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1.
通过野外取样调查,对额尔齐斯河白斑狗鱼鳃部寄生的单肠四钩虫（Tetraonchus monenteron）的种群生态学进行了研究。结果表明：感染率、感染强度在不同的宿主体长组表现出不同的变化趋势,平均感染率为45.4%,而平均感染强度为11.8±6.05,随着宿主体长的增大,单肠四钩虫的感染率逐渐减小,而感染强度却逐渐...  相似文献   

2.
为了解指环虫在高体雅罗鱼鳃部寄生的空间分布特点,于2012年6月到2013年5月对额尔齐斯河(中国段)高体雅罗鱼寄生的指环虫进行了取样调查。结果表明：在检查的87尾鱼中共检出3种指环虫,分别为号筒指环虫[WTBX](Dactylogyrus tuba)、小刺指环虫(Dactylogyrus micracanthus)和大翼指环虫(Dactylogyrus alatus),[WTBZ]指环虫的感染率及感染强度分别为67.8%和7.58±8.48,左鳃及右鳃的感染率分别为60.9%和52.9%;各鳃片中除鳃Ⅰ外左鳃片指环虫的感染率均大于右鳃片,除鳃Ⅳ外指环虫的平均感染强度右鳃均大于左鳃;各体长段的感染率及感染强度呈现不同的趋势,指环虫种群在宿主种群中呈聚集分布,且聚集强度略有不同,指环虫在各体长组之间差异不显著,但右鳃各鳃片间差异显著。  相似文献   

3.
哈巴河土著特有鱼类优先保护等级的定量研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
在野外调查和查阅历史资料的基础上,运用濒危系数、遗传价值系数和物种价值系数对哈巴河15种土著特有鱼类进行优先保护顺序的定量研究。结果表明:达到一级急切保护的有哲罗鱼和细鳞鱼2种,占所研究物种总数的13.3%;达到二级急切保护的有北极茴鱼和阿勒泰杜父鱼2种,占所研究物种总数的13.3%;达到三级急切保护的有贝加尔雅罗鱼、北方花鳅、小体高原鳅、江鳕、河鲈5种,占所研究物种总数的33.3%;尚未达到急切保护的有阿勒泰鱼岁、尖鳍鮈、银鲫、北方须鳅、新疆高原鳅、粘鲈6种,占所研究物种总数的40.0%。该研究结果较为真实地反映了哈巴河地区鱼类的受威胁状态和优先保护顺序。  相似文献   

4.
乌鲁木齐市近47年气温降水特征与突变分析   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
利用乌鲁木齐市的气温和降水资料,运用气候趋势系数、一元回归分析法和5年趋势滑动,进行了气候变化的趋势分析。结果表明:乌鲁木齐市气温和降水的变化趋势基本与西北地区气候变化趋势一致;春季和夏季气温呈下降趋势,秋冬季呈上升趋势,冬季增温幅度最大;四季降水量呈增加趋势,冬季降水量增加趋势最明显。在此基础上,利用滑动T检验法、YAMAMOTO检验信噪比(SNR)、Cram er法和M ann-Kendall法进行气候突变分析,结果表明:气温突变比降水突变明显,气温在1962年发生突变。  相似文献   

5.
中亚地区气温变化的时空特征分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
基于中亚地区63个气象站点1960~2012年月平均气温时间序列,利用Mann-Kendall非参数检验法、R/S分析法和Kriging空间插值,对中亚地区近50多年来气温变化的时空特征进行了分析。结果表明:1)1960~2012年,中亚地区年平均气温变化速率为0.273℃/10a,四季中尤以秋季增温最快,速率高达0.39℃/10a,且R/S指数表明该区气温变暖趋势在未来一段时间内仍会持续;2)中亚地区年平均气温在1989年发生由低温到高温的跃变,跃变前后均值相差0.84℃,其中夏季和冬季跃变时间为1980年左右,而春季则在1999年;3)中亚地区增暖趋势具有明显的时空差异性,年均增幅大体上由东北至西南趋小,各地区在不同季节的气温增幅也不尽相同。  相似文献   

6.
为了解内蒙古降水酸碱度的演变特征,使用全区酸雨站历史观测资料和气象要素、大气污染物浓度数据,分析降水pH值和酸雨、碱雨频率等时空分布特征及影响因素,其中碱雨阈值以酸雨为基准,定义为pH>8.4的降水。结果表明:(1)由于内蒙古土壤酸碱度大多呈碱性且风沙缓冲作用较强,大部分地区碱性降水占比高于酸性降水,仅东北部的满洲里酸性降水占比更高;酸雨和碱雨发生概率较小,分别占总观测次数的1.1%和3.6%。(2)降水pH值的空间分布表现为:中部>西部>东部的特征,近15 a(2007—2021年)年均降水pH值均值为6.2(满洲里)～7.2(锡林浩特),属于非酸雨区;近5 a内蒙古大部分地区酸雨、碱雨频率下降,仅乌拉特中旗的酸雨频率和阿拉善左旗的碱雨频率上升较明显。(3)降水pH低值多出现在夏季汛期6—9月,高值在春季4—5月和冬季1—2月,这与地表植被覆盖度、降水量、风速风向、沙尘和寒潮等因素密切相关;另外,由于采暖期燃煤释放SO2和NOx等酸性气体,在呼和浩特、通辽等大气污染物浓度较高的地区,冬春季也存在降水pH值偏低的情况。  相似文献   

7.
从油松毛虫越冬幼虫的病死僵虫分离、筛选得到适应北方生态环境的致病菌株;通过人工培养得到纯化的白僵菌菌株。测定了该菌株在不同温、湿度下的萌发率,以及不同温度下在PDA培养基上的生长速率及产孢率。结果表明,最适温度为25℃,RH80%±5%时其萌发率为91.6%;RH95%时可达98.7%;RH35%时仍有10.7%的萌发率。在25±1℃、RH75%±5%条件下用1.0×1065、.0×106、1.0×1075、.0×107、1.0×108个/ml的孢子悬液感染3~4龄油松毛幼虫,10d的死亡率达67.49%~95.13%。在温湿度相对较低的林间自然条件下,对油松毛虫幼虫侵染23d的校正死亡率可达50.0%~78.4%。在冬季11月份和春季3月份通过撒施白僵菌湿粉剂(4.5×109个/g)防治树根下越冬的油松毛虫幼虫,死亡率可达50%~78%。  相似文献   

8.
以新疆阿拉尔垦区为研究区,选取1961-2013年逐日地面气象要素值,采用Penman-Monteith模型、气候倾向率、Mann-Kendall突变检验和距平相关法,分时段分析了阿拉尔荒漠-绿洲区潜在蒸散量(ET0)变化特征及其影响因素.结果表明:①ET0年际间波动较大,1987年前的减幅[52.4 mm·(10a)-1]高于1987年后的增幅[22.2 mm·(10a)-1],呈“高-低-高”的动态变化,1987年是年ET0突变点.②ET0四季性明显,为“夏＞春＞秋＞冬”的季节变化,1987年前的减幅[12.7 mm· (10a)-1、23.4 mm·(10a)-1、6.6 mm·(10a)-1、9.7mm·(10a)-1]高于1987年后的增幅[0.4 mm· (10a)-1、14.3 mm·(10a)-1、6.4 mm·(10a)-1、1.1 mm·(10a)-1],为“高-低-高”的年际变化,1987年后春季ET0的增幅最大.1987年是四季ET0突变点.③阿拉尔荒漠-绿洲区年ET0的变化主要与日照时数、平均相对湿度和平均风速有关,与气温关系不明显,1987年后年ET0的增加与日照时数的增加有关;季ET0的变化由日照时数、平均相对湿度、平均风速和气温多种气象因子共同作用.1987年后春季ET0的增加与气温的升高和日照时数的增加有关,冬季ET0的增加与平均相对湿度的增大、日照时数的增加和最高气温的降低有关,夏、秋季ET0的增加仅与日照时数的增加有关,与气温、湿度、风速关系不明显.  相似文献   

9.
基于英国东安格利亚大学Climatic Research Unit(简称CRU)气象格点数据集CRU_TS3.24,分析得出1916~2015年渭河流域100年间年季降水的趋势、突变、周期等变化特征,也从侧面检验了CRU格点数据的应用效果。结果表明近百年来:(1)渭河流域夏季和全年降水呈现不显著减少趋势(-1.73mm/10a和-0.82mm/10a),时间上降水的减少主要发生在夏季,空间上降水的减少主要发生在流域西部;(2)春季降水2个突变点分别为1991年、2009年,夏季降水2个突变点分别为1933年、1961年,全年降水的两个突变点分别为1933年、1968年,秋冬两季各存在5个突变点;(3)夏季与全年降水序列突变点识别结果表明采用CRU格点数据对渭河流域降水变化进行分析更为全面;(4)秋季与冬季降水序列的周期性比其他时段更加明显,四季与全年降水序列的第1主周期分别为19年、3年、13年、5年和18年,第2主周期分别为6年、7年、42年、12年和24年。  相似文献   

10.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.  相似文献   

11.
We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.  相似文献   

12.
Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.  相似文献   

13.
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.  相似文献   

14.
《干旱区科学》2014,(6):782-782
正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad  相似文献   

15.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.  相似文献   

16.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.  相似文献   

17.
Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.  相似文献   

18.
Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F 3, F 4 and F 5, but not in F 1 and F 2 that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F 1 and F 2 in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.  相似文献   

19.
Solacol®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.  相似文献   

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