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[目的]研究黄土高塬沟壑区典型小流域综合治理的成效以及生态文明建设时期面临的问题,旨在为该区域高质量发展提供理论支持和实践经验。[方法]以陕西省长武县王东沟小流域综合治理试验示范研究实践为例,基于1986年以来的监测和研究资料,总结分析了该流域30 a多来不同时段在生态环境、土地生产力和农民经济收入等方面的变化。[结果]王东沟小流域综合治理过程存在明显的阶段性。①综合治理阶段(1986—1995)。以提高土地生产力为突破口,重点提高粮食产量和人均经济收入。同时从塬面到沟道综合整治水土流失,合理开发利用土地。②生态保护阶段(1996—2005)。更新与升级粮果管理措施,保护和改善生态环境,进一步稳定和提高了土地生产力。③高质量发展试验示范研究阶段(2006—2019)。以王东沟小流域为试点,从发展绿色高效技术的角度进行研究和示范,探索适合小流域内涵式高质量绿色发展的技术体系,为黄土高塬沟壑区的高质量发展奠定基础。[结论]为实现黄土高塬沟壑区的高质量发展,必须在生态文明理念指引下,重点研究流域生态管理和技术创新体制和机制建设,在总体控制水土流失基础上,保障人居环境的生态性,社会经济系统发展的可持续性以及流域生态系统结构和功能的和谐与完整性。 相似文献
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长武试验示范区建于黄土高原沟壑区王东沟小流域。通过路、水、田、果、林五项工程统一规划和实施，使王东沟小流域发生了巨大变化。 相似文献
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依据黄土高原沟壑区王东沟流域1986-2007年生态经济系统演变过程调查、监测资料和研究成果,建立了黄土高原沟壑区王东沟流域土地利用效益评价指标体系.运用层次分析法确定指标权重,对黄土高原沟壑区王东沟流域1986-2007年的土地利用效益进行了定量评价和动态分析.结果表明:区域土地利用效益在这20余年中呈增长态势,分别于1991年、1998年、2003年达到峰值点.影响区域土地利用效益值的主要因素为区域的果业和第三产业. 相似文献
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通过对长武王东沟村农户土地利用结构及经济收入的详细调查,揭示了2007年王东沟小流域不同收入类型农户的土地利用结构现状、1998-2007年的土地利用结构变化情况、产业结构和投入产出情况及其经济效益等.结果表明当前农户最主要的土地利用方式是果园和耕地.收入的主要来源是工副业和果业,各类型间农户收入及其构成差异显著.不同收入水平农户的效益差异与有自然条件、管理水平及劳动力水平等因素有关.提出王东沟小流域应结合目前政策形势调整农户种植结构,合理配置土地资源,发展第三产业以提高经济收入等建议. 相似文献
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渭北黄土高原沟壑区小流域综合治理评价的研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
根据结构指标体系（生态结构、水土保持措施结构、经济技术结构）与效益指标体系（生态、经济、社会效益），提出了渭北黄土高原沟壑区小流域综合治理评价的指标体系，应用模糊聚类分析与模糊综合评判，评价综合治理的总体效益，并对典型样本进行了评价和分析，为黄土高原沟壑区大面积的小流域综合治理提供科学依据。 相似文献
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小流域水土保持综合治理效果指标体系及其应用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在分析总结已有水土保持综合平价指标与方法的基础上，结合黄土高原沟壑区自然、经济、社会条件及治理特点，遴选9个评价指标，并采用层次分析的方法对两个典型小流域的效益进行了评价。 相似文献
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西南地区是我国水土流失严重地区之一,依据1988-2005年的统计与调查资料,对该区水土保持投资来源、使用方向与效果以及对农村经济发展的影响进行初步分析。结果表明:①该区水土保持投资总体呈上升趋势,政府对该区水土保持累计投资61.4亿元,群众投劳折资54.5亿元;②水土保持投资主要用于造林、种草与基本农田建设等,投入经济林建设资金由17.7%上升到21.3%,以粮食为主的单一种植结构转变为以粮、果、林、茶、草的多元结构。③新增水土保持措施累计增加农业产值达537.6亿元,农民纯收入也随之增长1 909.6元。 相似文献
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Daniel Mengistu Woldeamlak Bewket Rattan Lal 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2016,27(6):1603-1621
This study analyzes effects of soil and water conservation (SWC) on soil quality and implications to climate change adaptation and mitigation in the Upper Blue Nile River Basin of Ethiopia by using the Anjeni watershed as a case study site. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected from two sub‐watersheds of Anjeni: the Minchet sub‐watershed (with SWC measures) and the Zikrie sub‐watershed (without SWC measures). Soil samples were taken from 30‐cm depth from five representative landscape positions and analyzed following the standard soil lab analysis procedures. The results show that soils from the conserved sub‐watershed had improved quality indicators compared with those from the non‐conserved site. Significant improvement due to SWC measures was observed in the soil hydrological [total moisture content (+5·43%), field capacity (+5·35%), and available water capacity (+4·18%)] and chemical [cation exchange capacity (+4·40 cmol(+) kg−1), Mg2+ (+1·90 cmol(+) kg−1), Na+ (+0·10 cmol(+) kg−1)] properties. SWC interventions significantly reduced soil erosion by 57–81% and surface runoff by 19–50% in the conserved sub‐watershed. Reduction in soil erosion can maintain the soil organic carbon stock, reduce the land degradation risks, and enhance the C sequestration potential of soils. Therefore, adoption of SWC measures can increase farmers' ability to offset emissions and adapt to climate change. However, SWC measures that are both protective and sufficiently productive have not yet been implemented in the conserved sub‐watershed. Therefore, it is important that SWC structures be supplemented with other biological and agronomic measures in conjunction with soil fertility amendments appropriate to site‐specific conditions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Despite decades of soil and water conservation (SWC) efforts in Tanzania, the adoption of the recommended SWC measures by farmers is minimal. In the past, SWC plans did not incorporate farmers' knowledge, and the economics of SWC was not given much attention at the planning stage. This research evaluated the applicability of two tools for participatory soil erosion mapping using farmers' indicators of soil erosion and financial analysis of SWC measures at the planning stage. The two tools were evaluated in Kwalei catchment in the West Usambara highlands, Tanzania. The participatory soil erosion‐mapping tool uses farmers' indicators of soil erosion to identify, classify and map soil erosion at the catchment level. The financial analysis tool involves farmers in a stepwise analysis of the costs and benefits of SWC measures before the implementation. The erosion‐mapping tool increased farmers' awareness on the severity of soil erosion problems, and they realised the need for SWC plans at both field and catchment scales. With the financial analysis tool farmers participated in the cost and benefits analysis and were able to select SWC options that were feasible under their socio‐economic situation. The two tools were able to demonstrate that farmers' participation in SWC planning increases the acceptance of SWC measures because they solve problems that are perceived by themselves. The financial analysis tool demonstrated how farmers could make selection of SWC measures that are feasible under their biophysical and economic condition if they are informed about the costs and benefits. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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B. O. Okoba A. J. Tenge G. Sterk L. Stroosnijder 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2007,18(3):303-319
Despite several approaches that aimed at mobilising East African farmers to embrace soil and water conservation (SWC) activities, farmers hardly responded since they were seldom involved in the planning of SWC activities. Two tools that employ farmers' participation were developed and applied at Gikuuri catchment in Kenya. The first tool involved farmers to map soil erosion using their own indicators and determine the soil erosion status at catchment scale. This formed the basis upon which they undertook to plan for SWC measures at catchment scale. Farmers also predicted crop yield losses based on the soil erosion status. Farmers widely approved the soil erosion status map since their own indicators and perceptions were used. The second tool provided cash flow trends for a variety of SWC activities and farmer situations. Farmers can use land with a high, moderate or low erosion status and often have rather different socio‐economic settings. The net benefits over 5 yr for bench terraces, fanya juu terraces and grass strips were illustrated to assist farmers in making informed decisions on SWC adoption. The two tools increased awareness on the need for collective actions among farmers and showed fields that cause run‐on on downslope fields. The improved awareness of erosion problems and the related financial consequences increased farmers' willingness to share the investment costs for cut‐off drains. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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利用环境经济学的原理和方法对南充市土壤侵蚀所产生的危害进行了经济学的分析和估算,把土壤侵蚀经济损失的货币化值与经济建设的主要指标进行对比,以此反映水土流失的程度.南充市2002年土壤侵蚀总经济损失为6.22亿元,占当年农业总产值的4.96%,其中养分价值损失为5.50亿元,占土壤侵蚀经济总损失的88.45%,说明土壤侵蚀最直接、最严重的后果是降低了土地生产力.南充市水土流失经济损失最严重的区域是南部县和阆中市,应该进行重点治理. 相似文献
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冻融条件下土壤可蚀性对坡面氮磷流失的影响 总被引：2，自引：3，他引：2
冻融作用与水力侵蚀的复合作用更容易使土壤发生侵蚀,进而加剧土壤养分的流失,为了揭示冻融作用下土壤可蚀性对坡面养分流失的影响,该文采用室内模拟降雨试验,研究了不同土壤含水率(SWC)下坡面的降雨产流产沙及养分流失特征,并分析了土壤可蚀性对坡面全氮(TN)和全磷(TP)流失的影响。结果表明:产流率与产沙率之间呈现正线性相关关系,相关方程斜率的绝对值可作为土壤可蚀性指标。径流中氮磷的流失主要受径流率控制,受土壤可蚀性影响较小(P0.05);而土壤可蚀性显著影响着泥沙中氮磷和总的氮磷流失(P0.01)。土壤可蚀性对黄土坡面氮素流失的影响与冻融作用有关,而土壤可蚀性对坡面磷素流失的影响与冻融作用无关,磷素的流失随着土壤可蚀性增加而增加。因此,在黄土地区,应当采取一系列的生态建设措施来控制水土流失,降低土壤可蚀性,从而减少坡面养分的流失。该研究结果为冻融条件下黄土坡面水-土和氮磷等养分流失机制提供了有效指导。 相似文献
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Accelerated soil erosion is one of the major constraints to agricultural production in many parts of the Tanzanian highlands. Although several soil and water conservation technologies have been developed and promoted, the adoption of many recommended measures is minimal and soil erosion continues to be a problem. This research was conducted in order to determine the social and economic factors that influence adoption of soil and water conservation (SWC) measures in the West Usambara highlands, Tanzania. For this research a household survey, group discussions and transect walks were undertaken. A total of 104 households were interviewed and several fields were visited during the transect walks. Data was analysed with the use of cross‐tabulation, cluster analysis, factor analysis and chi‐squared methods. The results obtained indicate that involvement in off‐farm activities, insecure land tenure, location of fields and a lack of short‐term benefits from SWC are among the major factors that negatively influence adoption of SWC measures. Membership in farmer groups, level of education, contacts with extension agents and SWC programmes were found to be positively influencing the adoption of SWC measures. Recommendations to facilitate adoption of different SWC measures include: integration of social and economic factors into SWC plans; the creation of more awareness among farmers of soil‐erosion effects and long‐term benefits of SWC; the development of flexible SWC measures to cater for different farm patterns and a participatory approach to SWC at catchment level rather than at individual farmers' fields. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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以法为盾 保护水土 全面推进黑龙江省水土保持生态建设 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
黑龙江省水土流失严重 ,水土流失面积占全省总面积的 2 9 8% ,年土壤侵蚀总量达 2亿多t。到 2 0 0 0年底 ,累计审批水土保持方案 870 0件 ,收缴水土流失防治费近 2 819万元 ,收罚没款 181 2万元。全省共治理水土流失面积32 2 80 6km2 ,转让“四荒”面积 12 0 95万hm2 (其中 6 1 4%已得到开发治理 )。近期目标是每年治理水土流失面积 2 2 0 0km2 ,到 2 0 10年重点地区的水土流失得到初步治理 相似文献
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延河流域土壤侵蚀经济损失评估 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用环境经济学原理方法,借助ArcGIS 9.3和统计分析工具,对延河流域土壤侵蚀主要经济损失进行定量评价,旨在为当地生态补偿和绿色GDP核算提供依据。结果表明:延河流域年土壤侵蚀经济损失总量达到38.52亿元,其中养分流失经济损失最多,占到总损失的94.73%,说明土壤侵蚀最直接、最严重的危害是导致土地生产力下降。延河流域的土壤侵蚀模数和单位面积土壤侵蚀经济损失大体均呈现从上游向下游递减的趋势。土地利用情况对土壤侵蚀经济损失的影响十分明显,主要表现为生态系统服务功能越完善,植被覆盖情况越好,土壤侵蚀经济损失越小。延河流域土壤侵蚀经济损失总量占到其GDP总量的17.49%,明显高于全国及陕西省平均水平,说明土壤侵蚀损失对该区域经济可持续发展的影响巨大。 相似文献
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针对我国森林保护土壤的生态价值,用机会成本法、影子价格法和替代工程法,对我国森林生态系统在减少土地废弃、土壤养分流失及泥沙淤积等方面的价值进行了估算。结果表明:我国森林每年减少土地废弃的总经济价值为6亿2414万元;每年减少的土壤N、P、K损失的经济价值为4538亿7240万元;每年减少淤积泥沙的经济价值为13亿7545万元。以森林为主的森林生态系统每年减少土壤侵蚀的总经济价值为4558亿7200万元。我国主要森林生态系统保护土壤服务功能价值大小顺序为:亚热带>热带>温带草原>寒温带>温带>温带荒漠>暖温带>青藏高原。我国亚热带土壤保持量最大,为32亿8704万t/a;温带荒漠最小,为2亿6214万5000t/a。 相似文献