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1.
Brooks RR Reeves RD Yang XH Ryan DE Holzbecher J Collen JD Neall VE Lee J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1984,226(4674):539-542
Iridium and 26 other elements were determined in shale from the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary at the locus classicus (for iridium anomalies) at Woodside Creek, New Zealand. Iridium, gold, copper, cobalt, chromium, nickel, arsenic, molybdenum, and iron were enriched in the basal 2 millimeters of the 8-millimeter shale parting as compared with the rest of the stratigraphic column. No other shale partings in the column had anomalous concentrations of any element when the data were expressed on a carbonate-free basis. The boundary material showed striking compositional similarities with the Stevns Klint Danish boundary shale. Elemental concentrations were in general much higher in the New Zealand material than in nonboundary shales from elsewhere in the world. The high concentration of iridium (153 nanograms per gram) in the basal layer of the boundary, together with the enrichment of other siderophile elements supports the idea of an extraterrestrial source for much of the material. The iridium/gold ratio of 2.1 is also in accordance with such a source. The iridium content of the basal layer is higher than for any other marine boundary shale obtained on land. The integrated iridium value is 187 nanograms per square centimeter of boundary surface. 相似文献
2.
An enigmatic stepwise increase in oxygen in the late Precambrian is widely considered a prerequisite for the expansion of animal life. Accumulation of oxygen requires organic matter burial in sediments, which is largely controlled by the sheltering or preservational effects of detrital clay minerals in modern marine continental margin depocenters. Here, we show mineralogical and geochemical evidence for an increase in clay mineral deposition in the Neoproterozoic that immediately predated the first metazoans. Today most clay minerals originate in biologically active soils, so initial expansion of a primitive land biota would greatly enhance production of pedogenic clay minerals (the "clay mineral factory"), leading to increased marine burial of organic carbon via mineral surface preservation. 相似文献
3.
对不同地区的几个砂姜黑土剖面的粘粒矿物进行了 X 射线衍射分析,结果表明均以蒙皂石为主,其次为伊利石,高岭石和蛭石含量较少,仅山东高密的砂姜黑土削面含少量绿泥石。这与毗邻土壤类型迥然不同。对黑土层石英砂的 SEM 观察表明,砂姜黑土的母质均为洪(冲)积-湖沼沉积型。笔者认为,砂姜黑土中高含量的蒙皂石主要系流水悬浮而来,在湖泊静水环境中沉淀富集而成,其来源范围比粗骨颗粒部分更广泛。 相似文献
4.
A thin claystone layer found in nonmarine rocks at the palynological Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in eastern Montana contains an anomalously high value of iridium. The nonclay fraction is mostly quartz with minor feldspar, and some of these grains display planar features. These planar features are related to specific crystallographic directions in the quartz lattice. The shocked quartz grains also exhibit asterism and have lowered refractive indices. All these mineralogical features are characteristic of shock metamorphism and are compelling evidence that the shocked grains are the product of a high velocity impact between a large extraterrestrial body and the earth. The shocked minerals represent silicic target material injected into the stratosphere by the impact of the projectile. 相似文献
5.
As a result of the radioactive decay of rhenium-187 (4.6 x 10(10) years) the osmium-187/osmium-186 ratio changes in planetary systems as a function of time and the rhenium-187/osmium-186 ratio. For a value of the rhenium-187/osmium-186 ratio of about 3.2, typical of meteorites and the earth's mantle, the present-day osmium-187/osmium-186 ratio is about 1. The earth's continental crust has an estimated rhenium-187/osmium-186 ratio of about 400, so that for a mean age of the continent of 2 x 10(9) years, a present-day osmium-187/osmium-186 ratio of about 10 is expected. Marine manganese nodules show values (6 to 8.4) compatible with this expectation if allowance for a 25 percent mantle osmium supply to the oceans is allowed. The Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary iridium-rich layer in the marine section at Stevns Klint, Denmark, yields an osmium-187/osmium-186 ratio of 1.65, and the one in a continental section in the Raton Basin, Colorado, is 1.29. The simplest explanation is that these represent osmium imprints of predominantly meteoritic origin. 相似文献
6.
钙、钠饱和处理的次生硅酸盐矿物对多环芳烃(菲)吸附与光解行为 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
分别对高岭石、蒙脱石和实验室合成水钠锰矿进行金属离子(Na~+和Ca~(2+))饱和处理,比较三种矿物及其金属离子饱和处理矿物对多环芳烃的吸附能力。以发射波长为254nm的氙灯为光源,在上述矿物表面分别进行菲光化学降解实验,探讨不同矿物及其金属离子饱和处理矿物对菲光化学降解能力的区别。比较多环芳烃光化学降解后不同矿物表面的傅里叶变换红外光谱,分析不同矿物表面官能团的变化。利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析矿物表面多环芳烃光化学降解中间产物,并推测其降解途径。结果表明金属离子饱和处理的高岭石、蒙脱石、水钠锰矿对多环芳烃(菲)吸附能力均比其未加离子矿物的吸附能力强,但光化学降解速率则相反;降解过程分别会产生酯类、羧酸类、醇类、烷烃类等物质,且随着光解时间的延长最后可能彻底被矿化为水和二氧化碳等小分子物质。 相似文献
7.
Extraterrestrial cause for the cretaceous-tertiary extinction 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Platinum metals are depleted in the earth's crust relative to their cosmic abundance; concentrations of these elements in deep-sea sediments may thus indicate influxes of extraterrestrial material. Deep-sea limestones exposed in Italy, Denmark, and New Zealand show iridium increases of about 30, 160, and 20 times, respectively, above the background level at precisely the time of the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinctions, 65 million years ago. Reasons are given to indicate that this iridium is of extraterrestrial origin, but did not come from a nearby supernova. A hypothesis is suggested which accounts for the extinctions and the iridium observations. Impact of a large earth-crossing asteroid would inject about 60 times the object's mass into the atmosphere as pulverized rock; a fraction of this dust would stay in the stratosphere for several years and be distributed worldwide. The resulting darkness would suppress photosynthesis, and the expected biological consequences match quite closely the extinctions observed in the paleontological record. One prediction of this hypothesis has been verified: the chemical composition of the boundary clay, which is thought to come from the stratospheric dust, is markedly different from that of clay mixed with the Cretaceous and Tertiary limestones, which are chemically similar to each other. Four different independent estimates of the diameter of the asteroid give values that lie in the range 10 +/- 4 kilometers. 相似文献
8.
The delta (18)O of minerals from lunar gabbros and basalts are: plgioclases +6.06 to +6.33), pyroxenes (+5.70 to +5.95), and ilmenites (+3.85 to +4.12). The uniformity of these results indicates isotopic equilibrium in the mineral assemblages. Estimated plagioclase-ilmenite temperautres range from 1150 degrees C to 1340 degrees C. The bulk (18)/ (16)O and (30)Si/ (28)Si ratios of these lunar rocks are identical with ratios of terrestrial basalts, but the lunar glass, breccia, and dust are slightly enriched in the heavier isotopes. The lunar hydrogen (formed from solar wind) has a delta D/H of less than-873 per mil and the value may be even lower, as it is probably contaminated with terrestrial hydrogen. The delta (13)C of lunar dust and breccia is unusually high relative to reduced carbon in meteorites or on earth. 相似文献
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11.
刘学录 《甘肃农业大学学报》2001,36(3):278-281
用X射线粉晶衍射分析法研究了秦川盆地灰钙土、耕种灰钙土、沙田灰钙土、沙田盐化灰钙土、旱盐土5种土壤的粘土矿物组成。研究结果表明,5种土壤粘土矿物含量的平均值分别为1.14 %、1.18 %、1.78 %、0.72 %、2.26 %;秦川盆地5种主要土壤的粘土矿物组成是相似的,土壤粘土矿物以伊利石为主,其次为绿泥石,不含高岭石和蒙脱石以及由高岭石、蒙脱石与伊利石和绿泥石组成的混层粘土矿物;这反映秦川盆地的成土环境为碱性还原环境,说明土壤的发育程度比较低;粘土矿物随着土层深度的增加而增加,说明深层的风化程度较高,粘化作用较强,因而具有较高的土壤粘土矿物含量。 相似文献
12.
Chao EC 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1967,156(3772):192-202
Shock effects in quartz, plagioclase, biotite, amphibole, and some accessory minerals have been observed in rocks subjected to various degrees of meta morphism by meteoritic impact. The shock features described are unique; they are never observed in rocks from normal geologic environments. Such features are described: 1) Multiple sets of closely spaced planar microstructures occur in quartz, plagioclase, and other rock-forming minerals. Those characteristic of shock consist of alternating platelets, with a range of reduced mean index of re fraction and birefringence; they con sist of platelets that have been partially or completely transformed to an amor phous phase. 2) Quartz and plagioclase are selec tively and completely transformed to silica glass and plagioclase glass in the solid state, whereas the associated mafic minerals remained crystalline. There is no reaction between adjacent minerals. 3) High-pressure polymorphs occur, such as coesite or stishovite. Coesite oc Curs exclusively within silica glass; it has not been observed as a reaction or breakdown product. 4) Nickel-iron spherules occur in the fused glass or impactites. 5) The occurrence of droplets of ilmenite, rutile, pseudobrookite, and baddaleyite in impactites indicates a temperature of formation exceeding 150 degrees C. 6) Dense glass occurs, similar in composition to bulk rock, in which iron oxide, such as fine particles of mag netite, is completely dissolved. All these features are characteristic of a process involving the rapid rise and fall of extremiiely high pressures and temperatures. Minerals and mineral as semblages experiencing such high strain rates and sudden changes of pressures and temperatures react and change in dependently to the bulk chemical com position, under nonequilibrium condi tions. Many aspects of shock features re quire careful study. Kink bands in biotite and deformation lamellae in quartz occur in tectonically deformed rocks. These features should be studied with great care in order to determine whether reduction in mean index of refraction and total birefringence along the planar structures have resulted from vitrification or phase transition; their presence is additional evidence in favor of a shock mechanism. Vitreous phases or glasses formed by shock also have many unique prop erties; they have not been studied by such methods as thermoluminescence, electron spin resonance, low-angle x ray diffraction, or infrared spectroscopy. Shock-fused glass of high density needs to be studied in detail in carefully con trolled laboratory conditions. Experimental shock-wave studies of the equation-of-state of single minerals and mineral assemblages, under care fully controlled conditions, must pre cede estimates of peak pressures and peak and residual temperatures of shocked natural mineral assemblages. Detailed petrographic and mineralogic studies, however, have provided useful and definitive criteria for characteriza tion of impact events. Such data should be of paramount importance in the study of samples brought back from Moon. 相似文献
13.
Gostin VA Haines PW Jenkins RJ Compston W Williams IS 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1986,233(4760):198-200
A solitary layer of shattered crustal rock fragments has been traced over a distance of 260 kilometers within folded 600-million-year-old Precambrian marine shales of the Adelaide Geosyncline, South Australia. The fragments consist entirely of acid to intermediate volcanics (approximately 1575 million years old) displaying shattered mineral grains, shock lamellae in quartz, and small shatter cones. Fragments reach 30 centimeters in diameter and show evidence of vertical fall emplacement. Available evidence points to derivation of the rock fragments from a distant hypervelocity impact into the Gawler Range Volcanics at Lake Acraman, approximately 300 kilometers west of the Adelaide Geosyncline. 相似文献
14.
为了更好地了解优质农作物生长与不同岩石背景土壤养分的关系,科学指导农业种植,对两种不同岩石背景土壤中矿物与土壤主要矿质养分的关系进行研究。结果表明:碎屑岩背景区土壤粉粒矿物中长石、云母含量较碳酸盐岩背景区土壤中的高,土壤粘粒矿物中绿泥石含量较碳酸盐岩背景区土壤中的高,高岭石含量较低,土壤风化程度较低,持续释放矿质养分的能力较强,土壤养分相对充裕;而碳酸盐岩背景区土壤粉粒矿物中长石、云母含量较碎屑岩背景区土壤中的低,土壤粘粒矿物中绿泥石含量较碎屑岩背景区土壤中的低,高岭石含量较高,土壤风化程度较高,持续释放矿质养分的能力弱,土壤养分相对缺乏。 相似文献
15.
Gates GR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1959,130(3367):102
X-ray analyses of samples from lacustrine deposits in the Kramer borate district of California show that montmorillonite is the dominant clay mineral, and that illite is abundant in red siltstones, common in green and gray borate-barren claystones, and sparse in borate-bearing rocks. Kaolinite is present only in red siltstones. The distribution of clay minerals is related to the geologic history of borate deposition. 相似文献
16.
Ganapathy R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1980,209(4459):921-923
Evidence for a major meteorite impact on the earth 65 million years ago is shown by the presence of meteoritic debris in the "fish clay" from Denmark representing the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Noble metals (iridium, osmium, gold, platinum, rhenium, ruthenium, palladium, nickel, and cobalt), which are sensitive indicators of meteorites and are normally depleted on the terrestrial surface by factors of 10(4) to 10(2) relative to cosmic abundances, are enriched in this boundary clay by factors of 5 to 100 over the expected abundances. With the exception of rhenium, all the enriched noble metals in the clay are present in cosmic proportions, indicating that the impacting celestial body had not undergone gross chemical differentiation. The major extinction of life on the earth at the end of the Cretaceous Period may be related to the meteorite impact. 相似文献
17.
Iridium measured in 149 samples of a continuous 9-meter section of Pacific abyssal clay covering the time span 33 to 67 million years ago shows a well-defined peak only at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. In the rest of the section iridium ranges from a minimum concentration near 0.35 nanograms per gram in the Paleocene to a maximum near 1.7 in the Eocene; between 63 and 33 million years ago the mean iridium accumulation rate is approximately 13 nanograms per square centimeter per million years. Correction for terrestrial iridium leads to an extraterrestrial flux of9 +/- 3 nanograms of iridium per square centimeter per million years, and an estimated annual global influx of 78 billion grams of chondritic matter, consistent with recent estimates of the influx of dust, meteorites, and crater-producing bodies with masses ranging from 10(-13) to 10(18 )grams. Combining the recent flux of objects ranging in mass from 10(6) to 10(7) grams with the flux of 10(14) - to 10(15) -gram objects indicates that the number of objects is equal to 0.54 divided by the radius (in kilometers) to the 2.1 power. Periodic comet showers should increase the cometary iridium flux by a factor of 200 to 600 on a time scale of 1 to 3 million years; the predicted iridium maxima (more than 30 times background) are not present in the intervals associated with the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary or the tektiteproducing late Eocene events. 相似文献
18.
The fossil sequences from cores across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary show a, range of transition times and transition time intervals depending on the fossil indicators and the location of the site. These variations, together with the pattern of iridium distribution with depth at some sites, differences in total amounts of iridium, variations in noble metal abundances normalized to extraterrestrial concentrations, the depositional effects that might be expected in a reducing environment, and the clay mineralogy of the boundary layer clays, put into question the interpretation that an extraterrestrial event was the cause of the faunal changes and the iridium anomaly in the vicinity of the Cretaceous-Tertiary transition. It seems more likely that an explanation for the changes during the transition will come from continued examination of the great variety of terrestrial events that took place at that time, including extensive volcanism, major regression of the sea from the land, geochemical changes, and paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic changes. 相似文献
19.
水体中的~(134)Cs很容易被土壤和矿物所吸附。矿物的吸附能力比土壤强。~(134)Cs在水体中的消失和土壤、矿物对~(134)Cs的吸附都遵循一级反应动力学模式,即,呈指数回归形式。~(134)Cs在土壤中的移动很小,95％的~(134)Cs集中在 0～2 cm的表土中,淋溶水中的~(134)Cs只占加入总量的 0.1％以下。土壤对~(134)Cs的吸附能力与土壤的质地、pH和有机质含量有关。粉粒和粘粒的含量越高,pH值越低,有机质含量越高,则土壤对~(134)Cs的吸附能力越强,反之越弱。青紫泥对~(134)Cs的吸附能力最强,净化水体中~(134)Cs的效果最好,红壤强于小粉土,江涂土相对比较弱。但无论那一种土壤,只要控制一定的土/水比,都能有效地去除水体中的~(134)Cs。当然矿物是更好的净化剂。 相似文献
20.
Mineral particles suspended in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea were analyzed in relation to clay mineral distributions in bottom sediments, to sedimentation processes active in the region, and to the prevailing currents. Circulation in the upper layers of water flowing from the Caribbean, carrying a micaceous-rich mineral assemblage, has exercised an influence on mineral transport into the Gulf of Mexico, different from the montmorillonite-rich load delivered by the Mississippi River. Particulate matter, suspended in North Atlantic water and Amazon River discharge, enters the Caribbean through the Lesser Antilles and contributes to the detrital mineral content of Caribbean water, as does that carried by the wind. 相似文献