高于对照,在开花第28天,分别高出对照2.8％和3.7％;两种干旱处理,开花16d以前,旗叶中脯氨酸(Pro)含量急增,尔后又降低;整个开花灌浆期间,中度干旱胁迫旗叶中叶绿素含量、光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和单叶WUE与对照接近,严重干旱胁迫处理下,则明显较低,但单叶WUE增加;随着干旱程度增加旗叶水势降低;花后23d时,严重干旱处理水势低于对照1.3MPa。  相似文献   

7.
为了探讨干旱对不同抗旱性小麦品种的光响应差异及其对产量的影响,于2013—2014年和2014—2015年,在防雨棚池栽条件下以强抗旱性小麦品种晋麦47(JM47)和弱抗旱性小麦品种偃展4110(YZ4110)为材料,设置拔节后持续干旱(W1,50%±5%最大田间持水量(MFC))、开花后干旱(W2,拔节至孕穗期70%±5%MFC、开花后50%±5%MFC)和拔节后适墒(W3,75%±5%MFC)3个水分处理,研究不同处理对小麦旗叶净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和瞬时水分利用效率(IWUE)光响应曲线和产量性状的影响。结果表明,灌浆前期和灌浆中期小麦旗叶Pn、Gs、Tr和IWUE的光响应曲线均呈减幅增加甚至出现拐点后略有降低的趋势,Ci呈相反趋势。不同处理间Pn、Gs和IWUE的差异表现为灌浆前期大于灌浆中期,Gs的差异大于Ci。与W3相比,两品种W1和YZ4110品种W2的Pn、Gs、Tr和IWUE光响应曲线降低,Ci光响应曲线提高;JM47品种W2的Pn、Gs和IWUE光响应曲线灌浆前期提高,灌浆中期降低;W1和W2的旗叶表观量子效率(α)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)和光补偿点(LCP)分别增加22.8%、40.5%、24.6%和12.0%、22.2%、12.4%,光饱和点(LSP)和最大光合速率(Pn_(max))分别降低38.1%、3.0%和13.9%、6.0%。与YZ4110相比,W1和W2下JM47旗叶Pn、Gs、Tr光响应曲线的上升幅度、Ci光响应曲线的下降幅度大,Pn_(max)和灌浆前期的α值、LSP分别高26.1%、3.3%、8.1%和31.6%、4.7%、11.0%。而灌浆中期的Rd分别低9.2%和6.6%。W3处理两品种的产量无显著差异,而W1和W2处理JM47的两年平均产量分别较YZ4110提高18.8%和10.9%。旗叶Pn_(max)可作为小麦抗旱性强弱的筛选指标,提高灌浆前期的旗叶Pn_(max)有利于优化产量构成因素,而提高灌浆中期的旗叶Pn_(max)对提高产量更有利。综上,强抗旱性品种可在拔节后持续干旱或花后干旱的条件下优化旗叶光响应特征,使籽粒产量提高8.9%～24.9%。  相似文献   

8.
为明确不同水分处理下不同年代主栽冬小麦品种在生育后期蜡质含量与主要生理指标的关系,选择建国以来河南中北部麦区不同年代主栽的6个冬小麦品种为试验材料,设置三个水分处理：W0,返青后不灌水;W1,拔节期灌水;W2,拔节和灌浆期分别灌水,研究了不同灌水下灌浆期冬小麦旗叶蜡质含量、气体交换参数以及籽粒产量和水分利用效率等指标变化。结果表明：旗叶表面蜡质含量与光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶水势和籽粒产量极显著负相关,与叶片温度呈极显著正相关,与叶片WUE和产量水平WUE相关不显著。在品种更替过程中,冬小麦旗叶蜡质含量先增加后降低,20世纪70—80年代品种蜡质含量最高,比其它年代品种高14.4%～86.9%,而籽粒产量比90年代后品种降低6.6%～23.0%,叶片WUE比其它年代品种降低11.8%～17.9%,产量水平WUE比90年代后品种降低6.8%～22.0%。水分胁迫增加了旗叶表面蜡质含量,使得旗叶光合速率降低,CO2同化作用减弱,同化产物输出减少,最终引起籽粒产量降低。  相似文献   

9.
以宁夏春小麦育成品种、地方品种以及引进种质等共91份春小麦为材料,在干旱胁迫(雨养)和正常灌溉两种水分处理下,调查了11个农艺性状及其耐旱指数,计算其遗传多样性指数并进行聚类分析。结果表明:不孕小穗数的变异系数最高,干旱胁迫与正常灌溉条件下分别为63.5%和51.5%,穗叶距次之,干旱胁迫和正常灌溉条件下分别为36.9%和36.3%;产量的耐旱指数与株高、穗下节长、穗叶距的耐旱指数呈极显著负相关;不同性状的多样性指数差异较大,变化范围从0.99到2.48,平均为1.73,其中,不实小穗数的多样性指数最高,为2.48。根据表型性状将参试材料分为5个类群,其中第IV类群材料表现为对水分条件不敏感,适于在干旱条件下种植。总体来看,宁夏春小麦种质的遗传基础较狭窄,育种家应广泛搜集利用国内外小麦种质及小麦近缘物种,以拓宽现有种质资源的遗传基础,为选育突破性小麦品种奠定基础。  相似文献   

10.
研究干旱胁迫对春小麦品种旗叶生理特征及其根系抗旱基因表达的影响,对春小麦抗逆栽培和新品种选育具有重要意义。在大兴安岭西麓旱作区,以抗旱组及水敏感组春小麦品种为供试材料,进行干旱（旱棚防雨）和对照（调控补水）2种水分控制处理,分析干旱胁迫下不同春小麦品种旗叶光合指标、生理指标及根系抗旱基因表达差异。结果表明,干旱与对照处理间春小麦旗叶光合特性、生理特征及根系抗旱基因表达等指标均存在显著差异（P<0.05）;干旱胁迫下春小麦旗叶SPAD、净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（Gs）显著降低,且抗旱组下降幅度显著低于水敏感组;而生理指标过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、脯氨酸（Pro）均显著升高,丙二醛（MDA）显著降低;其中抗旱组中Pro含量为90.36μg·g-1,显著高于水敏感组(70.36μg·g-1),MDA含量(19.82μmol·g-1)显著低于水敏感组(22.05μmol·g-1)。TaXTH-...  相似文献   

11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.  相似文献   

12.
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.  相似文献   

13.
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.  相似文献   

14.
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.  相似文献   

15.
The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.  相似文献   

16.
In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.  相似文献   

17.
Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.  相似文献   

18.
Zusammenfassung Herbizidresistente Kulturpflanzen nehmen unter den derzeit weltweit angebauten gentechnisch veränderten Ackerbaukulturen Sojabohne, Baumwolle, Raps und Mais den weit überwiegenden Anteil ein. Als Ursachen für die rasche Zunahme der Anbauflächen herbizidresistenter Sorten sind unter anderem die Unzulänglichkeiten der für diese Kulturen bestehenden Herbizidlösungen sowie die Zunahme der pfluglosen Bestellverfahren zu sehen. Im Gegenzug hat die Minimalbodenbearbeitung aufgrund der Einführung der Herbizidresistenztechnologie, insbesondere in Sojabohne, ein ausgeprägtes Flächenwachstum erfahren.Als Entscheidungskriterien für die Wahl des Unkrautbekämpfungssystems unter Einbezug des Anbaus herbizidresistenter oder konventioneller Sorten lassen sich aus den Erfahrungen der vergangenen 8 Jahre anführen: Sortenleistung, erhöhte Kulturverträglichkeit und zeitliche Anwendungsflexibilität, Wirkungssicherheit einer Nachauflaufbehandlung in Trockenregionen, Wirkungsbreite, Wirkungsdauer und Bekämpfung resistenter Unkrautbiotypen. Aufgrund fehlender Zulassungen und Kennzeichnungsvorschriften in wichtigen Exportmärkten sind für den Anbau transgener Sorten in Übersee auch Vermarktungseinschränkungen sowie für den Anbau in Europa Haftungs- und Koexistenzregeln wichtige einzelbetriebliche Entscheidungsparameter.Fortschritte erfährt die Herbizidresistenztechnologie kurz- und mittelfristig in der Weiterentwicklung bereits praktizierter Spritzfolgen und Tankmischungen zu Fertigformulierungen der Komplementärherbizide mit residualen Partnern. Zur Bekämpfung und Vorbeugung der Ausbreitung neuer herbizidresistenter Biotypen werden die Komplementärherbizide mit Partnern anderer Wirkungsmechanismen kombiniert. Weitere Entwicklungen sind die Kombination verschiedener transgener Merkmale mit der Herbizidresistenz sowie die Ausweitung von den derzeit dominierenden Kulturen auf weltweit weniger bedeutsame Kulturen, in denen die Entwicklung neuer konventioneller Herbizidwirkstoffe bisher wenig erfolgreich war oder im Verhältnis zum Aufwand nur bedingt attraktiv ist. Für die langfristige Entwicklung könnte die Plastidentransformation zur Verhinderung einer unerwünschten Ausbreitung transgener Merkmale Bedeutung erlangen.  相似文献   

19.
Research on root rot pathogens of peas in the Netherlands has confirmed the prevalence ofFusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Pythium spp.,Mycosphaerella pinodes andPhoma medicaginis var.pinodella. Aphanomyces euteiches andThielaviopsis basicola were identified for the first time as pea pathogens in the Netherlands. Other pathogens such asRhizoctonia solani andCylindrocarpon destructans were also found on diseased parts of roots. F. solani existed in different degrees of pathogenicity, and was sometimes highly specific to pea, dwarf bean of field bean, depending on the cropping history of the field.A. euteiches was specific to peas, whereasT. basicola showed some degree of physiological specialization.  相似文献   

20.
Data from surveys of winter wheat fields in the period 1974–1986 and of seed lots in the period 1962–1986 and identifications of diseases on plant samples were compiled to describe the occurrence of snow mould (Monographella nivalis) andFusarium spp. On average,M. nivalis dominated overFusarium spp. The complex ofFusarium spp. constituted mainly ofF. culmorum, followed byF. avenaceum andF. graminearum. M. nivalis was dominant in May on stem-bases and in July on leaves and leaf sheaths. On seedsM. nivalis predominated only in years with low temperatures in July and August.Average brown footrot infection in the field was 4% tillers in May and 5% culms in July. Brown footrot intensity in July was high in cropping seasons with high precipitation in October and with low temperatures in October, November and December. In July during the early eighties, an average of 8% of leaves and 6% of flag leaf sheaths were infected byM. nivalis. Average ear blight incidence was 1.2% glumes infected. Seed contamination by these pathogens averaged 16% in the years 1962–1986. The contamination was high in years with high precipitation in June, July and August. Aspects of cv. resistance and yield loss are illustrated.  相似文献   

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