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1.
为明确东北稻区稻稗Echinochloa oryzoides HJHL-715种群对五氟磺草胺的抗性水平及抗性机制,采用整株生物测定法测定稻稗种群对五氟磺草胺的敏感性,明确抗性种群的交互抗性和多抗性情况,研究3种细胞色素P450抑制剂对其敏感性的影响;并应用分子生物学方法进行稻稗的乙酰乳酸合酶(acetolactate synthase,ALS)离体活性测定、ALS基因序列分析及其表达量测定。结果表明:在东北稻区,五氟磺草胺对稻稗HJHL-715种群鲜重的抑制中剂量GR50为62.53 g/hm^2;稻稗HJHL-715的ALS基因序列中未发现氨基酸突变,其ALS离体活性与敏感种群的ALS离体活性无显著性差异,ALS基因表达量显著低于敏感种群。1-氨基苯并三唑(1-aminobenzotriazole,ABT)、胡椒基丁醚(piperomyl butoxide,PBO)、马拉硫磷3种P450抑制剂显著提高了稻稗HJHL-715种群对五氟磺草胺的敏感性,使其对五氟磺草胺的GR50由原来的62.53 g/hm^2分别下降到5.78、5.02、3.53 g/hm^2。表明东北稻区已经出现了对五氟磺草胺具有高水平抗性的稻稗种群,稻稗HJHL-715种群对五氟磺草胺的抗性很可能是由细胞色素P450介导的代谢增强所致。  相似文献   

2.
为了明确宁夏稻区稗草对五氟磺草胺抗性水平及抗性机制。采用整株生物测定法测定了宁夏地区6个稗的原变种Echinochloa crus-galli var.crus-galli种群对五氟磺草胺的抗性水平,并测定了每个种群的乙酰乳酸合酶基因(ALS)序列和ALS酶离体活性,以及P450抑制剂马拉硫磷对稗草种群抗性水平的影响。结果显示,与敏感种群相比,5个疑似抗性种群对五氟磺草胺表现出不同程度的抗性(10.18倍～32.71倍),其中抗性种群N14,N22,N27和N51的ALS 574位色氨酸突变为亮氨酸,N53的197位脯氨酸突变为亮氨酸,敏感种群N43没有发现突变位点,五氟磺草胺对抗性种群ALS酶的IC50均明显高于敏感种群,马拉硫磷对五氟磺草胺有增效作用,可提高稗草种群对五氟磺草胺的敏感性。综上所述,稗草种群对五氟磺草胺产生抗性是由于靶标基因ALS突变,同时稗草种群对五氟磺草胺的抗性也可能与细胞色素P450介导的代谢增强有关。  相似文献   

3.
为明确宁夏地区稻田稗草对乙酰辅酶A羧化酶抑制剂类除草剂氰氟草酯的抗药性水平以及对其他除草剂可能存在的交互抗性与多抗性情况，采用整株生物测定法研究了采自宁夏稻田的36个稗草种群对氰氟草酯的抗药性, 并使用单剂量法测定了各种群对五氟磺草胺、嘧啶肟草醚、噁唑酰草胺、二氯喹啉酸和敌稗的交互抗性及多抗性。结果表明, 以氰氟草酯GR50数值最小的生物型为敏感生物型计算抗性指数(RI), 仅有1个稗草种群在推荐剂量下被完全杀死, RI≤ 3.0; 11个稗草种群的RI范围为3.3～9.4, 表现出低水平抗性, 发生频率为30.56%; 19个种群的RI范围为10.3~58.3, 表现出中等水平抗性; 发生频率为52.78%; 5个稗草种群的RI＞100, 表现出高水平抗性, 占比13.89%, 其中采自银川市贺兰县立岗镇通义村的稗草种群抗性水平最高。交互抗性和多抗性研究结果表明, 在田间最高推荐剂量下氰氟草酯对稗草鲜重抑制率低于90%的种群中, 58%的稗草种群对噁唑酰草胺产生了交互抗性, 对五氟磺草胺、嘧啶肟草醚、二氯喹啉酸和敌稗产生多抗性的种群所占百分率分别为94%、100%、100%和18%。研究发现宁夏地区水稻田多数稗草种群对氰氟草酯产生了不同程度的抗药性, 并对其他常用稻田除草剂产生了交互抗性与多抗性, 其中银北地区稗草种群抗药性水平最高, 部分地区稗草抗性已达到高抗水平, 宁夏水稻田亟须抗性稗草综合治理技术的研究。  相似文献   

4.
为明确河南省部分地区的多花黑麦草Lolium multiflorum种群对乙酰辅酶A羧化酶（acetylCoA carboxylase,ACCase）和乙酰乳酸合成酶（acetolactate synthase,ALS）抑制剂类除草剂的抗性水平和抗性机理,采用整株生物测定法测定采自新乡市和驻马店市的多花黑麦草种群对ACCase抑制剂类除草剂精噁唑禾草灵、炔草酯、唑啉草酯和ALS抑制剂类除草剂甲基二磺隆、氟唑磺隆、啶磺草胺的抗性水平,并对多花黑麦草ACCase和ALS靶标酶编码基因进行克隆及氨基酸序列比对,分析其靶标抗性机理。结果显示,与多花黑麦草敏感种群HNXX01相比,HNZMD04和HNXX05种群对6种除草剂均产生了抗性,HNZMD04种群对精噁唑禾草灵和啶磺草胺的相对抗性倍数分别为44.65和40.31,对炔草酯和氟唑磺隆的相对抗性倍数分别为11.91和11.93;HNXX05种群对精噁唑禾草灵和氟唑磺隆的相对抗性倍数分别为27.70和25.67。HNZMD04和HNXX05抗性种群的ACCase基因均发生了D2078G突变,2个种群的突变率分别为55%和70%;HNZMD04...  相似文献   

5.
稗Echinochloa crus-galli是中国水稻产区发生严重的恶性杂草之一，严重威胁水稻的产量和品质。为明确江苏省稻田稗JS12种群对噁唑酰草胺的抗性水平及抗性机理，本研究采用整株水平测定法测定了稗种群对噁唑酰草胺的敏感性；通过乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(acetyl-CoA carboxylase,ACCase)靶标基因测序和表达量测定，以及代谢酶抑制剂增效试验，阐明其产生抗性的靶标抗性机制和非靶标抗性机制；最后测定了稗JS12种群对ACCase抑制剂和其他不同作用机理除草剂的敏感性，以明确抗性种群的交互抗性和多抗性情况。结果表明：江苏省稻区稗JS12种群对噁唑酰草胺产生了13.71倍的高水平抗性；稗JS12种群ACCase基因的6个拷贝序列中均未发生氨基酸突变，药剂处理后其ACCase基因表达量显著低于敏感种群；细胞色素P450抑制剂马拉硫磷和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(glutathione-S-transferase,GST)抑制剂NBD-Cl均可显著提高JS12种群对噁唑酰草胺的敏感性，其鲜重抑制中量GR50由227.90 g/hm2分别降至77.51和137....  相似文献   

6.
五氟磺草胺是一种乙酰乳酸合成酶抑制剂类除草剂。为探明稻田稗草对五氟磺草胺的抗性现状,采用整株生物测定法测定了采自中国7省70地稻区的稗草田间种群对五氟磺草胺的抗性。结果表明:所监测的稗草种群对五氟磺草胺均产生了不同程度的抗性,其中高水平抗性种群达50.0%,中水平抗性种群达47.1%,低水平抗性种群为2.9%,无敏感种群。在湖北、安徽、宁夏和黑龙江4省中,高水平抗性种群均达60%以上;其他3省的高水平抗性种群也在25%以上。湖南、江西和江苏3省中等水平抗性种群均在60%以上,其他4个省份在20.0%~40.0%之间。湖北省和黑龙江省低水平抗性种群分别为10.0%和12.5%,其他5个省份均无低水平抗性种群。本研究揭示了中国主要稻区稗草田间种群对五氟磺草胺的抗性现状,可为合理应用五氟磺草胺防控稻田稗草提供理论依据。  相似文献   

7.
为明确稻稗对噁唑酰草胺的非靶标抗药性和对氰氟草酯的交互抗药性水平,通过剂量反应试验测定辽宁新民(R_1)、黑龙江虎林(R_2)和黑龙江哈尔滨(R_3)3个稻稗种群对噁唑酰草胺的非靶标抗药性和对氰氟草酯的交互抗药性水平。结果显示,R_1、R_2、R_3在喷施细胞色素P450抑制剂杀草强后对噁唑酰草胺的抗性指数比分别为1.14、1.71、2.38,表明R_1对噁唑酰草胺的抗药性与非靶标P450的活性无关,R_2和R_3对噁唑酰草胺的抗药性可能是靶标与非靶标的共同作用。3个稻稗种群对氰氟草酯的抗性指数分别为25.73、12.79、10.29,表明3个稻稗种群都对氰氟草酯产生了交互抗药性。  相似文献   

8.
为明确东北地区不同稻田区稻稗对五氟磺草胺、二氯喹啉酸和■唑酰草胺的抗性情况,采用整株生物测定法研究东北地区32个稻稗种群对3种除草剂的多抗性情况及抗性水平。结果表明:在32个稻稗种群中,3个种群(HLJ4、LN1、LN24)对3种除草剂产生了多抗性,其中HLJ4种群对二氯喹啉酸产生了高水平的抗药性,LN1和LN24种群对二氯喹啉酸产生了极高水平的抗药性,抗性指数分别为65.85、145.21和269.60;HLJ4和LN1种群对■唑酰草胺产生了高水平的抗药性,抗性指数分别为10.64和23.59,LN24对■唑酰草胺产生了中等水平的抗药性,抗性指数为9.86。HLJ4、LN24、LN1分别对五氟磺草胺产生了低、中、高水平的抗药性,抗性指数分别为4.80、8.66、25.67。  相似文献   

9.
河南省麦田荠菜对苯磺隆的抗性及其交互抗性   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为明确河南省荠菜Capsella bursa-pastoris种群对苯磺隆的抗性水平及其可能存在的抗性机理,应用整株法测定了采自驻马店及南阳等6个荠菜发生严重市的10个荠菜种群对苯磺隆的抗性,扩增和比对了荠菜苯磺隆抗性种群及敏感种群之间靶标酶乙酰乳酸合成酶基因ALS的差异,并使用单剂量法测定了以上种群对双氟磺草胺、啶磺草胺及氟唑磺隆等ALS抑制剂类除草剂的交互抗性。结果表明,驻马店市的汝南县冯湾村(ZMD-1)及平舆县五里路村(ZMD-3)荠菜种群对苯磺隆的抗性倍数分别为3.1和2.5,表现出低水平抗性;驻马店市汝南县赖楼村(ZMD-2)和周口市川汇区文庄村(ZK-1)荠菜种群对苯磺隆的抗性倍数分别为21.7和57.8,表现出高水平抗性;南阳市唐河县上屯村(NY-2)荠菜种群对苯磺隆的抗性倍数为116.5,表现出极高水平抗性,其它种群对苯磺隆仍然较敏感。NY-2、ZMD-2和ZK-1种群的ALS基因第197位氨基酸由脯氨酸(CCT)分别突变为丝氨酸(TCT)、丙氨酸(GCT)和亮氨酸(CTT),其它种群中均未发现有突变产生;这3个种群在氟唑磺隆推荐剂量处理下,死亡率仅为18.9%、23.3%和11.1%,说明已对氟唑磺隆产生了较高水平的交互抗性,其中NY-2种群对双氟磺草胺和啶磺草胺产生了低水平交互抗性,推荐剂量下死亡率分别为82.2%和83.1%。表明ALS基因突变很可能是导致荠菜种群对苯磺隆等ALS抑制剂类除草剂产生抗性的重要原因。  相似文献   

10.
八种除草剂对小麦田三种抗精噁唑禾草灵杂草的生物活性   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
为筛选能有效防除抗精噁唑禾草灵杂草的除草剂,采用温室盆栽法测定菵草(敏感S_w、抗性R_w)、日本看麦娘(敏感S_r、抗性R_r)、耿氏硬草(敏感S_y、抗性R_y)对精噁唑禾草灵的抗性水平,并研究了8种除草剂对这3种抗性杂草的生物活性。结果显示,3种杂草抗性种群对精噁唑禾草灵的抗性指数均大于33.7,已达高抗水平。3种杂草抗性种群均对同类乙酰辅酶A羧化酶类抑制剂唑啉草酯和炔草酯产生了11.6~56.5倍不等的高水平抗性。对部分乙酰乳酸合成酶类抑制剂产生了2.0~4.8倍的低水平抗性,氟唑磺隆对3种杂草抗性种群防效较差,GR_(90)为67.31~114.39g(a.i.)/hm~2;啶磺草胺仅对Rr种群防效较好,GR_(90)为4.67 g(a.i.)/hm~2;甲基二磺隆对3种杂草抗性种群防效均较好,但对Rr种群存在抗性风险,已出现2.0倍低水平抗性;磺酰磺隆对Ry和Rr种群防效较好;丙苯磺隆对Rr种群防效好。细胞分裂抑制剂氟噻草胺对3种杂草抗性种群防效均最好,在田间推荐剂量120 g(a.i.)/hm~2下可达90%以上的防效。  相似文献   

11.
The common pistachio psyllid, Agonoscena pistaciae, is the most damaging pest of pistachio in Iran, and is generally controlled by insecticides belonging to various classes especially, phosalone. The toxicity of phosalone in nine populations of the pest was assayed using the residual contact vial and insect-dip methods. The bioassay results showed significant discrepancy in susceptibility to phosalone among the populations. Resistance ratio of the populations to the susceptible population ranged from 3.3 to 11.3. The synergistic effects of TPP, PBO and DEM were evaluated on the susceptible and the most resistant population to determine the involvement of esterases, mixed function oxidases and glutathione S-transferases in resistance mechanisms, respectively. The level of resistance to phosalone in the resistant population was suppressed by TPP, PBO and DEM, suggesting that the resistance to phosalone is mainly caused by esterase detoxification. Biochemical enzyme assays revealed that esterase, glutathione S-transferase and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activities in the resistant population was higher than that in the susceptible. Glutathione-S-transferases play a minor role in the resistance of the pest to phosalone.  相似文献   

12.
为明确安徽省稻田杂草千金子Leptochloa chinensis对氰氟草酯和噁唑酰草胺的抗性，从安徽省12个市38个县（市、区）稻区千金子发生较严重的田块中共采集72个千金子种群，采用整株生物测定法检测其对氰氟草酯和噁唑酰草胺的抗性，筛选同时对噁唑酰草胺和氰氟草酯有疑似抗性的千金子种群并测定其对这2种药剂的抗性水平，同时利用分子生物学技术检测千金子高抗种群的乙酰辅酶A羧化酶（acetyl-CoA carboxylase,ACCase）基因是否发生抗性位点氨基酸突变。结果显示，在72个千金子种群中，13个千金子种群已对氰氟草酯产生抗性，5个千金子种群已对噁唑酰草胺产生抗性；AH-1、AH-3、AH-7、AH-34和AH-72这5个千金子种群同时高抗氰氟草酯和噁唑酰草胺，其中对氰氟草酯的抗性指数介于21.98～65.52之间，对噁唑酰草胺的抗性指数介于11.76～27.19之间；这5个种群的ACCase基因片段均在2 027位点发生氨基酸突变，色氨酸突变为半胱氨酸；此外AH-3和AH-72这2个种群在1 999位点也由色氨酸突变为半胱氨酸，表明安徽省千金子已经对氰氟草酯和噁唑酰草胺产生交...  相似文献   

13.
This study was conducted to evaluate the cross‐resistance of acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors with different chemistries, specifically azimsulfuron (sulfonylurea), penoxsulam (triazolopyrimidine sulfonanilide) and bispyribac‐sodium (pyrimidinyl thio benzoate), in Echinochloa oryzicola and Echinochloa crus‐galli that had been collected in South Korea and to investigate their herbicide resistance mechanism. Both Echinochloa spp. showed cross‐resistance to the ALS inhibitors belonging to the above three different chemistries. In a whole plant assay with herbicides alone, the resistant/susceptible ratios for azimsulfuron, penoxsulam and bispyribac‐sodium were 12.6, 28.1 and 1.9 in E. oryzicola and 21.1, 13.7 and 1.8 in E. crus‐galli, respectively. An in vitro ALS enzyme assay with herbicides showed that the I 50‐values of the resistant accessions were approximately two‐to‐three times higher than the susceptible accessions, with no statistical difference, suggesting that the difference in ALS sensitivity cannot explain ALS inhibitor resistance in Echinochloa spp. for azimsulfuron, penoxsulam and bispyribac‐sodium. A whole plant assay with fenitrothion showed that the GR 50‐values significantly decreased in both the resistant E. oryzicola and E. crus‐galli accessions when azimsulfuron, penoxsulam and bispyribac‐sodium were applied with the P450 inhibitor, while no significant decrease was observed in the susceptible accessions when the P450 inhibitor was used. Thus, these results suggest that ALS inhibitor cross‐resistance for azimsulfuron, penoxsulam and bispyribac‐sodium is related to enhanced herbicide metabolism.  相似文献   

14.
为明确直播稻田牛筋草对乙酰辅酶A羧化酶 (ACCase) 类除草剂的抗药性水平及其抗性产生的分子机制，采用整株生物测定法测定了牛筋草对6种ACCase类除草剂的抗性水平，并分别对抗性种群和敏感种群的ACCase基因部分片段进行了扩增和测序。结果表明:疑似抗性种群SJ-1对唑酰草胺、氰氟草酯、精唑禾草灵、高效氟吡甲禾灵和烯禾啶产生了高水平抗性，其抗性倍数分别为56.6、62.5、128、52.0和16.3；对烯草酮产生了低水平抗性，相对抗性倍数为4.86。将抗性种群和敏感种群的ACCase基因片段序列进行比对分析发现，SJ-1种群ACCase基因2078位氨基酸由天冬氨酸 (GAT) 突变为甘氨酸 (GGT)，该位点氨基酸突变可能是其对ACCase类除草剂产生抗药性的主要原因之一。  相似文献   

15.
Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus‐galli) proliferation seriously threatens rice production worldwide. Whole‐plant bioassays were conducted in order to test the sensitivity to penoxsulam of 52 barnyardgrass populations and the resistance of six penoxsulam‐resistant populations to 12 other herbicides that are commonly used in rice fields. Among the 48 populations that had escaped penoxsulam control in the rice fields, 8.3% showed a very high level of resistance, 58.3% showed a high level of resistance and 10.4% showed a moderate level of resistance. Multiple resistance was confirmed in all six penoxsulam‐resistant populations that were tested further. They exhibited at least a moderate level of resistance; that is, to 6–10 of the total of 13 herbicides that was tested. Most of the six penoxsulam‐resistant populations showed at least a moderate level of resistance to bispyribac‐sodium, quinclorac, metamifop, cyhalofop‐butyl and oxadiazon, three populations held at least a moderate level of resistance to oxyfluorfen and pretilachlor, two populations also held at least a moderate level of resistance to pyrazosulfuron‐ethyl, pyribenzoxim and fenoxaprop‐P‐ethyl, but the resistance indices of the six populations to pendimethalin were all low. This study has confirmed resistance to pretilachlor and oxadiazon in weeds for the first time.  相似文献   

16.
为指导甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐（下称甲维盐）在粘虫Mythimna separate Walker防治上的合理使用,测定了粘虫抗甲维盐种群对5种常用杀虫剂的交互抗性及其生化抗性机制。结果表明:粘虫抗甲维盐种群对阿维菌素（抗性倍数RR50=21.80）、毒死蜱（RR50=17.68）和灭多威（RR50=10.85）均具有中等水平的交互抗性,与辛硫磷（RR50=6.00）和氟氯氰菊酯（RR50=5.65）之间交互抗性水平较低。酶抑制剂胡椒基丁醚（PBO）、马来酸二乙酯（DEM）、三丁基三硫磷酸酯（DEF）和磷酸三苯酯（TPP）在粘虫敏感种群和抗性种群生物测定中对甲维盐毒力均有显著的增效作用。粘虫抗甲维盐种群细胞色素P450和b5含量及O-脱甲基酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和羧酸酯酶活性均显著高于敏感种群,分别为敏感种群的3.23、3.65、3.63、1.64和2.66倍。研究表明,体内解毒代谢酶活性提高可能是粘虫对甲维盐产生抗性的重要原因。  相似文献   

17.
A Helicoverpa armigera population was collected from Shandong province, China. After 15 generations of selection in the laboratory, the H. armigera strain developed more than 20-fold resistance to spinosad. At LD50 level, no significant cross-resistance was found between spinosad and chlorpyrifos, methomyl, avermectin and chlorfenapyr except for fenvalerate with a low cross-resistance of 2.4-fold. However, LD99 values of fenvalerate against the parental and resistant strains were not different significantly. After inhibitors were used, spinosad resistance could be partially suppressed by piperonylbutoxide (PBO) and triphenylphosphate (TPP), but not by diethylmaleate (DEM). Activities of p-nitroanisole O-demethylase (ODM) developed to 8.26-fold compared with the parental strain, but no obvious changes were found in activities of carboxyl esterase (CarE) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). The results indicated that resistance to spinosad in the cotton bollworm might be associated with an increase in cytochrome P450 monooxygenase.  相似文献   

18.

BACKGROUND

Pyrethroids are among the most applied adulticides worldwide to control mosquito vectors for prevention of arboviral diseases transmission. However, pesticide resistance development in a mosquito population could lead to decreased control efficacy. While most studies investigate the resistant genotype (i.e. kdr, CYP450, etc.) as explanatory variables, few field efficacy studies have measured pesticide quantities deposited at different distances from the sprayer in association with observed mosquito mortality. The current study determined field delivered amounts of an applied ULV permethrin/PBO formulation (31% permethrin + 66% piperonyl butoxide) by GC/MS and estimated practical resistance ratios using caged mosquito females.

RESULTS

For field samples, the extraction method recovered 78 ± 3.92–108 ± 8.97% of the permethrin/PBO formulation when utilizing the peaks of PBO from GC/MS to estimate the concentrations of adulticide deposited near the mosquito cages. The field bioassay showed that the spatial distribution of permethrin/PBO formulation was heterogeneous among three pseudo-replicates within the same distance. Within the quantifiable permethrin/PBO range of 15.7–51.4 ng/cm2, field-collected mosquito mortalities started at 64% and linearly increased reaching 100% only in two areas, while all Sebring susceptible mosquitoes died. The field LC95 resistance ratio (RR) of F0 Cx. quinquefasciatus ranged from 2.65–3.51, falling within the 95% CI of RR95 estimated by laboratory vial assays. Tests with and without PBO indicated P450's enzymes contributed to field resistance.

CONCLUSION

Results showed the suitability of the collection and quantification method to estimate the field resistance ratio at the applied pesticide rate. Pesticide quantification would also allow the association of the known frequencies of resistance mechanisms (e.g. kdr, CYP450) with field mortalities to estimate the resistance level conferred by such mechanisms. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.  相似文献   

19.
The intensive use of the acetolactate synthase (ALS)‐inhibiting herbicides, imazethapyr, penoxsulam and bispyribac‐sodium, in imidazolinone‐resistant (Clearfield) rice increases the risk of the evolution of ALS‐resistant barnyardgrass. In 2009, imazethapyr failed to control barnyardgrass that was collected from a field in Arkansas, USA, following the failure of the herbicide in 2008. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to confirm and document the level of resistance of the biotype against three ALS‐inhibiting herbicides that currently are labeled in rice. The level of control of the resistant biotype at the labeled rate of bispyribac‐sodium of 35 g ai ha?1 was 10%, penoxsulam at 22 g ai ha?1 was 0% and imazethapyr at 70 g ai ha?1 was 25%. The level of mortality of the susceptible biotype was 100% with all the herbicides at the labeled rate. The dose needed to kill 50% of the resistant plants was 49 g ha?1 of bispyribac‐sodium, 254 g ha?1 of penoxsulam and 170 g ha?1 of imazethapyr. For the susceptible biotype, bispyribac‐sodium at 6 g ha?1, penoxsulam at 10 g ha?1 and imazethapyr at 12 g ha?1 killed 50% of the treated plants. Based on these findings, it was confirmed that a barnyardgrass population has evolved cross‐resistance to three ALS‐inhibiting herbicides in rice culture in Arkansas. Furthermore, an experiment was conducted to determine if the ALS‐resistant biotype could be controlled using other mechanisms of action. The results indicated that propanil, a photosystem II inhibitor, and quinclorac, a synthetic auxin, failed to control the resistant biotype at the labeled rates, whereas all the other evaluated herbicides provided effective control of both biotypes.  相似文献   

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