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1.
土壤年龄与各种成土因素密切相关,对于土壤生物地球化学循环、土壤环境变化、地质学评估、考古研究均有着重要意义。由于土壤样品所处环境复杂,干扰因素较多,因此在土壤年龄测定方面有很多困难。目前,土壤绝对年龄的主要研究方法涉及土壤学、地质学、考古学等多种学科,主要包括放射性同位素测年法、释光测年法、电子自旋共振测年法、古地磁法以及氨基酸外消旋测年法等。对常用测年方法的原理和研究进展进行了总结与分析,从全局的角度对各种方法的优劣进行了比较：放射性同位素测年所用元素广泛,可选土壤材料与时间尺度也各不相同;释光定年和电子自旋共振法以土壤中石英矿物为测定对象,时间尺度均为中等至长时间;氨基酸外消旋定年适用于有机质含量较高的土壤;富含磁性矿物如磁铁矿的土壤定年可以采用古地磁法,该方法时间尺度较长。认为土壤测年应重点从土壤粘土矿物和有机物着手,根据土壤样品理化特性进行对症分析,并通过多种方法综合评价,从而对土壤年龄进行更准确评价,并为土壤成因、环境气候变化以及长期碳氮循环等相关研究提供有力证据。 相似文献
2.
Radioisotope dating with a cyclotron 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Muller RA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1977,196(4289):489-494
By considering radioisotope dating as a problem in trace element detection, and by using the cyclotron as a high-energy mass spectrometer for this purpose, we have shown that one can greatly increase the maximum age that can be determined while simultaneously reducing the size of the sample required. The cyclotron can be used to detect atoms or simple molecules that are present at the 10(-16) level or greater. For (14)C dating one should be able to go back 40,000 to 100,000 years with 1- to 100-mg carbon samples; for (10)Be dating, 10 to 30 million years with 1-mm(3) to 10-cm(3) rock samples; for tritium dating, 160 years with a 1-liter water sample. The feasibility of the technique has been demonstrated experimentally by measuring the tritium/deuterium ratio in a sample 24 years old. For samples many half-lives old, the fractional error in the age is small even if rates of production or deposition of the isotopes. Although cyclotrons are expensive to build, their operating costs are relatively low. If several samples are dated per hour the cost per date may not be substantially higher than it is today for decay dating. There are already more than 50 cyclotrons in operation which have the potential to do radioisotope dating, and their application to important problems of dating and trace element analysis should prove very fruitful. 相似文献
3.
A method for dating clays is important for studies of weathering, diagenesis, hydrocarbon migration, and the formation of major metalliferous deposits. However, many attempts have produced imprecise or inaccurate results. Data from shales show that, contrary to expectations, the (40)Ar-(39)Ar dating technique can be successfully used to determine the diagenetic age of ancient sediments because (39)Ar losses during irradiation are controlled by release from low retentivity sites in illite equivalent to those that have lost radiogenic (40)Ar in nature, rather than by direct recoil as is generally assumed. 相似文献
4.
Potassium-argon dating of five basalts from the three main islands of the Juan Fernández (or Robinson Crusoe) Islands of Chile in the southeastern Pacific gives ages of 1.01 +/- 0.12 and 2.44 +/- 0.14 million years for Masafuera, 3.79 +/- 0.20 and 4.23 +/- 0.16 for Masatierra, and 5.8 +/- 2.1 for Santa Clara. These ages are much younger than that of the underlying oceanic plate and are consistent with the origin of the island-seamount chain from a mantle hot spot beneath the eastward moving Nazca plate. The young age for the archipelago suggests that speciation within endemic genera has occurred within the past 4 to 5 million years. Endemic genera of apparently more ancient origins, such as Lactoris and Thyrsopteris, have apparently dispersed to the islands and survive refugially. 相似文献
5.
Emiliani C 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1971,171(3971):571-573
The O(18)/O(16) analysis and Th(230)/Pa(231) dating of deep-sea cores showed that the last interglacial age, with an early major temperature maximum followed by two smaller ones, extended from 100,000 to 70,000 years ago and was preceded by a glacial age extending from 120,000 to 100,000 years ago. The O(18)/O(16) analysis and Th(230)/U(234) dating of speleothems confirm and refine these ages. 相似文献
6.
The age and evolution of the Grand Canyon have been subjects of great interest and debate since its discovery. We found that cave mammillaries (water table indicator speleothems) from nine sites in the Grand Canyon showed uranium-lead dating evidence for an old western Grand Canyon on the assumption that groundwater table decline rates are equivalent to incision rates. Samples in the western Grand Canyon yielded apparent water table decline rates of 55 to 123 meters per million years over the past 17 million years, in contrast to eastern Grand Canyon samples that yielded much faster rates (166 to 411 meters per million years). Chronology and inferred incision data indicate that the Grand Canyon evolved via headward erosion from west to east, together with late-stage ( approximately 3.7 million years ago) accelerated incision in the eastern block. 相似文献
7.
Indurated carbonate samples, obtained from the North Atlantic sea floor with a deep-sea drill coring apparatus, suggest that the phenomenon of deep-sea carbonate lithification is more complex than had been thought previously. Lithified-nonlithified couplets can now be related in age and orientation. Age determinations based on the method of carbon-14 dating show that adjacent nonlithified-lithified layers may differ in age by more than 30,000 years. 相似文献
8.
(40)Ar/(39)Ar dating of tektites discovered recently in Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary marine sedimentary rocks on Haiti indicates that the K-T boundary and impact event are coeval at 64.5 +/- 0.1 million years ago. Sanidine from a bentonite that lies directly above the K-T boundary in continental, coal-bearing, sedimentary rocks of Montana was also dated and has a (40)Ar/(39)Ar age of 64.6 +/- 0.2 million years ago, which is indistinguishable statistically from the age of the tektites. 相似文献
9.
Concentrations of U, Th, and Pb in Apollo 11 samples studied are low (U. 0.16 to 0.87; Th, 0.53 to 3.4; Pb, 0.29 to 1.7, in ppm) but the extremely radiogenic lead in samples allows radiometric dating. The fine dust and the breccia have a concordant age of 4.66 billion years on the basis of (207)Pb/(206)Pb, (206)Pb/(238)U, (207)Pb/(235U), and(208)Pb/(232)Th ratios. This age is comparable with the age of meteorites and with the age generally accepted for the earth. Six crystalline and vesicular samples are distinctly younger than the dust and breccia. The (238)U/(235)U ratio is the same as that in earth rocks, and (234)U is in radioactive equilibrium with parent (238)U. 相似文献
10.
The Clovis complex is considered to be the oldest unequivocal evidence of humans in the Americas, dating between 11,500 and 10,900 radiocarbon years before the present (14C yr B.P.). Adjusted 14C dates and a reevaluation of the existing Clovis date record revise the Clovis time range to 11,050 to 10,800 14C yr B.P. In as few as 200 calendar years, Clovis technology originated and spread throughout North America. The revised age range for Clovis overlaps non-Clovis sites in North and South America. This and other evidence imply that humans already lived in the Americas before Clovis. 相似文献
11.
The mineralogy of shocked mineral and lithic grains in the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary claystone worldwide is most consistent with a bolide impact on a continent. Both the concentrations and sizes of these shocked grains are greatest in the western interior of North America. These data suggest that the Manson impact structure in north-central Iowa is a viable candidate for the K-T boundary impact event. Argon-40-argon-39 age spectrum dating of shocked microcline from the crystalline central uplift of the Manson impact structure indicates that there was severe argon-40 loss at 65.7 +/- 1.0 million years ago, an age that is indistinguishable from that of the K-T boundary, within the limits of analytical precision. 相似文献
12.
By concentrating carbon-14 through thermal diffusion, it is possible to extend the range of carbon-14 dating to 75,000 years ago. Samples with very low contamination levels have been encountered, and a reliable chronology appears possible. A Pacific Northwest climatic curve has been derived from palynological studies. The Pacific Northwest curve and the Great Lakes glacial history are age-calibrated by radiocarbon dating. The climatic patterns in the Pacific Northwest and Northwest Europe are similar in the early part of the last glaciation, with interstades near 60,000, 65,000, and 70,000 years ago. An age of 74,700 years for the St. Pierre interstade indicates a possible correlation with the previous interglacial. 相似文献
13.
Pappu S Gunnell Y Akhilesh K Braucher R Taieb M Demory F Thouveny N 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,331(6024):1596-1599
South Asia is rich in Lower Paleolithic Acheulian sites. These have been attributed to the Middle Pleistocene on the basis of a small number of dates, with a few older but disputed age estimates. Here, we report new ages from the excavated site of Attirampakkam, where paleomagnetic measurements and direct (26)Al/(10)Be burial dating of stone artifacts now position the earliest Acheulian levels as no younger than 1.07 million years ago (Ma), with a pooled average age of 1.51 ± 0.07 Ma. These results reveal that, during the Early Pleistocene, India was already occupied by hominins fully conversant with an Acheulian technology including handaxes and cleavers among other artifacts. This implies that a spread of bifacial technologies across Asia occurred earlier than previously accepted. 相似文献
14.
Rogers RR Swisher CC Sereno PC Monetta AM Forster CA Martínez RN 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1993,260(5109):794-797
(40)Ar/(39)Ar dating of sanidine from a bentonite interbedded in the Ischigualasto Formation of northwestern Argentina yielded a plateau age of 227.8 +/- 0.3 million years ago. This middle Carnian age is a direct calibration of the Ischigualasto tetrapod assemblage, which includes some of the best known early dinosaurs. This age shifts last appearances of Ischigualasto taxa back into the middle Carnian, diminishing the magnitude of the proposed late Carnian tetrapod extinction event. By 228 million years ago, the major dinosaurian lineages were established, and theropods were already important constituents of the carnivorous tetrapod guild in the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin. Dinosaurs as a whole remained minor components of tetrapod faunas for at least another 10 million years. 相似文献
15.
Magnetostratigraphic studies are widely used in conjunction with the geomagnetic polarity time scale (GPTS) to date events in the range 0 to 5 million years ago. A critical tie point on the GPTS is the potassium-argon age of the most recent (Brunhes-Matuyama) geomagnetic field reversal. Astronomical values for the forcing frequencies observed in the oxygen isotope record in Ocean Drilling Project site 677 suggest that the age of this last reversal is 780 ka (thousand years ago), whereas the potassium-argon-based estimate is 730 ka. Results from 4039; Ar incremental heating studies on a series of lavas from Maui that straddle the Brunhes-Matuyama reversal give an age of 783 + 11 ka, in agreement with the astronomically derived value. The astronomically based technique appears to be a viable tool for dating young sedimentary sequences. 相似文献
16.
Carnivorous fungi dating back to the age of the dinosaurs have been found fossilized in circa-100-million-year-old amber. The fossil fungi used hyphal rings as trapping devices and are preserved together with their prey, small nematodes. The excellent preservation in amber allowed comparison with extant groups: On the basis of the mode of ring formation and the dimorphic mode of life, the fossils cannot be assigned to any recent carnivorous fungus, providing evidence that different groups occupied this ecological niche in the Cretaceous and that trapping devices were developed independently multiple times in the course of Earth history. 相似文献
17.
Habib D 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1968,162(3861):1480-1481
Palynology was used for dating a pre-Pleistocene deep-sea organic lutite layer situated stratigraphically near seismic horizon beta, below horizon A. The spores and pollen are closely identified, quantitatively, with nonmarine and marine Middle Cretaceous assemblages (Albian-Cenomanian) on the continents, an age designation that is confirmed by the occurrence of dinoflagellate cysts, acritarchs, foraminifers, and coccoliths in the investigated cores. The abundance of these well-preserved, land-derived assemblages in an area far removed from a source suggests some tectonic displacement since their deposition. 相似文献
18.
Lanford WA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1977,196(4293):975-976
A new nondestructive method for dating or authenticating man-made glass is proposed, and the initial results of an exploration of the potential of this method are presented. The method is based on a relation between the age of a glass object and the thickness of the layer of hydrated glass on its surface, with the thickness of this hydrated surface layer being measured by means of the (15)N nuclear resonance depth profiling technique. A qualitative age scale is established for some common 19th- and 20th-century American glass. 相似文献
19.
Bryan AL Casamiquela RM Cruxent JM Gruhn R Ochsenius C 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1978,200(4347):1275-1277
Excavation at Taima-taima in 1976 recovered artifacts of the El Jobo complex in direct association with the butchered remains of a juvenile mastodon. Radiocarbon dates on associated wood twigs indicate a minimum age of 13,000 years before the present for the mastodon kill, a dating significantly older than that of the Clovis complex in North America. The El Jobo complex must have evolved independently in northern South America. 相似文献
20.
Keisch B 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1968,160(3826):413-415
The method for approximately dating white lead, which is based upon the decay of lead-210 present in recently refined lead, has been modified to circumvent potential interferences. The modified method has been applied to additional samples of known age and finds increased utility through special treatment of the obtained data. The method was also successfuilly applied to a number of interesting problems of authentication. 相似文献