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1.
Penderis J Schwarz T McConnell JF Garosi LS Thomson CE Dennis R 《The Veterinary record》2005,156(19):601-605
Congenital anomalies of the vertebral column associated with aberrations of one of the primary vertebral ossification centres have been frequently described in the veterinary literature, but clinically significant abnormalities of secondary vertebral ossification centres, particularly involving the caudal articular processes, are much less frequently reported. This paper describes three dogs with aplasia and one dog with hypoplasia of the caudal vertebral articular processes. Thoracolumbar spinal cord compression and ataxia was evident in the three dogs with aplasia but no clinical signs were evident in the dog with hypoplasia. The radiographic appearance was similar in all four cases, with aplasia or hypoplasia of the caudal articular facets at one or more intervertebral joints in the thoracolumbar region. Bone proliferation was evident secondary to an associated degenerative joint disease. Compensatory hyperplasia of the adjacent cranial articular facets and ligamentum flavum protruded into the vertebral canal, resulting in a compressive myelopathy observed by myelography and magnetic resonance imaging. 相似文献
2.
William H. Adams DVM Gregory B. Daniel DVM MS Anthony D. Pardo DVM MS Robert R. Selcer DVM MS 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》1995,36(1):3-13
The caudal lumbar and lumbosacral spine of 13 dogs with pain or neurologic deficits were evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Spin echo T1, proton density, and T2 weighted and gradient echo T2* imaging sequences were utilized. MRI permitted direct, multiplanar, tomographic visualization of the spine facilitating evaluation of all components of degenerative caudal lumbar and lumbosacral stenosis. Abnormalities detected included intervertebral disc degeneration, intervertebral disc protrusion involving both the vertebral canal and intervertebral foramina, articular process osteophytosis, articular process fracture, nerve root impingement by spondylosis deformans, and the presence of low signal material within the vertebral canal of 2 dogs with recurrent pain following previous spinal surgery. In all 7 dogs treated surgically, MRI findings were consistent with surgical findings. 相似文献
3.
Daniel A. Feeney DVM MS Petra Evers DVM Thomas F. Fletcher DVM PhD Robert M. Hardy DVM MS Larry J. Wallace DVM MS 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》1996,37(6):399-411
The lumbosacral spine of six normal dogs weighing 4.5 to 24.5kg was imaged by computed tomography in 5.0 mm & 10.0 mm transverse planes. The vertebral canal and thecal sac (including emerging nerve roots not distinguished as separate structures from the spinal cord) were measured along dorsoventral and transverse dimensions at cranial, middle and caudal levels within each vertebra from transverse tomographic images. Linear measurements were standardized to the dorsoventral dimension of the L6 vertebral midbody to permit comparison and averaging of the vertebral and thecal sac dimensions among different sized dogs. The dorsoventral and transverse vertebral canal size progressively increased from cranial to caudal within each vertebra from L1?L6 (p ≤ 0.05). The transverse dimension of the thecal sac image increased caudally within each vertebra from L1?L4 (p ≤ 0.05). The vertebral canal dorsoventral and transverse dimensions were largest in the midlumbar area (p ≤ 0.05). The transverse, but not the dorsoventral, imaged dimension of the thecal sac peaked in the L4 vertebra (p ≤ 0.05). The dorsoventral thecal sac image was observed to fill the vertebral canal in the cranial and middle vertebral levels in vertebrae L1 through L5 in over 60% of these normal dogs. However, epidural fat could almost always be seen lateral to the thecal sac regardless of what lumbar vertebra or vertebral level was imaged. Cranial to the lumbosacral junction, the dorsal intervertebral disk margin was almost always concave relative to the thecal sac. However, at the L7-S1 junction, some dogs had flat or even slightly convex dorsal intervertebral disk margins. The dorsal and ventral longitudinal ligaments and the ligamentum flavum could not be identified as distinct structures on the 5.0 mm transverse tomographic images. 相似文献
4.
eryl C. Jones DVM PhD Donald C. Sorjonen DVM MS Stephen T. Simpson DVM MS Joan R. Coates DVM MS Stephen D. Lenz DVM PhD John T. Hathcock DVM MS Michelle W. Agee MD PhD Jan E. Bartels DVM MS 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》1996,37(4):247-256
In a three-year prospective study, computed tomographic (CT) and surgical findings were compared for nine large breed dogs with lumbosacral stenosis. Surgically-excised tissue was examined histologically in seven dogs and additional necropsy evaluation was performed in one dog. The CT abnormalities observed at sites of confirmed cauda equina compression were: loss of epidural fat, increased soft tissue opacity, bulging of the intervertebral disc margin, spondylosis, thecal sac displacement, narrowed intervertebral foramen, narrowed vertebral canal, thickened articular process, articular process subluxation, articular process osteophyte, and telescoped sacral lamina. The CT characteristics of lumbosacral degenerative disease and discospondylitis were similar to those described in humans. In three dogs, CT findings at the site of cauda equina compression were consistent with congenital or developmental spinal stenosis, but the method of surgical exposure precluded confirmation. Epidural fibrosis (eight dogs) and multi-level CT abnormalities (six dogs) were identified but the cause(s) and significance were unknown. 相似文献
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6.
Transosseous vertebral venography as a technic for investigating disease of the lumbosacral region is described. The technic preferred by the author is an intraosseous injection of contrast medium into the body of L7. Using a caudal needle, 10 ml of contrast medium was injected manually and a radiograph was made as the last milliliter was introduced. Contrast medium filled the lumbar venous sinuses and, by reflux, filled the sacral sinuses caudally to the S2–3 intervertebral foramen. Lumbosacral disease caused an obstruction to contrast medium flow and narrowed or deviated the vertebral venous sinus. Complications of transosseous vertebral venography were extravasation of contrast medium into the epidural space and surrounding soft tissue, and trauma to the sixth lumbar nerve in one dog. The procedure was contraindicated in the presence of local infection and when anesthesia was an undue risk. 相似文献
7.
Corlazzoli D 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2008,37(2):178-185
Objective— To evaluate the safety of the angle of insertion of bicortical implants in Doberman Pinschers affected by caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy (CCSM) using simulation on computed tomography (CT) images.
Animals— Doberman Pinschers (n=9) with dynamic spinal compression attributed to CCSM.
Methods— Dogs had CT evaluation of the cervical vertebral column. Digital images were used to evaluate the safety of bicortical implant insertion from the midline at 30, 35, and 40° inclination by drawing a line simulating implant position. Correct surgical positioning of dogs was evaluated by measuring the degree of rotation of the spine along the longitudinal axis.
Results— Insertion of an implant at 30, 35, and 40° inclination was considered safe in 42%, 59%, and 67% of selected sites. Rotation of the spine from 9° counter clockwise to 10° clockwise along the longitudinal axis occurred in 53% of the areas considered.
Conclusions— These results suggest that bicortical implants in the caudal cervical area in Doberman Pinschers affected by CCSM carry a high risk of vertebral canal and intervertebral foramina violation.
Clinical Relevance— Bicortical implants inserted at 30 and 35° in the caudal cervical area in Doberman Pinschers affected by CCSM carry a high risk of vertebral canal and intervertebral foramina violation. CT planning for individual dogs can facilitate selection of the appropriate insertion plane and vertebral column rotation needs to be considered in surgical planning. 相似文献
Animals— Doberman Pinschers (n=9) with dynamic spinal compression attributed to CCSM.
Methods— Dogs had CT evaluation of the cervical vertebral column. Digital images were used to evaluate the safety of bicortical implant insertion from the midline at 30, 35, and 40° inclination by drawing a line simulating implant position. Correct surgical positioning of dogs was evaluated by measuring the degree of rotation of the spine along the longitudinal axis.
Results— Insertion of an implant at 30, 35, and 40° inclination was considered safe in 42%, 59%, and 67% of selected sites. Rotation of the spine from 9° counter clockwise to 10° clockwise along the longitudinal axis occurred in 53% of the areas considered.
Conclusions— These results suggest that bicortical implants in the caudal cervical area in Doberman Pinschers affected by CCSM carry a high risk of vertebral canal and intervertebral foramina violation.
Clinical Relevance— Bicortical implants inserted at 30 and 35° in the caudal cervical area in Doberman Pinschers affected by CCSM carry a high risk of vertebral canal and intervertebral foramina violation. CT planning for individual dogs can facilitate selection of the appropriate insertion plane and vertebral column rotation needs to be considered in surgical planning. 相似文献
8.
Cervical spondylomyelopathy or Wobbler syndrome commonly affects the cervical vertebral column of Great Dane dogs. Degenerative changes affecting the articular process joints are a frequent finding in these patients; however, the correlation between these changes and other features of cervical spondylomyelopathy are uncertain. We described and graded the degenerative changes evident in the cervical articular process joints from 13 Great Danes dogs with cervical spondylomyelopathy using MR imaging, and evaluated the relationship between individual features of cervical articular process joint degeneration and the presence of spinal cord compression, vertebral foraminal stenosis, intramedullary spinal cord changes, and intervertebral disc degenerative changes. Degenerative changes affecting the articular process joints were common, with only 13 of 94 (14%) having no degenerative changes. The most severe changes were evident between C4-C5 and C7-T1 intervertebral spaces. Reduction or loss of the hyperintense synovial fluid signal on T2-weighted MR images was the most frequent feature associated with articular process joint degenerative changes. Degenerative changes of the articular process joints affecting the synovial fluid or articular surface, or causing lateral hypertrophic tissue, were positively correlated with lateral spinal cord compression and vertebral foraminal stenosis. Dorsal hypertrophic tissue was positively correlated with dorsal spinal cord compression. Disc-associated spinal cord compression was recognized less frequently. 相似文献
9.
A normal German shepherd dog underwent CT imaging with contiguous 10 mm thick images made of the nasal cavity from the caudal limit of the frontal sinuses to the rostral aspect of the nose. Normal structures were identified. This normal anatomic information will be of use in assessing CT images of dogs suspected of having nasal cavity disease. 相似文献
10.
Objective— To evaluate outcome after closed fluoroscopic-assisted application of spinal arch external skeletal fixators in dogs with vertebral column injuries.
Study Design— Retrospective case series.
Animals— Dogs with traumatic vertebral column injuries (n=5).
Methods— Medical records of dogs with vertebral column fractures and/or luxations stabilized with spinal arch external skeletal fixator frames applied using a closed fluoroscopic-assisted technique were reviewed. Owners were contacted to obtain long-term clinical outcomes.
Results— Five dogs (age range, 6–72 months; weight, 10–54 kg) had traumatic vertebral column injuries stabilized with spinal arch external skeletal fixators applied in closed fashion. Injuries involved vertebral segments of the thoracolumbar junction, lumbar spine, and lumbosacral junction. Immediately postoperatively, 4 dogs had anatomic alignment of their vertebral fracture/luxation; 1 dog had 1 mm of vertebral canal height compromise. Time to fixator removal ranged from 65 to 282 days (141±87 days). All dogs had regained satisfactory neurologic function by 3 months. At long-term follow-up (range, 282–780 days; mean 445±190 days) all dogs were judged to have good to excellent return of function by their owners.
Conclusion— Successful closed fluoroscopic-assisted application of external skeletal fixators using spinal arches provided satisfactory reduction with few complications in 5 dogs. Return to function was judged to be good to excellent in all dogs at long-term evaluation.
Clinical Relevance— Closed fluoroscopic-assisted application of ESF using spinal arches provided satisfactory reduction and effective stabilization of spinal fractures with few complications and should be considered as a treatment approach. 相似文献
Study Design— Retrospective case series.
Animals— Dogs with traumatic vertebral column injuries (n=5).
Methods— Medical records of dogs with vertebral column fractures and/or luxations stabilized with spinal arch external skeletal fixator frames applied using a closed fluoroscopic-assisted technique were reviewed. Owners were contacted to obtain long-term clinical outcomes.
Results— Five dogs (age range, 6–72 months; weight, 10–54 kg) had traumatic vertebral column injuries stabilized with spinal arch external skeletal fixators applied in closed fashion. Injuries involved vertebral segments of the thoracolumbar junction, lumbar spine, and lumbosacral junction. Immediately postoperatively, 4 dogs had anatomic alignment of their vertebral fracture/luxation; 1 dog had 1 mm of vertebral canal height compromise. Time to fixator removal ranged from 65 to 282 days (141±87 days). All dogs had regained satisfactory neurologic function by 3 months. At long-term follow-up (range, 282–780 days; mean 445±190 days) all dogs were judged to have good to excellent return of function by their owners.
Conclusion— Successful closed fluoroscopic-assisted application of external skeletal fixators using spinal arches provided satisfactory reduction with few complications in 5 dogs. Return to function was judged to be good to excellent in all dogs at long-term evaluation.
Clinical Relevance— Closed fluoroscopic-assisted application of ESF using spinal arches provided satisfactory reduction and effective stabilization of spinal fractures with few complications and should be considered as a treatment approach. 相似文献
11.
The L7-S1 fixation-fusion technique for treatment of cauda equina compression was performed on 14 dogs, 13 of which were 6 years old or older, were severely lame, and had ventral bridging spondylitis at the L7-S1 vertebrae. One dog, 3 months old, had a congenital malformation of the L7 vertebra. The principles of the L7-S1 fusion technique were to expand the L7-S1 intervertebral foramina and spinal canal, remove pressure on the nerve roots, and provide stability to the L7-S1 vertebrae. This technique appeared to be applicable clinically for restoring normal function and activity to dogs with cauda equina compression. 相似文献
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13.
J. S. Eagleson J. Diaz S. R. Platt M. Kent J. M. Levine † N. J. H. Sharp S. J. Schatzberg 《The Journal of small animal practice》2009,50(4):186-193
O bjectives : To describe the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging features of cervical vertebral malformation-malarticulation in Bernese mountain dogs.
M ethods : Seven Bernese mountain dogs (four males and three females) were diagnosed with cervical vertebral malformation-malarticulation by magnetic resonance imaging. The following data were evaluated retrospectively: (1) abnormalities of the cervical vertebral column and spinal cord, (2) spinal cord compression, (3) intervertebral disc degeneration and herniation, (4) severity of clinical signs pretreatment and after treatment, (5) type of treatment and (6) outcome.
R esults : Spin echo T1-weighted and T2-weighted images disclosed multi-level, extradural compressive spinal cord lesions (ventral, dorsolateral or both) spanning from intervertebral disc spaces C3-4 to C6-7. In all seven dogs, T2-weighted images disclosed one or more intramedullary hyperintensities associated with extradural spinal cord compression. Surgery was performed in five dogs. Two dogs were managed medically. The prognosis for surgical or conservative management in Bernese mountain dogs was similar to cervical vertebral malformation-malarticulation in other breeds.
C linical S ignificance : Cervical vertebral malformation-malarticulation is an important differential diagnosis for young to middle-aged Bernese mountain dogs with a C1-5 or C6-T2 neuroanatomic localisation. Dorsolateral spinal cord compression associated with articular process hypertrophy was the most common feature of cervical vertebral malformation-malarticulation in the seven Bernese mountain dogs evaluated. 相似文献
M ethods : Seven Bernese mountain dogs (four males and three females) were diagnosed with cervical vertebral malformation-malarticulation by magnetic resonance imaging. The following data were evaluated retrospectively: (1) abnormalities of the cervical vertebral column and spinal cord, (2) spinal cord compression, (3) intervertebral disc degeneration and herniation, (4) severity of clinical signs pretreatment and after treatment, (5) type of treatment and (6) outcome.
R esults : Spin echo T1-weighted and T2-weighted images disclosed multi-level, extradural compressive spinal cord lesions (ventral, dorsolateral or both) spanning from intervertebral disc spaces C3-4 to C6-7. In all seven dogs, T2-weighted images disclosed one or more intramedullary hyperintensities associated with extradural spinal cord compression. Surgery was performed in five dogs. Two dogs were managed medically. The prognosis for surgical or conservative management in Bernese mountain dogs was similar to cervical vertebral malformation-malarticulation in other breeds.
C linical S ignificance : Cervical vertebral malformation-malarticulation is an important differential diagnosis for young to middle-aged Bernese mountain dogs with a C1-5 or C6-T2 neuroanatomic localisation. Dorsolateral spinal cord compression associated with articular process hypertrophy was the most common feature of cervical vertebral malformation-malarticulation in the seven Bernese mountain dogs evaluated. 相似文献
14.
ANNE‐LAURE ETIENNE DOMINIQUE PEETERS VALERIA BUSONI 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2010,51(5):527-532
Subarachnoid lumbar puncture is used commonly in the dog for cerebrospinal fluid collection and/or myelography. Here in we describe the percutaneous ultrasound anatomy of the lumbar region in the dog and a technique for ultrasound‐guided lumbar puncture. Ultrasound images obtained ex vivo and in vivo were compared with anatomic sections and used to identify the landmarks for ultrasound‐guided lumbar puncture. The ultrasound‐guided procedure was established in cadavers and then applied in vivo in eight dogs. The anatomic landmarks for the ultrasound‐guided puncture, which should be identified on the parasagittal oblique ultrasound image are the articular processes of the fifth and sixth lumbar vertebrae and the interarcuate space. The spinal needle is directed under ultrasound‐guidance toward the triangular space located between the contiguous articular processes of the fifth and sixth lumbar vertebrae and then advanced to enter the vertebral canal. Using these precise ultrasound anatomic landmarks, an ultrasound‐guided technique for lumbar puncture is applicable in the dog. 相似文献
15.
J. F. Nisolle X. Q. Wang M. Squélart F. Hontoir N. Kirschvink P. Clegg J. M. Vandeweerd 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2014,43(3):203-209
Although the ovine spine is a useful research model for intervertebral disc pathology and vertebral surgery, there is little peer‐reviewed information regarding the MRI anatomy of the ovine spine. To describe the lumbar spine MRI anatomy, 10 lumbar segments of cadaver ewes were imaged by 1.5‐Tesla MR. Sagittal and transverse sequences were performed in T1 and T2 weighting (T1W, T2W), and the images were compared to gross anatomic sagittal and transverse sections performed through frozen spines. MRI was able to define most anatomic structures of the ovine spine in a similar way as can be imaged in humans. In both T1W and T2W, the signals of ovine IVDs were similar to those observed in humans. Salient anatomic features were identified: (1) a 2‐ to 3‐mm linear zone of hypersignal was noticed on both extremities of the vertebral body parallel to the vertebral plates in sagittal planes; (2) the tendon of the crura of the diaphragm appeared as a hypointense circular structure between hypaxial muscles and the aorta and caudal vena cava; (3) dorsal and ventral longitudinal ligaments and ligamentum flavum were poorly imaged; (4) no ilio‐lumbar ligament was present; (5) the spinal cord ended between S1–S2 level, and the peripheral white matter and central grey matter were easily distinguished on T1W and T2W images. This study provides useful reference images to researchers working with ovine models. 相似文献
16.
McDonnell JJ Knowles KE deLahunta A Bell JS Lowrie CT Todhunter RJ 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(4):530-537
Five young Shiloh Shepherd Dogs (4 males and 1 female) related by a common sire were studied because of progressive pelvic limb weakness and incoordination. All dogs had a spastic paraparesis and pelvic limb ataxia consistent with an upper motor neuron and general proprioceptive lesion between spinal cord segments T3 and L3. Proliferative lesions involving one or more of the articular processes from the 11th thoracic vertebrae to the 2nd lumbar vertebra were observed on radiographs of the thoracolumbar vertebrae. Dorsal compression of the spinal cord was identified during imaging studies at these sites. Abnormalities of the synovial joints and bony proliferation of the involved articular processes were identified at postmortem examination in 2 dogs. The articular processes and associated vertebral arches protruded into the vertebral canal, indenting the dorsal surface of the spinalcord. Degenerative joint disease (DJD) was identified histologically. A compressive myelopathy was diagnosed in the spinal cord. These dogs were affected by a compressive myelopathy as a consequence of vertebral process DJD that likely has a geneticcomponent. The DJD could have been caused by a primary vertebral malformation or an injury to the processes at a young age causing malarticulation. 相似文献
17.
Furukawa M Wada N Tokuriki M Miyata H 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2000,62(9):1005-1007
The spinal projections of afferent fibers innervating the facet joints between caudal vertebrae were examined by the use of anterograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). Experiments were performed on 5 adult cats in which spinal dorsal roots below the 2nd sacral segment (S2) on the right side were cut. Injections of WGA-HRP into the caudal facet joints gave rise to extensive cranio-caudal distribution of WGA-HRP positive products along the spinal cord, indicating that many afferent fibers innervating unilateral facet joints terminate bilaterally in laminae I-II, V-VI and X of the thoracic, lumbar, sacral and caudal spinal cord. These afferent fibers may convey a series of sensory information from the caudal facet joints to the spinal cord. 相似文献
18.
Computed tomographic images of the thoracic spine of 13 German shepherd dogs were examined in order to determine the thoracic spine morphometry. Examinations were carried out in the transverse plane both intervertebral and mid-vertebral levels of the each thoracic vertebrae. The dorsoventral and interpedicular diameters of the spinal canal, the dorsoventral and transverse diameters of the vertebral body, the dorsoventral and transverse diameters of the spinal cord and also the cross-section area of the spinal canal were measured. The maximum values were found to be at the level of C7-T1. The shapes of the spinal canal and cord were circular in middle part, the shape became transverse oval in the cranial and caudal parts of the thoracic spine. The most significant correlation between the diameters was found to be in male dogs, except between dorsoventral diameters of the spinal canal and that of the vertebral body and between dorsoventral diameters of the spinal canal and transverse diameters of the vertebral body. 相似文献
19.
OBJECTIVE: To describe an intraoperative ultrasound imaging technique during dorsal laminectomy in 2 dogs with caudal cervical vertebral instability and malformation (CCVIM, "Wobbler syndrome"). STUDY DESIGN: Clinical case report. SAMPLE POPULATION: Two dogs with CCVIM. RESULTS: On neurologic examination there was tetraparesis with upper motor neuron signs in the thoracic limbs and lower motor neuron signs in the pelvic limbs in dog 1, and hyperreflexia of the rear limbs, normoreflexia of the right front limb, and hyporeflexia of the left front limb of dog 2. Both dogs had signs of marked cervical pain and radiographic signs of cervical spinal cord compression. Intraoperative ultrasonography of the spinal cord revealed protruding intervertebral disc at C5-6 (dog 1) and C6-7 (dog 2), and the parallel borders of the spinal cord and central canal after decompression. Continuous dorsal laminectomy (CDL) resulted in improvement over 16 months (dog 1) and 20 months (dog 2). CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative ultrasonographic imaging of the cervical spinal cord after CDL was helpful in determining adequate decompression (postlaminectomy) of the spinal cord in relation to the ventral and lateral compressive component(s) and to image the protruding intervertebral disc. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Intraoperative ultrasonography can be used to provide valuable information on the spinal cord and surrounding soft tissues for the neurosurgeon. 相似文献
20.
Aubrey A. Webb DVM John W. Pharr DVM MSc Linda J. Lew DVM MSc Kimberly A. Tryon DVM 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2001,42(1):9-13
Intraspinal cysts of the L6-L7 and L7-S1 articular process joints in a six-year-old neutered female German Shepherd Dog were diagnosed using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Histopathology provided a diagnosis of ganglion cysts. Clinical, laboratory, radiographic and MR imaging findings are described. Briefly, radiographic findings revealed lumbarization of the first sacral vertebra, and fusion of the first caudal vertebra to the sacrum. In addition, spondylosis and articular process osteoarthrosis occurred at L6-L7 and L7-S1. MR imaging revealed multiple, well encapsulated structures ranging in size from 3-10 mm in diameter which were found to arise from the L6-L7 and L7-S1 articular process joints. These cysts had signal intensities that varied from hyperintense to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) on T1 weighted images to isointense to CSF on T2 weighted images. Decompressive surgery in conjunction with arthrodesis of these joints resulted in resolution of clinical signs. The dog remained pain-free 1 1/2 years following surgical therapy. 相似文献