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Mahesh BasantaniAlka Srivastava Somdutta Sen 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》2011,99(1):111-117
Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine) is a broad-spectrum herbicide, acting on the shikimic acid pathway inhibiting 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), thus obstructing the synthesis of tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine and other secondary products. It has also been reported to generate oxidative stress which influences the antioxidant response of target plants. The effect of glyphosate application on total protein, CAT, POD and GST activities was investigated and elevated expression of the oxidative stress enzymes was obtained after glyphosate treatment.Tau-class GSTs are plant-specific, and are chiefly involved in xenobiotics and oxidative stress metabolisms. Many herbicides and safeners have been known to selectively induce tau-class GSTs in different plant species. Here we also report the induction of tau-class GSTs after glyphosate treatment in the seedling roots of two Vigna radiata varieties (PDM11 and PDM54). GSH-agarose affinity chromatography and mass spectrometry revealed that the tau-class GSTs induced in the two varieties were different; the tau-class GSTs present in the untreated controls were also different in the two varieties. The present study highlights the elevated antioxidant response, the induction of tau-class GST and the genotypic variation in the type of tau-GST in control and glyphosate treated varieties of V. radiata. 相似文献
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Carl A. Adams Elizabeth Blee John E. Casida 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》1983,19(3):350-360
The herbicide antidotes N,N-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide (R25788) and 3-dichloroacetyl-2,2,5-trimethyloxazolidine (R29148) at ppm levels slightly enhance the uptake of [35S]sulfate in corn roots and greatly increase its metabolism to “bound sulfide”, cysteine, and glutathione (GSH). The decrease in free sulfate content of the roots with R25788 is closely associated with an increase in GSH level. The sulfate content is decreased with an 8-hr exposure to R25788 and R29148 at 3 ppm and its decline continues through 48 hr to about 5% of the control level. Effects on sulfate content are evident at 24 hr even with 0.3–1 ppm of these antidotes. Several other mono- or dichloroacetamide antidotes at 30 ppm also decrease the free sulfate content of corn roots to about 34–60% of control levels within 24 hr. R25788 at 30 ppm has little or no effect at 24 hr on sulfate levels in corn leaves whether the plants are grown in the light or in the dark. R25788 and R29148 decrease sulfate levels in the leaves of milo and in whole pigweed plants, but not in barley, lambsquarters, water grass, wheat, or wild mustard. In increasing GSH biosynthesis, the antidote acts in corn prior to the reduction step to form bound sulfide; in fact, R25788 increases the specific activity of ATP sulfurylase, the first enzyme involved in sulfate assimilation. Thus, dichloroacetamides such as R25788 and R29148 provide a means to experimentally, and perhaps even practically, manipulate sulfate utilization in corn and some other plants. 相似文献
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除草剂安全剂作用机理研究进展 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
除草剂安全剂是一类可在不影响除草剂对靶标杂草活性的前提下,有选择性地保护作物免受除草剂伤害的特殊用途化合物,有关安全剂作用机理的研究对新安全剂的开发具有重要意义。目前关于除草剂安全剂的作用机理主要有4种观点:1）影响除草剂在作物体内的吸收和转运;2）与除草剂竞争靶标位点;3）影响靶标酶的活性;4）增强作物对除草剂的代谢。文章对近年来安全剂作用机理及安全剂对杂草的影响等研究进展进行了综述,并分析了当前存在的问题及未来的研究方向,旨在为深入研究安全剂的作用机理及新安全剂开发提供参考。 相似文献
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A bird's eye review was tried in Part 2 of this series, 'Phytotoxic sites of action for molecular design of modern herbicides', in order to select the best selection of known and some novel plant-specific targets for molecular design of modern herbicides, which affect amino acid, lipid and cell wall biosynthesis. Although amino acid biosynthesis pathways, particularly those for aromatic amino acids, ammonia assimilation and branched amino acids, have been confirmed as reasonable herbicidal target domains, the other targets affecting plant growth more markedly than inhibition of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase, glutamine synthetase and acetolactate synthase are discussed. In three essential enzymes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis in or in the vicinity of chloroplasts, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase), elongase(s) for very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) and linolate monogalactosyldiacylglycerol desaturase, ACCase and elongase are more important targets for new herbicides. Although the effect of cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors is restricted to cell wall formation in growing plant cells only, there is a good chance to design the low-use rate herbicides also in this class of inhibitors. Other possible targets for new herbicides are also discussed. 相似文献
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Theodoulou FL Clark IM He XL Pallett KE Cole DJ Hallahan DL 《Pest management science》2003,59(2):202-214
Herbicide safeners are known to protect monocotyledonous crops from herbicide injury by accelerating the metabolism of herbicides. We have investigated the effects of the safener cloquintocetmexyl, which protects small-grain cereals against the graminicidal herbicide, clodinafop-propargyl. Subtractive suppression hybridisation was used to identify wheat genes which are up-regulated by treatment not only with cloquintocet-mexyl but also with phenobarbital, which is known to stimulate xenobiotic metabolism in animals and plants. DNA sequences of five glutathione transferases (GSTs) belonging to three different classes and a multidrug resistance associated protein (MRP) homologue were identified in the screen. The chemical inducibility of these clones was confirmed by Northern analysis. The MRP protein was shown to be induced by treatments with cloquintocet-mexyl and phenobarbital and to be localised to the tonoplast. Since clodinafop-propargyl is not known to be metabolised by glutathionylation, the significance of GST induction is interpreted in terms of a generalised response to chemical stress, particularly the generation of active oxygen species. This work establishes herbicide safeners as useful tools for the identification of genes encoding herbicide-metabolising enzymes. 相似文献
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The element sulfur has an outstanding role in the crop protection chemistry because it is used in its elemental form as a multisite fungicide, but is also part of agrochemicals in the form of aromatic or aliphatic sulfur-containing rings or sulfur-based functional groups. This review gives an exhaustive overview over the latter category. Several fundamental agrochemical compound classes are named after a sulfur-based functionality, such as the dithiocarbamate fungicides and sulfonylurea herbicides. Altogether, 16 different sulfur-based functional groups are presented with their typical synthesis approaches and most important representatives in crop protection. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. 相似文献
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Shaner DL 《Pest management science》2004,60(1):17-24
Most modern herbicides have low mammalian toxicity. One of the reasons for this safety is that the target site for the herbicides is not often present in mammals. There are approximately 20 mechanisms of action that have been elucidated for herbicides. Of these, some do share common target sites with mammals. The mechanisms include formation of free radicals, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PROTOX), glutamine synthetase (GS) and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD). PROTOX, HPPD and GS inhibitors have been shown to inhibit these enzymes in both plants and mammals and there are measurable effects in mammalian systems. However, the consequences of inhibiting a common target site in plants can be quite different than in animals. What may be a lethal event in plants, eg inhibition of HPPD, can have a beneficial effect in mammals, eg treatment for tyrosinemia type I. These chemicals also have low mammalian toxicity due to rapid metabolism and/or excretion of the herbicide from mammalian systems. 相似文献
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Secondary compounds serve both endogenous and exogenous functions in higher plants because they are involved in plant growth and development as well as intraspecies and interspecies interactions. Documentation of the effects of pesticides on secondary compound biosynthesis in higher plants is increasing. While several herbicides have been reported to reduce levels of secondary compounds by non-specific mechanisms, a few herbicides, such as alachlor and glyphosate, directly affect specific biosynthetic steps. Alachlor reduces flavonoid synthesis at a step late in the biosynthetic pathway, and glyphosate blocks synthesis of all cinnamate derivatives by inhibiting 5-enolpyruvyl shikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase. Inhibition of EPSP synthase also leads to the accumulation of high levels of shikimate, benzoic acids and benzoic acid derivatives. The sulfonylureas and p-nitro-substituted diphenylether (DPE) herbicides can cause increases in the level of cinnamatederived phenolic compounds and the DPEs can cause dramatic increases in terpenoid stress metabolites. Certain fungicides are thought to act through enhancing the capacity of plants to produce phytoalexins. These and other data suggest that sublethal effects of pesticides on target and non-target plants can significantly affect agricultural ecosystems by altering the synthesis of compounds important in inter- and intraspecies interactions. 相似文献
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KRITON K. HATZIOS 《Weed Research》1984,24(4):249-254
In greenhouse studies, the efficacy of the herbicide safeners NA(1,8-naphthalic anhydride), R-25788 (N,N-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide), cyometrinil and CGA-92194 [N-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl-methoxy)imino-benzeneaceto-nitrile] in protecting grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, cv. ‘Funk G623’) against injury from pre-emergence or early post-emergence applications of the herbicides chlorsulfuron, fluazifop-butyl and sethoxydim was examined. NA as a seed dressing at 0·5 or 1·0% (w/w) was the most effective of the four safeners and offered partial to good protection to sorghum against injury from the lower rates of pre-emergence applications of all three herbicides. R-25788 was totally ineffective as a sorghum protectant against fluazifop-butyl injury but it did antagonize partially the injurious effects of the lower rates of sethoxydim and chlorsulfuron on sorghum. Cyometrinil and CGA-92194 offered partial protection to sorghum against injury from the lowest rate of all herbicides but their efficacy against higher rates of the three herbicides was very limited. None of the four safeners was effective in protecting grain sorghum against injury from post-emergence applications of the three herbicides tested. 相似文献
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To investigate the selectivity and safening action of the sulfonylurea herbicide pyrazosulfuron‐ethyl (PSE), pyrazosulfuron‐ethyl O‐demethylase (PSEOD) activity involving oxidative metabolism by cytochrome P‐450 was studied in rice (Oryza sativa L cv Nipponbare) and Cyperus serotinus Rottb. Cytochrome P‐450‐dependent activity was demonstrated by the use of the inducers 1,8‐naphthalic anhydride and ethanol, the herbicides PSE, bensulfuron‐methyl, dimepiperate and dymron, or the inhibitor piperonyl butoxide (PBO). Growth inhibition in C serotinus seedlings was more severe than that in rice seedlings. O‐Dealkylation activities of PSE were induced differently in rice and in C serotinus, with distinctly higher activity in rice seedlings. The induced PSEOD activities were slightly inhibited by PBO in rice seedlings, whereas they were strongly inhibited in C serotinus seedlings. Dimepiperate and dymron were effective safeners of rice against PSE treatment. Treatments with herbicide alone resulted in less induction of PSEOD activity compared with combined treatments of the herbicide and safener. PSEOD activity in rice seedlings induced with herbicide alone was strongly inhibited by PBO, whereas it was weakly inhibited in rice seedlings induced with combinations of PSE and two safeners. These results suggest that O‐demethylation by cytochrome P‐450 enzymes may be involved in the metabolism of PSE and may contribute to its selectivity and safening action. Furthermore, these results suggest the existence of a multiple form of cytochrome P‐450 in plants. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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选择新疆地区代表性农田土壤为样品,采用气相色谱法进行测定,通过室内培养的方式考察了各种添加外源硫和环境条件对土壤挥发性含硫气体释放的影响。结果表明:不同添加源对挥发性含硫气体种类及数量的影响各不相同。添加胱氨酸、半胱氨酸、甲硫氨酸、硫酸钠和硫代硫酸钠后,释出的挥发性含硫气体在总硫中所占的比例依次为1.71%、0.52%、11.5%、0.0016%和0.0014%,表明转化率均较低,其中无机硫的转化率最低,甲硫氨酸的转化率最高,有机硫是主要来源。在土壤微生物分解作用下,胱氨酸、半胱氨酸的主要分解产物是H2S,分别占总释放量的97.9%、90.8%;甲硫氨酸能够释放较多的CH3SH气体,占总释放量的88.3%。在一定范围内(1~10 mg·g-1),含硫气体的释放量随半胱氨酸添加量的增加而增加。碳、氮源加入的影响与挥发性含硫气体的种类有关。环境条件对挥发性含硫气体的释放也有影响,培养用水的影响远高于土壤类型,是相对重要的因素。 相似文献
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Herbicide safeners selectively protect crop plants from herbicide damage without reducing activity in target weed species. This paper provides an outline of the discovery and uses of these compounds, before reviewing literature devoted to defining the biochemical and physiological mechanisms involved in safener activity. Emphasis is placed on the effects of safeners on herbicide metabolism and their interactions with enzyme systems, such as cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenases and glutathione-S-transferases. Attention is drawn to the potential wide-ranging applications of safeners and, in particular, their use as powerful research tools with which to identify and manipulate those mechanisms which contribute to herbicide selectivity and resistance. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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Rolf Altenburger Rainer Callies L. Horst Grimme Dieter Leibfritz Adalbert Mayer 《Pest management science》1995,45(4):305-310
The purpose of this work was to investigate the in-vivo mode of action of glufosinate in comparison with that of the known glutamine synthetase inhibitor, methionine sulfoxmine, in photoautotrophic microorganisms. Using the eukaryotic green alga Chlorella fusca (Shih. & Krauss) and the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans (Kratz & Myers), currently developed [15N]NMR pulselabelling techniques have been employed to study the inhibition of ammonia assimilation. The results show that, while methionine sulfoximine immediately blocks glutamine synthesis, glufosinate action requires an induction process in both organisms investigated, possibly indicating the de-novo synthesis of an amino acid membrane carrier. In addition, the observed ability of C. fusca to incorporate nitrogen into glutamate under glutamine synthetase-inhibiting conditions is explicable by an anabolic function of a glutamate dehydrogenase in this organism. This might explain the large differences in observed species sensitivity to glufosinate exposure. 相似文献
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The ability of the herbicide safeners, BAS-145138 (1-dichloroacetyl-hexahydro-3,3,8a-trimethyl-pyrrolo(1,2a)pyrimidin-6(2H)-one), dichlormid (N,N-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide), flurazole (phenylmethyl ester), and MG-191 (2-dichloromelhyl-2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane) for preventing metazachlor injury to maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) seedlings were compared with their effects on 14C-metazachlor metabolism to a glutathione (GSH) conjugate, effects on non-protein thiol contents (mainly GSH) and effects on Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity in these two species. Sorghum shoot growth was reduced by 41% and maize shoot growth was reduced by 54%, by metazachlor concentrations in vermiculite nutrient culture of 0·6 μM and 7·5μM, respectively. In this system, all four compounds had significant activity as safeners for metazachlor in both sorghum and maize seedlings. BAS-145138 and flurazole were the most effective safeners in maize and sorghum, respectively. In the absence of safeners, the rate of non-enzymatic conjugation of metazachlor and GSH was much greater than the enzymatic rate. However, the rate of enzymatic conjugation of metazachlor with GSH was increased by safener treatment in both maize and sorghum. Safener effectiveness was highly correlated with increases in 14C-metazachlor uptake and metabolism in both species. Safener effectiveness was more highly correlated with safener effects on GST activity in maize or sorghum when 14C-metazachlor was used as the substrate than when the non-specific CDNB (1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene) was used as the substrate. Safener effectiveness was also strongly correlated with safener effects on GSH levels in sorghum, but not in maize, possibly because of the greater importance of non-enzymatic conjugation of metazachlor with GSH in sorghum as compared to maize. 相似文献
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C. FEDTKE 《Weed Research》1987,27(3):221-228
inhibitory activities of existing graminicides on root regeneration from monocotyledonous (oat) and dicotyledonous (soybean) plant cuttings in the light, in the dark and on algal growth were compared with the respective inhibitory activities of the new herbicide 2-(2-benzothiazo-lyl-oxy)-N-methyl-N-phenylacetamide (mefenacet). The mefenacet activity spectrum resembled that of the α-chloroacetamide herbicides. Herbicide groups of other structure-activity can be distinguished by their distinct activity spectrum. The mono-oxygenase inhibitors piperonyl but-oxide (PBO) and 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT) were found to antagonize the inhibitory activities of herbicides from the thiolcarbamate, α-chloroacetamide, and oxyacetic acid amide structure groups in the oat rooting and leaf growth tests. The critical evaluation of the presently available information on graminicide and safener mode of action suggests the concept that lipid biosynthesis on the physiological level and mono-oxygenase type enzymes on the biochemical level may hold the target sites for many of the graminicides and safeners discussed. 相似文献