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1.
为探究树干液流速率Y(ml·cm~(-2)·min~(-1))与主要环境因子的关系随时间尺度(小时、日、月)的变化,在半干旱的宁夏六盘山叠叠沟小流域,于2014年生长季(5-10月)对华北落叶松树干液流速率及其环境影响因子进行同步监测。结果表明:1)树干液流速率在小时尺度上呈现"几"字变化特征,在日尺度上具有不规则波动现象,在月尺度上呈现整体先上升后下降的特征变化。2)树干液流速率在不同时间尺度上与环境因子的相关性发生变化,饱和水汽压差(VPD,k Pa)、空气相对湿度(RH,%)和太阳辐射强度(SR,w·m~(-2))对液流速率的影响在小时尺度上高于日尺度,土壤温度(Ts,℃)、空气温度(Ts,℃)和土壤含水量(SWC,%)对液流速率的影响在日尺度上高于小时尺度。3)回归分析表明,影响液流速率的主要环境因素具有时间尺度差异,饱和水汽压差是影响液流速率变化的最重要因素,月尺度上回归方程为:Y=-0.0350+0.0821×VPD;小时和日尺度上饱和水汽压差、土壤温度、太阳辐射强度和空气相对湿度对液流速率起关键作用,小时尺度方程为:Y=-0.0812+0.0612×VPD+0.0002×SR+0.0027×Ts+0.0004×RH;日尺度方程为Y=-0.0707+0.0524×VPD+0.0022×Ts+0.0002×SR+0.0005×RH。  相似文献   

2.
冀北山地白桦全生长季树干液流特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
依据组织热平衡原理,运用热扩散探针法,于2015年3月1日-2016年3月1日对冀北山地小五台山自然保护区白桦的树干液流速率进行连续监测,并同步观测气温、相对湿度、净辐射、总辐射、风速等环境因子的变化,研究其树干液流特征及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明:1)小五台地区白桦树干液流启动于4月下旬,结束于10月上旬,前后历时160多天。晴天条件下,不同月份树干液流速率日变化均呈典型的单峰曲线。2)生长季各月白桦树干液流速率日均值变化表现为单峰型,以7、8月最高,分别达到0.074和0.083kg·h~(-1)·cm~(-1);5、6、9月次之,达到0.06kg·h~(-1)·cm~(-1)以上。3)白桦5-9月单株日耗水量在65.04-86.69kg·tree-1·d-1之间;生长季单株总耗水量11452.07kg·tree-1,其中以7、8月耗水量最大,分别为2374.32和2687.24kg·tree-1。4)白桦树干液流速率与空气温度、净辐射、总辐射、水汽压亏缺呈极显著正相关,与空气湿度呈显著负相关,与风速相关关系不显著。辐射和气温是影响白桦树干液流速率的主要因子。  相似文献   

3.
在干旱区采用热扩散式液流仪(TDP)、HOBO小气候仪连续监测井式节水灌溉方式下盛果期枣树干液流及气象因子,探讨井式灌溉条件下盛果期枣树干液流变化对气象因子的响应。结果表明:枣树整个生育期树干液流总量为3 935 kg,夏季液流累积量为2 387 kg,约占整个生育期液流总量的61%,蒸腾耗水量夏季最为严重。影响各月枣树干液流的主导气象因子不同,而太阳辐射占各月比例较多。太阳辐射、水汽压亏缺值越大并不代表液流速率越大,液流速率的大小取决于时间、气象及枣树生理状态。  相似文献   

4.
《干旱区研究》2021,38(3):794-801
应用Flow32-1K包裹式热平衡液流仪,对毛乌素沙地沙柳不同径级枝条液流进行长期监测,同步观测试验样地气象变化,分析沙柳枝条液流变化规律并建立与环境因子关系模型。结果表明:(1)沙柳枝条随着径级的增加液流日变化从宽峰曲线到明显的单峰曲线,并且液流速率呈增大趋势;天气条件对液流影响较大,雨天液流速率波动较剧烈,呈明显的多峰曲线;晴天时液流速率变化呈明显的双峰曲线,雨天沙柳枝条液流速率及日液流量均比晴天低,随着径级增大,晴天和雨天日累计液流量差值逐渐变大。(2)液流速率与地表温度、大气温度、饱和水汽压差、太阳辐射和风速呈极显著正相关关系,与空气相对湿度呈极显著负相关关系。(3)雨天环境因子中饱和水汽压差和空气相对湿度对液流速率的影响较大,拟合结果平均R2在0.8以上;晴天太阳辐射强度是控制沙柳枝条液流速率的重要因子,拟合结果平均R~2在0.85以上。通过对沙柳枝条液流速率进行监测,分析沙柳群落的蒸腾消耗特征,为沙地水资源合理利用与群落结构优化调控提供数据支撑。  相似文献   

5.
采用热平衡包裹式树干茎流测量系统(Stem Heat Balance,SHB)和自动气象站观测沙木蓼生长季茎干液流以及环境因子,以揭示毛乌素沙地沙木蓼(Atraphaxis bracteata A.Los)蒸腾耗水规律。结果表明:1)沙木蓼液流具有明显的昼夜节律,启动、停止与日出、日落同步,夜间仍保持一定液流,以补充植物体水分亏缺。2)沙木蓼液流规律受天气影响显著:降雨时白天的液流速率大幅下降,夜间液流却大幅提升,日液流总量降至晴天的一半;阴天液流速率平缓,昼夜差距减小,液流总量较晴天小幅下降;多云天液流速率波动剧烈,但总液流量变化不大。3)沙木蓼生长季的液流量与土壤水分状况和植物体的生长阶段密切相关,6、7月份沙木蓼植株处在旺盛的营养生长阶段,新叶生长迅速,加上土壤含水充足,液流量总体是增长趋势,从7月末到8月份沙木蓼植株从营养生长期过渡到生殖生长以开花结果为主的阶段,蒸腾减小,同时天气干旱土壤水分逐渐亏缺,液流量呈下降趋势。4)从6月到8月基茎9mm,16mm,25mm的沙木蓼总耗水分别为100.8kg,170.5kg,301.3kg。沙木蓼植株生长季茎干液流总量基本与基茎成正比,平均为11.5kg/mm/a,可以用来作各个茎级沙木蓼植株的茎干液流推算,进而推算已知林分的总蒸腾耗水量。  相似文献   

6.
生草和树枝覆盖对果园土壤持水性能的影响   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
针对黄土高原枣园普遍盛行传统清耕制,将生草及覆盖技术引入枣园生产中,于2011—2013年采用人工土槽模拟研究方法,探讨不同生草和覆盖措施对枣树地土壤持水性能的影响。结果表明:生草与枣树枝覆盖能有效改善土壤物理结构、提高土壤孔隙度、降低土壤容重;各处理土壤水分蓄持能力及比水容量均按枣树枝半覆盖+白三叶生草、枣树枝全覆盖、白三叶生草覆盖和清耕处理依次递减,处理间的差异在高吸力阶段更为明显;与清耕处理相比,生草与覆盖处理土壤饱和含水量、田间持水量、凋萎系数均有提高,枣树枝半覆盖+白三叶生草处理增加最为明显,分别增加9%、20%、33%。  相似文献   

7.
树木边材液流是实时反映水分利用过程的重要变量。分析液流与环境因子尤其是与土壤水分间的关系，进而明确树木对水分胁迫的响应机制，是认识树木适应环境变化机制的重要内容。文中以毛乌素沙地南缘樟子松人工固沙林为研究对象，采用热扩散式液流计连续监测了树干边材液流速率，分析了液流变化与环境因子间的关系。结果表明：毛乌素沙地樟子松生长季中边材液流速率(Js)平均为4.91±1.25cm·h-1,最大值为18.75±2.99cm·h-1,其中夜间液流速率平均为1.42±0.38cm·h-1,最大值为7.47±1.92cm·h-1。Js与环境因子间的主成分分析结果显示，前3个主成分的累积方差贡献率达86.2%,分别解释了方差的54.5%、20.6%、11.1%。其中第一主成分主要包含大气水分亏缺(VPD)、大气温度(Ta)、太阳辐射(Ra)等因子，归为蒸发需求因子；第二主成分主要包含风速(Ws)等因子，为大汽水...  相似文献   

8.
为探寻枣树树干液流在不同深度和不同方位的变异特性,提高黄土丘陵区枣树蒸腾耗水量研究精度,在陕西省米脂县远志山红枣试验示范基地采用热扩散式探针(TDP)分别研究了枣树不同方位和不同深度的树干液流速率。结果表明:(1)不同方位探针监测结果间存在差异,研究时间尺度不同,各方位监测结果间的差异显著性不同,差异显著性大小表现为时尺度日尺度月尺度。(2)不同深度探针监测结果间存在差异,随研究时间尺度的不同,不同深度探针监测结果间的差异显著性不同,差异显著性大小表现为时尺度日尺度月尺度。(3)在树干北侧和深度为20 mm的TDP监测值计算生育期耗水量更准确。  相似文献   

9.
通过大型称重式蒸渗仪精确测定地膜覆盖与无覆盖枣树腾发强度日内及逐日变化趋势,采用土壤智能墒情传感器连续监测0～100 cm土层土壤温度,研究了地膜覆盖对枣园土壤温度和腾发强度的影响。结果表明:土壤温度日变幅随土壤深度的增加而逐渐减小,地膜覆盖增加了0～40 cm土层土壤温度日变幅,较无覆盖枣树萌芽期0～10 cm土层土壤温度增加0.89℃、腾发量减少41.72 mm,地膜覆盖仅为无覆盖处理腾发量的50.5%,保温、节水作用在枣树萌芽期效果显著;无覆盖与地膜覆盖枣树日内腾发强度均呈单峰型变化趋势,幼果期腾发强度达到最大值,分别为5.36、4.08 mm·d~(-1);萌芽期和花期腾发强度差值较大,分别为1.33、1.54 mm·d~(-1),说明覆膜能够有效减少枣树生育前期的蒸发量。枣树全生育期逐日腾发量变化趋势呈先增大后减小的趋势,无覆盖与地膜覆盖腾发总量分别为724.74、517.44 mm,地膜覆盖节约水量207.30 mm,其中花期的腾发量差值最大,达到87.39 mm;无覆盖与地膜覆盖枣树花期和果实发育期耗水总量分别占全生育期总腾发量的69.14%和70.83%;无覆盖枣树作物系数在各生育阶段均大于地膜覆盖,差值在0.19～0.40,其中萌芽期和花期差值分别为0.40、0.35。  相似文献   

10.
不同耕作措施对冬小麦农田土壤水分和温度的影响   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
在多年田间定位试验的基础上,研究了内陆河绿洲灌区不同耕作措施对冬小麦农田土壤水分和温度的影响.结果表明,冬小麦返青至成熟,0～150 cm土层深度范围内免耕秸秆覆盖处理土壤平均含水量较免耕和传统耕作处理高0.21%和0.23%,免耕对土壤含水量影响不明显;冬小麦收获后,0～150 cm土层深度范围内土壤含水量平均值的高低顺序为:免耕秸秆覆盖＞免耕＞传统耕作.冬小麦返青至成熟期间,无论晴天还是阴天,0～25 cm土层深度范围内免耕秸秆处理土壤温度均低于免耕和传统耕作处理,免耕秸秆覆盖和免耕处理土壤温度平均值较传统耕作分别低2.8℃和2.6℃,免耕秸秆覆盖处理可以稳定土壤温度.相关分析表明,土壤含水量与土壤温度存在显著负相关关系.  相似文献   

11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.  相似文献   

12.
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.  相似文献   

13.
We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.  相似文献   

14.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.  相似文献   

15.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.  相似文献   

16.
《干旱区科学》2014,(6):782-782
正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad  相似文献   

17.
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.  相似文献   

18.
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.  相似文献   

19.
The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.  相似文献   

20.
Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.  相似文献   

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