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1.
为了解不同麦类种质的抗旱性,进一步发掘小麦近缘种的优势性状以改良小麦品种,2018—2019年在兰州新区和武威黄羊镇对引自国际玉米小麦改良中心（CIMMYT）的灌溉圃小麦、干旱半干旱圃小麦、合成小麦、硬粒小麦和小黑麦设置了正常灌溉和水分胁迫两种处理,在拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期对心叶或旗叶进行了叶绿素荧光动力学参数测定,并进行了农艺性状鉴定和产量测定,分析了不同生育期叶绿素荧光参数的变化及其与抗旱指数的关系。结果表明,水分胁迫对不同麦类作物产量构成因素的影响程度不同导致其抗旱性有差异。水分胁迫下,PSⅡ潜在活性（Fv/Fo）、PSⅡ反应中心最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、PSⅡ实际光化学量子效率（F′q/F′m）均较正常灌溉下降低,而非光化学淬灭系数（NPQ）升高。随小麦发育进程推移,Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm、F′q/F′m呈先升后降的趋势,NPQ呈上升趋势。荧光参数的变化说明,干旱胁迫导致PSⅡ结构受损,反应中心受到破坏,光能转化效率降低,电子传递受阻。灰色关联度分析显示,灌浆期荧光参数与抗旱指数的关联度较高,其次为抽穗期、拔节期,各荧光参数与抗旱指数关联度为Fv/Fm>F′q/F′m>Fv/Fo>NPQ。基于农艺性状、抗旱指数和叶绿素荧光参数,得出不同麦类种质的抗旱性强度依次为小黑麦、干旱半干旱圃小麦、灌溉圃小麦、合成小麦;筛选出9份优异材料,可用于今后小麦育种。 相似文献
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为给外源茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)在小麦抗旱栽培中的合理利用提供依据,以大面积推广的小麦品种周麦18为试验材料,用盆栽控水的方法模拟干旱胁迫,研究了外源MeJA对花后干旱胁迫下小麦光合特性的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫显著降低了小麦旗叶叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶黄素含量及气孔导度和蒸腾速率,提高了PSⅡ初始荧光(Fo)和非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)及叶黄素循环组分(V+A+Z)含量和(A+Z)/(V+A+Z)值,导致光合速率（Pn）及PSⅡ潜在活性（Fv/Fo）、最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、实际光化学效率（ΦPSⅡ）受到显著抑制,最终表现为叶片瞬时水分利用效率(WUE)和光能利用率(LUE)显著降低。干旱胁迫下喷施MeJA显著增加了叶黄素、β-胡萝卜素、(V+A+Z)含量及(A+Z)/(V+A+Z)值,从而使Fo和NPQ显著增大,缓解了干旱胁迫下强光对叶绿素产生的氧化破坏,而较低的叶绿素a/b也增强了小麦对弱光的利用效率。喷施MeJA能诱导叶片气孔适当关闭,减少了水分的散失,因而显著提高了灌浆中后期叶片Pn、Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ,最终表现为WUE和LUE显著提高。这表明外源MeJA能增强小麦叶片光合系统在干旱胁迫下的稳定性,改善小麦光合作用。 相似文献
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水分胁迫对不同抗旱性燕麦品种生理特性的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为了解燕麦抗旱生理机制,以抗旱性不同的燕麦品种蒙燕1号和坝莜3号为试验材料,采用盆栽方法研究了拔节期和抽穗期水分胁迫对不同抗旱性燕麦品种生理特性的影响。结果表明,在拔节期,地上部各生理指标在水分处理间与品种间均无显著差异。在抽穗期,随着水分胁迫的加剧,燕麦叶片相对含水量升高,相对电导率、丙二醛含量下降,保护酶(POD、SOD)活性和可溶性蛋白先降低后升高。中度水分胁迫下,与蒙燕麦1号相比,坝莜3号的丙二醛含量、叶片相对含水量变化幅度较大,保护酶活性升幅较小;在其他水分处理下各生理指标在品种间差异不显著。适度控水下,蒙燕1号的可溶性蛋白含量降幅小于坝莜3号。在拔节期,重度水分胁迫下,坝莜3号的根系活力降幅大于蒙燕1号;两个品种分别在适度控水和中度水分胁迫下根系活力最大。在抽穗期,两个品种根系活力受水分胁迫影响较小。综合分析表明,抗旱性强的蒙燕1号在水分胁迫下能保持相对较优的生理状态,其代谢功能和保水能力较强。 相似文献
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密度对不同株型玉米光合特性及产量的影响 总被引：21，自引：9，他引：12
对不同密度条件下3个不同株型春玉米的光合特性及产量进行了研究。结果表明,随密度增加叶面积指数(LAI)、初始荧光(F0)上升,单株功能叶片光合速率(Pn)、PSⅡ的潜在活性(Fv /F0)、PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv /Fm)下降;产量构成因素表现为单位面积有效穗数先上升后下降,穗粒数下降,百粒重变化因品种而异。先玉335、金玉4号和吉农大302最高产量分别为9 638.45、8 523.94、8 330.92 kg/hm2;先玉335最适播种密度为75 000株/hm2,吉农大302为60 000～67 500株/hm2,金玉4号为45 000株/hm2。先玉335群体产量与LAI、单株F0呈正相关,与单株Pn、Fv /Fm、Fv /F0呈负相关;吉农大302与金玉4号群体产量与LAI、单株F0呈负相关,与单株Pn、Fv /Fm、Fv /F0呈正相关,且金玉4号的相关程度要高于吉农大302。 相似文献
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高温胁迫下镁对小麦旗叶光合特性及产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了解施镁对小麦后期高温胁迫的缓解效应,采用盆栽试验方法,以自然条件为对照(昼夜温度分别为26和16 ℃),研究了灌浆期花后14~20 d 和花后21~27 d高温胁迫（昼夜温度分别为32和22 ℃）下,施镁（20 kg·hm-2）对小麦产量和旗叶光合特性的影响。结果表明,高温胁迫显著降低了小麦产量,且以花后21~27 d高温胁迫影响最大;施镁能显著增加穗粒数、千粒重和籽粒产量。高温胁迫降低了旗叶叶绿素含量、净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、光化学效率（Fv/Fm）和实际光量子产量（ΦPSⅡ）,各指标均以花后21~27 d高温处理降幅最大,而胞间二氧化碳浓度（Ci）则表现出相反趋势;相同温度处理下,施镁则显著提高了旗叶叶绿素含量、Pn、Gs、Tr、Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ,表明镁素施用能有效缓解花后高温对叶片光合能力的伤害,有助于光合产物的积累和产量的形成。 相似文献
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高光、水分和盐胁迫下小麦光合特性和抗氧化酶系统的比较 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为了解植物光合机构及抗氧化酶系统对高光、水分及盐胁迫的适应机制,比较分析了光强1 800 μmol·m-2·s-1、20% 聚乙二醇（PEG-6000）和0.3 mol·L-1 NaCl处理下小麦叶绿素荧光以及抗氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明,与对照相比,高光胁迫、水分胁迫和盐胁迫下小麦叶片相对含水量、总蛋白含量以及叶绿素含量均下降,以水分胁迫效应最显著,盐胁迫次之。三种胁迫均显著降低了小麦叶片的光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、PSII最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）及电子传递率（ETR）,而显著增加胞间CO2浓度、非光化学淬灭（NPQ）、脯氨酸及可溶性糖含量,也以水分胁迫效应最显著。三种胁迫下小麦叶片内的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）及过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性随胁迫时间的延长呈现不同的变化趋势。其中,SOD活性在三种胁迫下均呈先升后降的趋势;POD活性在高光和水分胁迫下先升后降,而在盐胁迫下呈上升趋势;CAT活性在高光和盐胁迫下呈上升趋势,而在水分胁迫下呈下降趋势。以上结果表明,在三种环境胁迫中,水分胁迫给小麦带来的伤害最严重,盐胁迫次之,高光胁迫最轻。 此外,小麦抗氧化酶系统在高光胁迫、水分胁迫及盐胁迫下应答机制不同。 相似文献
7.
为明确褪黑素对铬（Cr6+）胁迫下小麦幼苗光合和养分吸收的调节作用,在水培条件下以豫麦51（铬敏感型）和扬麦16（耐铬型）为材料,分析了Cr6+胁迫下外源褪黑素预处理（100 μmmol·L-1）后小麦幼苗光合和荧光参数及养分含量的变化。结果表明,Cr6+胁迫显著降低了小麦叶片叶绿素含量、气孔导度（Gs）和光系统 Ⅱ（PS Ⅱ）活性,导致光合速率（Pn）显著降低;Cr6+胁迫也显著减弱了根系对营养元素（N、P、K、Mg、Fe和Mn）的吸收和转运。外源褪黑素处理显著提高了Cr6+胁迫下小麦幼苗的Pn、Gs、叶绿素（a和b）含量、实际光化学效率（ΦPSⅡ）、最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、光化学淬灭（qL）和电子传递能力（ETR）,增加了根系和叶片营养元素的含量。综合来看,外源褪黑素会促进Cr6+胁迫下小麦幼苗对养分的吸收与转运、气孔开放、CO2传导、光能吸收和电子传递,从而缓解Cr6+对于小麦幼苗光合的抑制作用。 相似文献
8.
基于上部叶片叶绿素荧光参数的小麦产量预测与评价 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
为了利用叶绿素荧光快速测定技术实时评价植株光合生产能力以及预测小麦籽粒产量,以豫麦49-198和郑麦9694为试验材料,设置0、90、180、270 kg·hm-24个氮素水平,通过2014-2016年连续两个生长季的田间试验,在小麦主要生育阶段同步测定植株顶部四片完全展开叶的净光合速率（Pn）、叶绿素荧光参数及叶面积。结果表明,Pn和叶绿素荧光参数因生育时期、氮素水平和叶片位置的不同呈现规律性变化。叶绿素荧光参数Fm′、Fv′、Fv′/Fm′ 和 Fs与Pn 相关性较好,且相关系数（r）均随叶位的降低而降低,其中,Fm′与Pn的相关性最好。将叶面积与对应的净光合速率和叶绿素荧光参数组合出光合性状累积量指标,与Pn 相比,光合累积量与产量的相关性显著提高。组合顶部四片叶,光合累积量与产量相关性在灌浆前期表现最好（r=0.875）。光适应下荧光参数累积量与产量的相关性表明,顶部两片叶的相关性较单叶片或其他叶位组合均表现较好,相关系数在不同荧光参数、生育时期间差异均较大,以Fm′表现最好,其次是Fv′;生育期间比较,孕穗期至灌浆中期整体较好。总体而言,在灌浆前期,顶部两片叶的Fm′累积量能够较好地预测小麦籽粒产量,为小麦生长诊断和田间管理提供技术支持。 相似文献
9.
为探究施氮量对燕麦源库生理特性和茎鞘间非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)积累和转运的影响， 2021年和2022年选取穗粒数差异大的两个裸燕麦品种坝莜1号（穗粒数多）和定莜8号（穗粒数少）为试验材料，设置0、100和200 kg·hm-2 3个施氮水平，测定和分析了不同氮素供应条件下燕麦叶片光合指标、粒叶比、茎鞘NSC积累量(TMNSC)、NSC表观转运量(ATMNSC)及其对籽粒产量表观贡献率 (ACNSC)的差异。结果表明，施氮对2个燕麦品种的籽粒产量具有增加效应，其中在施氮100 kg·hm-2时产量最高。在100 kg·hm-2施氮处理下，坝莜1号的旗叶面积、SPAD值、Pn和籽粒产量两年平均值较不施氮处理分别提高57.57%、80.70%、101.68%和40.15%，定莜8号分别提高43.70%、44.33%、69.49%和37.36%；坝莜1号的ATMNSC、ACNSC和粒叶比两年平均值较不施氮处理分别增加767.25 g、1.96倍和54.55%，定莜8号分别增加859.52 g、8.26倍和43.25%。综合以上结果，增施氮肥对两品种均有显著正向影响，坝莜1号表现出更优的源、库活性，从而获得更高的穗粒数，达到增产目的；定莜8号则表现出更优的源-库关系，增大库器官对源物质的“拉力”，促进NSC由茎鞘向籽粒的转运，弥补生育前期光合能力较弱导致的同化物质生产的不足，从而促进源库协调，提高籽粒产量。 相似文献
10.
为了解花后渍水和高温对小麦旗叶光合特性、干物质积累与分配和产量的影响,以扬麦18和烟农19为试验材料,采用盆栽法,在小麦开花期设置渍水（WL）、高温（HL）和渍水+高温复合胁迫（WL+HL）处理,以正常生长为对照（CK）,测定并分析了不同处理下小麦旗叶光合指标、干物质积累量、产量及其差异。结果表明,与CK比较,花后渍水、高温、渍水+高温胁迫均显著降低了2小麦品种旗叶的SPAD值、净光合速率(Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（Gs）、最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、实际光化学效率ФPSⅡ,增加了胞间CO2浓度（Ci）。花后渍水、高温、渍水+高温胁迫处理较CK降低了成熟期各器官干物质积累量及籽粒占总干物质积累量的比例,提高了营养器官所占比例;显著降低了小麦穗粒数、千粒重和产量。渍水+高温复合胁迫对光合指标、干物质积累量以及产量的影响程度明显大于渍水和高温单一因素,高温对其影响大于渍水。在花后21 d时,被测光合参数（除Ci）均与产量呈正相关关系,Ci与产量呈负相关关系,其中扬麦18的ФPSⅡ、Pn对其产量影响较大,烟农19 的SPAD值、Pn对其产量影响较大。 相似文献
11.
Joseph E. Laferriere Charles W. Weber Edwin A. Kohlhepp 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1991,41(3):277-282
Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described. 相似文献
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Lakshman Lal 《Potato Research》1987,30(2):329-334
Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong
(1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage,
sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over
45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield
of a subsequent crop. 相似文献
14.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
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Tatiana G. Polotow Sandra C. Poppe Cristina V. Vardaris Douglas Ganini Maísa Guariroba Rita Mattei Elaine Hatanaka Maria F. Martins Eduardo F. Bondan Marcelo P. Barros 《Marine drugs》2015,13(10):6117-6137
Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions. 相似文献
17.
Youna Hemery Ulla Holopainen Anna-Maija Lampi Pekka Lehtinen Tanja Nurmi Vieno Piironen Minnamari Edelmann Xavier Rouau 《Journal of Cereal Science》2011
Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased. 相似文献
18.
M. I. Siri P. Villanueva M. J. Pianzzola L. Franco Fraguas G. Galván M. Acosta F. Ferreira 《Potato Research》2004,47(3-4):127-138
Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results
for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin
presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear
relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins
and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds. 相似文献
19.
Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
20.
Tovar LR Olivos M Gutierrez ME 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2008,63(4):189-194
Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate
present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides
most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but
poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in
central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn. 相似文献