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1.
空间平衡抽样及其在森林资源调查中的应用 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
我国现行的森林资源调查方法存在着空间关联性强、适应性差的缺陷.空间平衡抽样(SBS)强调样本点抽取的随机等概和空间上的均衡分布,通过包含概率栅格层的过滤运算,极大地减少了无反应样本单元现象的发生,在森林资源调查中具有较大的潜在应用价值.文章在简要回顾基于模型的抽样、基于设计的抽样两大类森林资源调查方法特点,分析4种传统概率抽样方法(简单随机抽样、系统抽样、分层抽样、整群抽样)弊端的基础上,介绍了基于通用随机方格分层算法(GRTS)的空间平衡抽样的原理和步骤,最后以紫金山国家森林公园为研究对象进行了风景林蓄积量调查空间平衡抽样案例研究.研究表明,空间平衡抽样在降低调查成本、减少空间关联性强方面明显优于简单随机抽样;但在提高抽样精度方面没有表现出明显的优势,只有当样本容量大于或等于理论计算容量时,空间平衡抽样才表现出一定的抽样精度优势. 相似文献
2.
传统抽样方法因存在适应性弱、空间相关性高等缺陷也越发不适用中国的森林资源调查中,随着调查精度要求提高和社会经济条件变化,空间抽样等理论与方法应运而生。该文以海南省森林资源为研究主体,在基于地统计学基础和GIS技术平台上对空间平衡抽样、随机抽样和系统抽样3种不同抽样方法进行空间相关性分析,并对其抽样精度进行比较分析。研究表明:1)在不同抽样方法空间自相关分析中,空间平衡抽样(0.112034)简单随机抽样(0.0994846)系统抽样(0.0908457),空间平衡抽样的优势不突出;2)在海南省各地类面积模拟抽样中,抽样精度从高到低依次为空间平衡抽样简单随机抽样系统抽样。该研究致力于为森林资源调查探索出更为经济适用的方法途径,以期为林业发展提供科学依据。 相似文献
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传统抽样方法因存在适应性弱、空间相关性高等缺陷,越发不适用我国的森林资源调查。随着调查精度要求提高和社会经济条件变化,空间平衡抽样(SBS)的理论与方法应运而生。以海口市为研究案例,对空间平衡抽样与传统抽样方法进行抽样精度、抽样效率和空间相关性等性能指标的比较分析。研究表明:1)在海口市各地类面积模拟抽样中,抽样精度从高到低依次为空间平衡抽样系统抽样简单随机抽样;2)在模拟抽样性能评价中,空间平衡抽样的空间相关性、抽样精度和抽样效率均优于简单随机抽样、系统抽样。通过研究,以期为森林资源调查探索出更为经济适用的方法途径,为提高森林资源调查效率提供科学依据。 相似文献
4.
基于连清体系的森林生物多样性监测网络构建研究——以湖南省为例 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
以南方重点林区湖南省为例,在明确影响森林生物多样性主要环境因素的基础上,通过空间平衡抽样、改进的Whittaker样地设计,构建省级尺度上森林生物多样性监测网络。研究表明:1)与简单随机抽样、系统抽样相比,空间平衡抽样在降低样本点空间关联性、提高抽样效率和抽样精度方面具有明显的优势;2)改进的Whittaker样方设计可以帮助人们更好地分析物种丰富度、平均覆盖度、物种多样性空间分布规律;3)依托于现有的连清体系,采用空间平衡抽样方法进行森林生物多样监测样本构建,采用改进的Whittaker样方设计进行生物多样性调查,可以为省级尺度上的森林生物多样性监测网络的构建探索出一条具有统计学基础且经济适用的途径。 相似文献
5.
基于GIS和高分辨率遥感数据的城市绿地抽样调查方法研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
快速准确地获取城市绿地信息是城市绿地可持续经营和科学规划的基础.以南京市玄武区绿地为研究对象,以2002年SPOT5遥感数据为主要信息源,以同期南京市主城区交通旅游图、绿地统计资料为辅助信息源,通过目视解译获取各类绿地的准确资料.分别采用简单随机、系统、分层、空间平衡抽样4种计算机屏幕抽样方法,对研究对象的绿地信息进行参数估计,并比较分析各种抽样方法的抽样精度.研究结果表明:目视解译结果与统计数据相比,误差仅为5.1%;4种抽样方法的抽样精度大小排序为:空间平衡抽样(98%)(分层抽样(94%)(系统抽样(82%)(简单随机抽样(75%);空间平衡抽样与遥感图像目视解译的误差仅有2%,可以代替目视解译,较大幅度地降低了目视解译的时间、人工成本. 相似文献
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基于GIS的森林资源调查空间平衡抽样方法研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
我国现存的森林资源调查方法存在着空间关联性强、适应性差的缺陷。随着新的森林调查技术规程的出台与林区社会经济条件的变化,急剧上升的调查成本与有限的调查经费的矛盾日益突出。与此同时,森林资源调查过程中抽样框变化、无反应样本单元的现象日益突出。空间平衡抽样(SBS)强调样本点抽取的随机等概和空间上的均衡分布,通过包含概率栅格层的过滤运算,极大地减少了无反应样本单元现象发生。紫金山国家森林公园风景林美学调查空间平衡抽样案例研究表明,空间平衡抽样在降低调查成本、减少空间关联性强方面,明显优于简单随机抽样;但在提高抽样精度方面没有表现出明显的优势,只有当样本容量大于或等于理论计算容量时,空间平衡抽样才表现出一定的抽样精度优势。作为一种具有严格统计学基础的、高效低成本的、适应性强的抽样方法,空间平衡抽样在森林资源调查中具有较大的应用潜力。 相似文献
9.
对几种“简单随机抽样法”的概念进行了剖析。提出简单随机抽样、系统抽样、平均数抽样、方差抽样、变异系数抽样等各种抽样组织样本的方法是相同的,仅是估计对象不同。对简单随机抽样法组织样本对总体估计的四种方法进行详细阐述,它们是:简单估值法、回归估值法、比估值法和联合估值法。 相似文献
10.
基于GIS的城市森林生物量抽样方法研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
《林业资源管理》2018,(5)
城市森林生物量中贮存了大量的碳,是反映城市森林生态系统功能的基本数据。针对城市森林空间破碎度高、聚集性与异质性强的特点,以南京市江宁区城市森林为研究对象,以2013年二类森林资源调查小班数据库为主要信息源,在抽样总体表面属性特征分析的基础上,分别利用传统抽样与空间抽样两种途径,进行森林生物量简单随机、空间分层,空间平衡等多种抽样方式的精度、成本、关联性、估计偏差分析。结果表明:1)从抽样成本来看,空间分层抽样与空间三明治抽样的调查成本最小; 2)从抽样误差和精度来看,空间三明治抽样误差最小、精度最高,空间简单抽样的误差最大、精度最低; 3)从空间关联性来看,空间抽样的样本间基本不存在空间相关性; 4)从抽样估计偏差来看,空间平衡抽样和系统抽样与统计值之间的估计偏差最小,空间分层抽样与空间三明治抽样次之。可见,在城市森林生物量抽样方法的选择上,可以优先考虑空间三明治抽样、空间平衡抽样。 相似文献
11.
Sampling methods that depend on the distance between a sample point and a fixed number of objects, such as trees or downed logs, have often been proposed in the forestry and ecology literature. However, such methods have been biased when objects are not distributed with complete spatial randomness, have required difficult field procedures (such as measuring the position of out-of-sample objects), or both. Here a new approach based on measurement of the distance to objects along sample lines is proposed. The approach does not require measuring the position of out-of-sample objects, and its design-unbiased estimators require only simple arithmetic. Furthermore, because many useful sampling procedures can be related back to sampling on a line, the new method leads quickly to sampling procedures applicable when objects are distributed in a two-dimensional region. These include, among others, fixed-count approaches to line intersect sampling, a new approach to variable-area transect sampling, and a density-adapted variable sector sampling method. 相似文献
12.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(4):375-381
In transect relascope sampling, a wide‐angle relascope is used along survey lines for selecting a sample of objects that extend linearly in the plane, e.g. downed logs. The method is closely related to line intersect (intercept) sampling. In this article, a special case of the transect relascope technique is studied. Using a π/2 radian relascope angle, the method becomes invariant to the orientation of the line objects in the population. The reason is that the area of inclusion around objects, through which a survey line should pass for an object to be included, turns out to be circular. In analytical studies and Monte Carlo simulations, the cost‐efficiency of transect relascope and line intersect sampling is evaluated. It is found that transect relascope sampling is a competitive alternative to line intersect sampling in inventories of the total volume of coarse woody debris (in the form of downed logs) in forest compartments. 相似文献
13.
可变竞争区域类竞争指标根据对象木某个描述型指标函数确定竞争区域;而树冠在树木的生长过程中具有重要的作用,并且反映了树木的长期竞争水平,根据这两种思想提出一种新的竞争可变区域类竞争指标——树冠影响度。采用典型选样法设置研究样地,并对样地内树种的各个测树因子进行调查统计,应用树冠影响度对数据进行分析讨论,结果显示:样地树种平均树冠影响度为0.359 4,样地中群落竞争相对较弱,群落结构相对稳定,其中马尾松(Pinus massoniana)的树冠影响度最小,为0.261 3;枫香(Liquidambar formosana)的树冠影响度最大,为0.510 1。优势种群树种平均树冠影响度小于非优势种群树种,优势种群受到的竞争较小,竞争能力较强,针叶树种平均树冠影响度小于阔叶树种树种,针叶树在群落中处于优势地位。 相似文献
14.
In managed forests, the occurrence of deadwood (DW) can be regarded as a stochastically rare event with strong clumping and high local variability (Meyer in Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt 118:167–180, 1999). Traditional sampling techniques, such as Fixed Area Sampling, Angle Count Sampling and Line Intersect Sampling, do not regard this fact and may be inefficient for surveys of DW, because of limited search areas. A sampling technique that should remedy this shortcoming is Point Transect Sampling (Buckland et?al. in Introduction to distance sampling: estimating abundance of biological populations. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2001; Advanced distance sampling: estimating abundance of biological populations. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2004), where as a matter of principle, all objects that are sighted from a fixed location are counted. We compare Point Transect Sampling with the other well-established sampling approaches for the estimation of volume, necromass and carbon storage in terms of precision and sampling effort. It is shown that Point Transect Sampling is the superior method for sampling standing DW regarding efficiency, whereas for sampling downed DW, it is clearly outperformed by Line Intersect Sampling. 相似文献
15.
Yessica Rico 《New Forests》2017,48(2):225-243
Quantifying spatial genetic structure is key to inform forest management and restoration strategies. Reliable evaluations of genetic structure require sound sampling schemes because inappropriate sampling may over- and under-estimate spatial patterns of genetic structure. Sampling bias has been investigated through computer simulations mostly for animal species with continuous distributions. For tree species that have different life history traits, results from such studies may not apply. Here, I used spatially explicit landscape genetic simulations to assess the effects of spatial sampling scheme (random, systematic, and cluster), sampling intensity (35, 50, 65, and 80%), and the number of microsatellite loci (8, 14, and 20) on inferences of genetic structure under isolation by distance (IBD) in two forest tree species with varying dispersal distances and patchy distributions. Results showed that random sampling with 20 loci was the best performing sampling scheme, irrespective of sampling intensity and the strength of IBD. In contrast, the cluster and systematic sampling were sensitive to sample size. For the three sampling schemes, the number of loci had a large effect because with 8 loci there was an increasing chance of underestimating IBD. Increasing the number of samples over the number of loci, did not improve the performance of sampling schemes. Hence, researchers should put more effort on increasing the number of loci over increasing sample size. Results also showed that sampling error rates varied between species, and sampling bias appeared stronger for the species with a more aggregated spatial distribution. 相似文献
16.
Manual sampling of large number of cores is an arduous task, especially when core diameter is large. We developed an automated tree-ring sampling device, the “smart increment borer”, to increase the sample throughput and minimize the need for muscular exertion. The lightweight, portable device employs a battery-powered electric wrench and the complete system to drive the boring operation weighs less than 10 kg. It is capable of taking both 5- and 12-mm diameter cores of more than 80-cm length. Compared to equipment used in previously published articles, this device enables more rapid sampling and demonstrates a superior torque output/total weight ratio. The device is also capable of facilitating the starting operation of a 12-mm increment borer. It facilitates a variety of effective sampling solutions for dendrochronology/climatology and wood anatomy/quality research. 相似文献
17.
A survey was conducted to assess the impact of the choice of definition on reported quantities of dead wood in Swedish forests, which to more than 90% are located in the boreal zone. The data collection was made on a subsample of the permanent plots of the Swedish national forest inventory. The objects included were standing dead trees and snags down to 5-cm diameter at breast height, dead lying stems and branches down to a threshold diameter of 1 cm and stumps down to a threshold diameter of 5-cm at normal stump height. Standing trees, snags and stumps were inventoried on 10-m radius circular plots while the downed objects were inventoried using both circular plots and line intersect sampling; thin objects (diameter 1–5 cm) were assessed only through line intersect sampling. The results showed that the estimated volume of dead wood was as high as 25 m3 ha?1 when all components were included. With the standard Swedish definition, the corresponding estimate was only 10.9 m3 ha?1, or 43% of the total value. Since definitions of dead wood vary greatly between countries we conclude that great caution must be exercised when figures are compared in connection with international reporting. For example, adding stumps to the Swedish definition would increase the amounts of dead wood from 10.9 to 15.7 m3 ha?1, i.e. with 44%. 相似文献
18.
《Forest Ecology and Management》2002,155(1-3):3-16
Widespread commercial harvesting of wild edible mushrooms from the forests of the Pacific Northwest United States (PNW-US) began 10–15 years ago. A large proportion of suitable forest habitat in this region is managed by the Forest Service (US Department of Agriculture) and Bureau of Land Management (US Department of the Interior). These lands are managed under an ecosystem management philosophy that entails multiple-use, sustainable forest product harvesting, resource monitoring, public participation in forest management issues, and holistic planning. Managing the harvest of edible mushrooms engages every aspect of this management philosophy. We examine a variety of issues raised by mushroom harvesting and how these issues interact with forest ecosystem management choices. We discuss regulations currently being used by managers to conserve the mushroom resource while further information is gathered, unique challenges and considerations inherent to sampling fungi, and current research and monitoring activities in the Pacific Northwest. Although current scientific evidence suggests that harvesting likely will not harm the resource in the short term, no statistically-based monitoring information exists about the cumulative impacts of intensive and widespread commercial harvesting over long-time periods. We outline a three pronged approach to long-term monitoring of the resource: (1) tracking harvest quantities in areas with intense commercial harvests; (2) sampling productivity in areas with no mushroom or timber harvests; and (3) conducting research to model the relations between forest management and mushroom productivity. Public participation and a broad collaboration among public land management agencies, private forest landowners, forest managers, researchers, and research organizations will make this approach cost effective and the results widely applicable. 相似文献
19.
濒危植物急尖长苞冷杉种群结构及空间分布格局 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
以分布在西藏色季拉山的急尖长苞冷杉为研究对象,设置30m×30m样地15块,应用相邻格子法进行每木调查,从高度结构、基径结构、年龄结构以及空间分布格局方面分析了急尖长苞冷杉的种群特征。结果表明:在研究区,急尖长苞冷杉种群的高度结构、基径结构和年龄结构均表现为反"J"型,相关性也较明显,基径与年龄的关系为y=13.5640x0.7078(R2=0.9144);总体上,幼苗的后备储量特别大、死亡率也较高,但补充率大于死亡率,种群表现为稳定发展型。在不同尺度下,不同龄级(发育阶段)急尖长苞冷杉种群分布格局有差异。随着取样尺度的增大,各龄级植株的分布格局由聚集趋向均匀分布,聚集强度减弱,同一取样尺度下,龄级越大,聚集强度也越弱。研究结果可为该资源的管理及持续利用提供理论依据。 相似文献
20.
Giovanni Tabacchi Lucio Di Cosmo Patrizia Gasparini 《European Journal of Forest Research》2011,130(6):911-934
In this article, we present equations derived for the prediction of the aboveground tree volume and phytomass for twenty-five
of the most important forest species growing in Italy. These equations result from ongoing research aiming to fill a gap in
the models available at the national scale. With regard to volume, the results are particularly important for thirteen species
or groups of species that were once scaled with models, conventionally assumed as reference models, available for other species.
In Italy, phytomass models had never been constructed at the national level before. For any single tree, specific equations
allow estimations of the following tree components to be made: stem and large branches (for either volume or phytomass), small
branches (phytomass), stump (phytomass) and the whole tree phytomass. The models have been constructed on the basis of nearly
1,300 sampling units (sample trees). Although these equations must be considered intermediate results of the ongoing research
because only half the scheduled number of samples has been collected, they have already been used in the practice, for example
in the estimates reported in the recently published second national forest inventory. 相似文献