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1.
This study aimed to determine the erythrocytic lipid peroxidation and haemoglobin oxidation as contributory factors causing anaemia in cattle (Friesian × Egyptian native breed) infected with Babesia bigemina. Blood was collected from 32 cows infected with B. bigemina along with 18 healthy cows as controls for determination of erythrocytic malondialdehyde (MDA), blood methaemoglobin (MetHb), plasma free haemoglobin (PHb), corpuscular osmotic fragility (COF), red blood cell count (RBC), total haemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV). Percentage of parasitaemia varied from 14% to 36%. MDA, MetHb, COF and PHb were significantly increased (P < 0.001) in infected cows versus controls. Parasitaemia was positively correlated (P < 0.001) with MDA, MetHb, COF and PHb. MDA was positively correlated (P < 0.001) with COF and PHb and negatively correlated (P < 0.001) with RBC, Hb and PCV. MetHb was negatively correlated (P < 0.001) with RBC, Hb and PCV and positively correlated (P < 0.001) with COF. In conclusion, B. bigemina infection in cattle is associated with a parasitic burden-dependent corpuscular oxidative damage as indicated by membrane lipid peroxidation and methaemoglobin formation, which are contributed to COF and intravascular haemolysis.  相似文献   

2.
Oxidative damage to the membrane in canine erythrocytes with inherited high Na, K-ATPase activity (HK cells) was compared with that in normal canine cells (LK cells). When 30 mM beta-acetylphenylhydrazine (APH) was applied to HK and LK cells, lipid peroxidation and hemoglobin denaturation occurred. Lipid peroxidation determined from malondialdehyde (MDA) formation was significantly lower in HK than in LK cells so far as endogenous glutathione (GSH) concentration was maintained at appropriate levels. With the depletion of GSH, MDA formation was accelerated and difference between HK and LK cells was not significant. Denatured hemoglobin bound to the membrane protein was less in HK than in LK cells. During incubation with APH, osmotic fragility increased markedly in LK cells, while HK cells showed very little change. The amounts of total lipid, total and free cholesterol, glycolipid, phospholipid and fatty acids were essentially the same in both cell types. Fatty acid compositions showed very small differences. The membrane of HK cells thus appear to have greater protection against oxidative damage induced by APH, owing to the presence of excess GSH in HK cells. The capability of HK cells to withstand oxidative damage would not be due to differences in membrane lipid compositions.  相似文献   

3.
Bovine erythrocytes infected with Babesia bovis were analysed for parameter changes known to influence rigidity and deformability of erythrocytes. Marked increases in malonyldialdehyde were detected indicating that lipid peroxidation occurs during infection. Consequently, increases in membrane lipid, methaemoglobin and membrane-bound haemoglobin were detected. Conversely, decreases in the antioxidant vitamin E and decreases in sialic acid were also detected. The cumulative effect of these changes would be to increase erythrocyte rigidity and decrease deformability thus contributing to the microvascular stasis characteristic of acute B bovis infection.  相似文献   

4.
The ovine brucellosis caused by Brucella ovis has tropism for reproductive tissues but until now the mechanism of bacterial persistence is not understood. Cytokine expression profiles were studied for 8 months in rams after being experimentally infected with the rough virulent strain of B. ovis (R-B. ovis) to study the pathogenesis of B. ovis and immune mechanism possibly associated to bacteria tropism and persistence. The messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, interferon-γ (INF-γ) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) cytokines were quantified by real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) in reproductive tissues (epididymus, testicles, ampolae, vesicular glands and bulbourethral glands), and non-reproductive (liver, spleen and kidneys) tissues at 30, 60, 120 and 240 days post infection (dpi). During the acute phase of infection at 30 dpi, the host immune response was most notable demonstrating an up-regulation of several cytokines in reproductive tissues, including the epididymus (IL-6, IL-1β and IL-1α), testicles (INF-γ and IL-12), bulbourethral glands (IL-6 and TNF-α) and ampolae (INF-γ, IL-10, IL-1β and IL-1α). During the development of infection, cytokine gene expression levels decreased, providing evidence of immunosuppression and evidence of immune evasion that favoured persistence of chronic R-B. ovis infection. During the chronic phase of R-B. ovis infection (120 and 240 dpi), cytokine production was down-regulated in the epididymus (IL-1β and IL-1α), testicles (INF-γ and IL-12), and ampolae (INF-γ, IL-10, IL-1β and IL-1α), with the exception of the bulbourethral glands (IL-6 and TNF-α) and epididymus (IL-6); in these tissues, R-B. ovis infection resulted in up-regulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6. Herein, we report cytokine expression profiles in tissues of rams experimentally infected with the rough strain of B. ovis, which are associated with bacterial persistence and macrophage activation.  相似文献   

5.

Background

A study was carried out to evaluate the response of different native sheep breeds to experimental infection with Anaplasma ovis, the most prevalent sheep tick-borne pathogen in Apulia (Southern Italy). Thirty-four lambs belonging to a Northern European breed (Suffolk) and two Southern Italian breeds (Comisana and Altamurana) were infected. Eleven clinical as well as haematological parameters were monitored at different temporal resolutions on the same subjects before and after the infection, resulting in a data set of 435 observations. The present work, aiming to further the research, presents the results of a multivariate analysis carried out to identify which parameters out of the eleven considered are the most reliable parameters to be considered as markers of the disease phenotype as well as prognosticators of practical clinical importance.

Results

Data were analysed by discriminant analysis. Out of the eleven considered variables (red blood cells, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin content, haemoglobin concentration, white blood cells, neutrophils, leukocytes, platelets, rectal temperature), only seven were included in the step-wise model since significantly increasing the Mahlanobis distance between the two closest groups. Both discriminant functions resulted to be highly significant (P < 0.0001) and the percentage of variation accounted for by the first discriminant function was 63.6% of the variance in the grouping variable.

Conclusions

Taken together, the observed results stress the marked differentiation among the three breeds in terms of physio-pathological phenotypes indicating packed cell volume and red blood cell count as the most informative parameters in the routine clinical practice for A. ovis infection in sheep.  相似文献   

6.
Plasma levels of vitamins A, E, beta carotene, both plasma and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were investigated in cattle naturally infected with Theileria annulata and treated with buparvaquone. There were two groups each containing 30 cattle. Naturally infected cattle were used in the second group. Buparvaquone (2.5 mg/kg body weight) was administered to animals in the second group. Blood samples were taken from control animals, and immediately before treatment, and from animals 10 days after the injection of buparvaquone. Detection of the infected animals was carried out by blood smears. Plasma vitamins A, E, beta carotene, both plasma and erythrocyte GSHPx, LPO and GSH levels were determined. The levels of LPO in plasma and erythrocyte samples were significantly (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) higher after treatment than in either control animals or before treatment. Plasma levels of antioxidant vitamins, vitamin E and beta carotene were significantly (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) lower after treatment than in either control animals or before treatment, while the vitamin E level was found to be higher before treatment than in either the control group or animals after treatment (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). The levels of vitamin A in plasma and the activity of GSHPx and GSH in both plasma and erythrocytes in control animals after and before treatment did not differ significantly. In conclusion, we observed that there was a decreased plasma level of vitamin E and beta carotene and an increased level of LPO in cattle treated with buparvaquone. Buparvaquone might function in the treatment of Theileria annulata by forming free radicals.  相似文献   

7.
A survey was carried in North Khorasan Province, Iran in 2010–2011, designed to identify Theileria spp. infections of both sheep and ticks. The tick species were also examined. Ninety sheep from different flocks were clinically examined, and blood samples and ixodid ticks were collected. Light microscopy of blood smears revealed Theileria spp. infection in 37 (41.1 %), while 74 (82.2 %) of blood samples were positive using semi-nested PCR. Theileria ovis, Theileria lestoquardi, and mixed infection were detected in 63/90 (70 %), 5/90 (5.5 %), and 6/90 (6.6 %) of samples, respectively. Of the 434 ticks that were collected, the most prevalent species was Rhipicephalus turanicus (69.3 %) followed by Hyalomma marginatum turanicum (18.4 %), Dermacentor marginatus (6.4 %), and Rhipicephalus bursa (5.7 %). The ticks were separated into 42 tick pools, and the salivary glands were dissected out in 0.85 % (w/v) saline under a stereomicroscope and examined using semi-nested PCR. Three pools of H. marginatum turanicum salivary glands were infected with T. ovis and T. lestoquardi, and one pool of R. turanicus was infected with T. ovis. Based on these results, it is concluded that the prevalence of T. ovis is higher than T. lestoquardi and that H. marginatum turanicum and R. turanicus are likely vectors of T. lestoquardi and T. ovis in this area.  相似文献   

8.
This study is designated to assess the effect of the severity of Babesia ovis infection on sialic acid concentration in blood sera in naturally infected sheep. Infected animals (diseased group) comprised 38 Iranian fat-tailed sheep, about 1–3 years old, naturally infected with B. ovis, divided into four subgroups with respect to parasitemia rates (low 0.1–0.3 %, moderate 0.4–0.9 %, high 1–2.5 %, and very high >2.5 %). The parasitological diagnosis was confirmed using PCR analysis. As a control group, ten clinically healthy sheep reared under the same management and environmental conditions were also sampled. Hematological parameters and the concentrations of total sialic acid (TSA), lipid-bound sialic acid (LBSA), and protein-bound sialic acid (PBSA) were measured in both groups. Compared to controls, sialic acid concentrations showed significant increase (p?Parasitemia rate was positively correlated with sialic acid concentrations. This study demonstrated that B. ovis infection induced marked and persistent elevations of serum sialic acid concentrations. It seems that increase of serum sialic acid concentrations during parasitemia alter receptor-ligand interactions, which are known to play important role in immune response. Furthermore, sialic acid would indirectly inhibit the action of leukocytes and consequently promote the evasion of the immune response and persistence of the parasite in the host. This factor could influence the parasite-host cell adhesion, but further detailed biochemical investigations are needed to precisely explain the exact role of sialic acid in invasion process of the parasite to the host cells.  相似文献   

9.
Brucella ovis causes ram contagious epididymitis, a disease for which a specific vaccine is lacking. Attenuated Brucella melitensis Rev 1, used as vaccine against ovine and caprine brucellosis caused by B. melitensis, is also considered the best vaccine available for the prophylaxis of B. ovis infection, but its use for this purpose has serious drawbacks. In this work, two previously characterized B. ovis attenuated mutants (Δomp25d and Δomp22) were evaluated in mice, in comparison with B. melitensis Rev 1, as vaccines against B. ovis. Similarities, but also significant differences, were found regarding the immune response induced by the three vaccines. Mice vaccinated with the B. ovis mutants developed anti-B. ovis antibodies in serum of the IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b subclasses and their levels were higher than those observed in Rev 1-vaccinated mice. After an antigen stimulus with B. ovis cells, splenocytes obtained from all vaccinated mice secreted similar levels of TNF-α and IL12(p40) and remarkably high amounts of IFN-γ, a crucial cytokine in protective immunity against other Brucella species. By contrast, IL-1α -an enhancer of T cell responses to antigen- was present at higher levels in mice vaccinated with the B. ovis mutants, while IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, was significantly more abundant in Rev 1-vaccinated mice. Additionally, the B. ovis mutants showed appropriate persistence, limited splenomegaly and protective efficacy against B. ovis similar to that observed with B. melitensis Rev 1. These characteristics encourage their evaluation in the natural host as homologous vaccines for the specific prophylaxis of B. ovis infection.  相似文献   

10.
The glutathione (GSH) -oxidant defence system protects the erythrocytes and leucocytes from oxidative damage. Leucocyte -superoxide dismutase (SOD), GSH-peroxidase (GSH-px), GSH-reductase (GR), GSH-S-transferase (GSH-S-t) and arginase were examined in samples from buffaloes infected with Anaplasma marginale. All the enzymes, except arginase, were also studied in the red cell haemolysates from these animals. GSH-S-t, GSH- and glutathione-reductase (GR) levels in leucocytes decreased in infected animals suggesting a decline in the efficiency of the GSH-oxidant defence system. SOD levels increased but there was no change in leucocyte-arginase activity due to infection. Infection caused no significant changes in red cell SOD, GSH-px, GR and GSH. However, GSH-S-t significantly decreased (P less than 0.05).  相似文献   

11.
Eight 6–9 month old calves, showing clinical signs of intermittent haemoglobinuria, even after treatment with an antipiroplasmal drug (4,4-diamidinodiazoaminobenzene diaceturate), were examined for oxidative damage to their erythrocytes and the presence of hemoprotozoa in blood smears. Four calves without signs of haemoglobinuria served as controls. The blood smears from three of the eight calves contained piroplasms for Theileria annulata. Irrespective of the presence of piroplasms in their blood smears, the calves with haemoglobinuria had significantly (p<0.01) lower haemoglobin concentrations (Hb) and packed cell volumes (PCV). The lipid peroxide level in the erythrocytes, but not in the plasma, of calves with red urine was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that for the controls. It is concluded that haemoglobinuria, irrespective of the presence of piroplasms in blood smears, is associated with oxidative stress to erythrocytes and peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids of cell membrane.  相似文献   

12.
When lambs born to and suckling Eperythrozoon ovis carrier ewes were inoculated with heparinised blood containing large numbers of E. ovis organisms, the lambs were either sterilised of the infection or patent infection was suppressed till the lambs were weaned. In vitro infection, transplacental transfer of antibodies or soluble antigens could not be demonstrated.  相似文献   

13.
Ovine babesiosis, caused by Babesia ovis, is of major economic importance in Turkey. The changes in the blood profile of infected animals are informative about the course of infection. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the hematological and biochemical changes in the pre- and post-treatment periods of the natural B. ovis infections. The presence of the parasites was confirmed by microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. On the basis of the clinical and laboratory findings, the infections were categorized into different groups according to the degree of anemia and the level of parasitemia. All infected sheep were treated with imidocarb dipropionate (IMDP). The blood pictures in the pre- and post-treatment periods were compared.Pancytopenia occurred in animals with severe anemia and very high parasitemia, and bicytopenia in the other groups. The platelet count (PLT), plateletcrit (PCT) and mean platelet volume (MPV) returned to the normal ranges after treatment, except those in the group with severe anemia. In the biochemical profile, B. ovis infection caused an increase in blood urea nitrogen and total bilirubin, and these parameters returned to normal levels after treatment.The indirect fluorescein antibody test (IFAT) results showed that 38.1% of the cases raised specific antibodies during the period of infection, with titers ranging from 1/160 to 1/640. All of 45 animals re-examined after treatment were seropositive, with high titers that rose up to 1/5120.  相似文献   

14.
The present study was conducted to clarify the mechanism underlying the oxidative process in erythrocytes infected with Babesia gibsoni. The parasite B. gibsoni was cultured together with erythrocytes from normal dogs for 7 days. When parasitemia reached 12.0-13.4% at Day 7. the production of superoxide in erythrocytes was significantly higher in the parasitized culture than in the control culture (p<0.005). The concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in erythrocytes in parasitized culture was also significantly increased compared with the control culture (p<0.005), indicating that lipid peroxidation was greater in infected erythrocytes than in non-infected cells. In addition, the rates of superoxide generation in the blood of B. gibsoni-infected dogs were also significantly higher than in non-infected dogs (p<0.001). These results indicate that superoxide anions are increased in erythrocytes parasitized with B. gibsoni. and suggest that oxidative damage, due to lipid peroxidation, might be caused in host erythrocytes by the parasite.  相似文献   

15.
Rabbits infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei (Basa isolate) were intraperitoneally administered with vitamins C and E at 100 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg body weight, respectively, from day 7 before infection to day 12 post-infection (p.i.). Another group of rabbits were similarly infected, but received no vitamin treatment. The uninfected (control) rabbits were either untreated or treated with vitamins like the infected group. Treatment of the infected animals did not affect the onset and level of parasitaemia. On day 12 p.i., the anaemia tended to be ameliorated, but insignificantly, by the treatment. The infection increased (p<0.05) serum urea and creatinine concentrations to similar levels in treated and untreated groups. However, the increase (p<0.05) in alanine and aspartate transaminases in the untreated infected animals was prevented in the treated infected ones. Therefore, it seemed that the treatment with antioxidant vitamins boosted their storage in hepatic cells, but not in erythrocytes and glomeruli, to annul any cellular injury due to infection. It is concluded that this may be an indirect evidence that the hepatic damage may be principally due to oxidative injury.  相似文献   

16.
Abstract

AIM: To describe the pathology of the reproductive tract of red deer stags with active Brucella ovis infection and in stags in which B. ovis infection had resolved.

METHODS: Twenty-three red deer stags of varying history were slaughtered and their epididymides and accessory sex glands examined grossly and by histopathology. At the time of slaughter five of the stags had an active B. ovis infection of 24–55 days duration following exposure to infected rams, 10 stags had been experimentally infected with B. ovis by intravenous inoculation 649 days previously and had developed an active infection but the bacterial infection had resolved at least 308 days prior to slaughter, and eight stags had not been exposed to B. ovis at any time.

RESULTS: Of the five stags with an active infection, one had gross enlargement of the epididymides that could be detected by scrotal palpation. Histological lesions in all five stags included mild to severe, predominantly non-suppurative epididymitis, vesiculitis, prostatitis and ampullitis, with neutrophil exudation in associated glandular ducts. Additional lesions in the epididymides were spermatic granulomas and epithelial hyperplasia with intra-epithelial cyst formation. Of the 10 stags in which the bacterial infection had resolved, two had gross enlargement of the epididymides. The histological lesions were similar to those in stags with active infection but were generally milder, with increased periductal scar tissue in the epididymides. The lesions seen in stags resembled those seen in rams with B. ovis infection but they were usually less florid and had fewer plasma cells. No gross abnormalities or histopathological lesions were detected in the non-infected stags.

CONCLUSIONS: Only a small percentage of red deer stags infected with B. ovis develop lesions of epididymitis that can be detected by scrotal palpation. Gross and histological lesions of the genital tract of stags associated with B. ovis infection are similar to the lesions seen in rams. Lesions in stags persist for >300 days after the bacterial infection has resolved.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Brucella ovis infection should be considered when there are gross lesions of epididymitis or histological evidence of inflammation in the epididymides or accessory sex glands of red deer stags. Retrospective diagnosis of B. ovis in stags could be achieved by histological examination of the reproductive organs.  相似文献   

17.
The objective of this study was to assess the influence of an asymptomatic experimental infection by Babesia bigemina on cholinesterase’s as markers of the inflammatory process and biomarkers of oxidative imbalance. For this purpose, eight naive animals were used, as follows: four as controls or uninfected; and four infected with an attenuated strain of B. bigemina. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 7 and 11 post-inoculation (PI). Parasitemia was determined by blood smear evaluation, showing that the infection by B. bigemina resulted in mean 0.725 and 0.025% on day 7 and 11 PI, respectively, as well as mild anemia. The activities of acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and catalase were lower, while levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and superoxide dismutase activity were higher in infected animals, when compared with the control group. This attenuated strain of B. bigemina induced an oxidative stress condition, as well as it reduces the cholinesterasés activity in infected and asymptomatic cattle. Therefore, this decrease of cholinesterase in infection by B. bigemina purpose is to inhibit inflammation, for thereby increasing acetylcholine levels, potent anti-inflammatory molecules.  相似文献   

18.
Eperythrozoon ovis, a blood parasite of sheep, was transmitted from carrier lambs to susceptible lambs by the interrupted feeding of the mosquito Culex annulirostris. The circumstances of some of the transmissions were similar to those encountered in the field, in that carrier and susceptible lambs were exposed to a natural population of mosquitoes, while in another transmission an artificial means of containment of the mosquitoes was used. Infective E. ovis organisms were shown to be present in and/or on Cx. annulirostris for at least 14 hours by the inoculation of physiological saline-extracted material from macerated mosquitoes fed on E. ovis carrier lambs.  相似文献   

19.
The objective of this study was to assess the influence of exercise of average intensity in the haematological and biochemical values, as well as acidic resistance of erythrocytes in mares and stallions of Holsteiner breed. A total of seventeen horses of Holstein breed (seven mares and 10 stallions aged 6 years) were used in this study. The blood samples were assessed for haematocrit (HCT) value, haemoglobin concentration (HGB), the amount of red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), platelets (PLT), leucogram, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), red cell distribution width (RDW) and platelet distribution width (PDW). Serum concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as well as oxidative stress biomarkers were analysed. Stallions showed a significant increase in leucocytes and granulocytes amount, as well as erythrocytes, haemoglobin and haematocrit levels after exercise test. Pre‐exercise level of mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration was higher in stallions. At the same time, mares showed significant decrease in platelet volume after exercise test. Physical effort in stallions leads to significant increase in aspartate aminotransferase activity. Trained mares and stallions showed a decrease in lipid peroxidation after exercise. Exercise also caused increase in oxidative modified protein of erythrocytes in stallions indicating by exercise‐induced oxidative stress. The resistance of erythrocytes in 0.1 m HCl was similar between females and males. No statistically significant differences in the percentage of haemolysed erythrocytes before and after exercise were observed.  相似文献   

20.
Blood cell parasitaemia of Babesia microti and the associated haematological changes were examined in mice harbouring patent Fasciola hepatica infections and in fluke-free control mice. B. microti parasitaemia was markedly suppressed in mice harbouring primary 7-week F. hepatica infections, as reflected in a reduction in the percentage of erythrocytes parasitised and in the incidence of multiple B. microti infections in the red cells. This suppression was accompanied by an annulment of B. microti induced reductions in haemoglobin and haematocrit levels in F. hepatica infected mice. In naive recipient mice, inoculated with blood from mice concurrently infected with F. hepatica and B. microti, the course of B. microti infection was characterised by a prolonged pre-parasitaemia period, a reduced peak parasitaemia and a delayed fall in haematocrit levels as compared to those inoculated with blood from mice infected with B. microti only. This feature may presumably be dose-related. The present study does not reveal the actual mechanism(s) involved in the suppression of the blood protozoan by F. hepatica. However, since B. microti has a preference for mature erythrocytes, the suppression may be a result of the altered erythrocyte kinetic state induced by the removal of erythrocytes by the blood-sucking fluke resulting in high levels of reticulocytes.  相似文献   

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