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本试验采用盆栽土培试验和液培试验相结合的方式研究了施钾对小麦根系生理性状及地上部生长的影响。结果表明：在缺钾的土壤上施钾可以促进根系生长，提高全生育期的根系活力和根中可溶糖含量，提高了根系在衰老过程中氮、钾养分的含量；施钾还能增大旗叶叶面积，提高小麦灌浆后期旗叶的叶绿素含量，有利于旗叶的光合和籽粒的灌浆。施钾能显著提高小麦成穗数、穗粒数和粒重，增加产量。 相似文献
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[目的]探讨施钾方式(一次性施入和钾肥后移)对高产春玉米根系特性的影响,为高产春玉米钾素养分调控提供理论依据。[方法]以金山27玉米为供试品种,2个施钾水平(K2O 150和300kg/hm2)及施钾后移处理下,测定不同生育时期各土层根系干物质重、根系活力及其酶活性,成熟期测定根条数、根幅。[结果]300kg/hm2施钾水平与150kg/hm2施钾水平相比,各土层根系干重增加,尤以吐丝前0—20cm土层为根干重增加幅度最大,20—60cm土层根干重占总干重比例减小,尤以乳熟期为甚;各土层根条数、最大根幅增加,最大根幅下移;各生育时期各土层根系活力、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和过氧化物酶(POD)活性随施钾量增加而增加,丙二醛(MDA)含量下降。相同施钾水平下,施钾后移各生育时期0—60cm各土层根系干重减小;0—20cm土层根干重占总干重比例增加;最大根幅、根条数及最大根幅深度均减少,且随土层深度增加差异增大;各土层根系活力、SOD酶活性和POD酶活性降低,MAD含量增加。[结论]300kg/hm2施钾量较150kg/hm2施钾量促进玉米根系生长,且延缓根系衰老,尤其可促进深层根系的生长;同一施钾水平下,施钾后移则促进作用不明显,甚至降低了根系的干重。 相似文献
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采用FACE（Free air carbon dioxide enrichment）技术,研究了不同施N水平下,大气CO2浓度升高对水稻/小麦轮作土壤速效钾的影响。结果表明,相对于对照处理,在不同氮水平下CO2浓度升高使作物生物量增加,导致作物生长季对土壤钾的吸收增加,但并没有降低作物主要生长期土壤（0―5、5―15 cm土层）速效钾的含量;CO2浓度升高使土壤速效钾增加的幅度在作物根际达6.3%~22.3%,在行间达3.7%~11.2%,且土壤速效钾增加的幅度在小麦季大于水稻季。表明根系对土壤速效钾的影响很大,因此,短期内土壤钾含量不会成为限制因素而影响作物对高CO2浓度的响应,反而会增加土壤钾的有效性。但在土壤肥力较低的土壤上可能会产生消极影响。 相似文献
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不同水型水稻土施钾效果及施钾技术的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文通过不同水型水稻土水稻施钾效果的研究,结果表明,潜育型水稻土>潴育型水稻土>淹育型水稻土。水稻施钾能增强根系氧化力,提高土壤氧化还原电位的百分比和降低土壤还原物质含量,以及增加土壤好气性细菌和降低反硝化细菌的百分比等作用,均为潜育型水稻土>潴育型水稻土>淹育型水稻土;水稻生长季节的水、土温度,土壤供钾能力和水稻吸收土壤钾素的量为淹育型水稻土>潴育型水稻土>潜育型水稻土。而水稻吸收肥料钾占总吸钾量的比,则为潜育型水稻土>潴育型水稻土>淹育型水稻土。并找出了淹育型水稻土、潴育型水稻土和潜育型水稻土水稻施钾有效的土壤速效钾含量临界值,分别为54、82和141mg kg-1。本文还提出了不同水型水稻土在不同土壤速效钾水平下,水稻最高产量和最经济产量的施钾量,以及钾肥的适宜施用期,为合理施用钾肥提供了科学依据。 相似文献
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钾耗竭后土壤对铵钾离子的固定竞争 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
研究了７种钾素耗竭后的土壤对ＮＨ＾＋４和Ｋ＾＋的固定能力，结果表明：（１）在钾素耗竭后的土壤中加入同等量的ＮＨ＾＋４与Ｋ＾＋的情况下，固定ＮＨ＾＋４大于固定Ｋ＾＋的数量；当加入ＮＨ＾＋４与Ｋ＾＋之比为５：１时，固定ＮＨ＾＋４远远大于固定Ｋ＾＋的数量；当加入的ＮＨ＾＋４与Ｋ＾＋之比为１：５时，固定Ｋ＾＋的数量稍大于固定ＮＨ＾＋４的数量。（２）当施ＮＨ＾＋４与施Ｋ＾＋量相同时，先施铵隔２天再施钾的固铵 相似文献
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施氮和不同品种水稻对紫色水稻土钾素形态的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
通过盆栽试验研究了施氮水平和不同品种水稻对四川盆地 3种典型紫色水稻土 5种钾形态的影响以及各种土壤钾形态对水稻钾素营养的贡献。结果表明 ,4个紫色水稻土供钾能力均属中下水平 ,全钾含量为 1.29%～2.62% ,其中矿物钾量平均占 96.82% ,速效钾和非交换性钾仅平均占 0.62%和 2.56% ,土壤供钾能力以中性紫色水稻土 石灰性紫色水稻土 酸性紫色水稻土。施氮 (N 0～ 150mg/kg)促进 4个紫色水稻土钾素的释放 ,提高水稻对非交换性钾和矿物钾的吸收利用 ,使矿物钾和非交换性钾的贡献占植株吸钾的 80.3% ,速效钾仅为 19.7%。中性紫色土供试 4个品种水稻的吸钾能力为开优 5号 汕优 63Ⅱ优 6078引佳 1号。施氮后4个品种水稻吸自非交换性钾和矿物钾量平均占植物吸钾量的 66.9% ,以施中氮 (N 150mg/kg)时植株吸钾量最高 ;而低氮或高氮水平都不利于植物对钾的吸收和土壤钾的释放 相似文献
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水肥耦合对水稻根系形态与活力的影响 总被引：23，自引：0，他引：23
在土培条件下，设计3个水分水平和2个施氮水平，研究水肥耦合对水稻汕优63不同生育阶段根系形态与活力的影响。结果表明：在低土壤水分条件下增加氮素供应水平能够显著增加根干重、根体积和促进根系的扎深。根系干重的垂直分布可用对数模型、乘幂模型、指数函数模型、多项式函数模型来表示，相关系数均在0.9以上，且以指数函数的模拟精度最高。轻度降低土壤水分，增加施氮量能迅速提高根系活跃吸收面积和根系α-萘胺氧化活力，促进根系快速生长；过度降低土壤水分对水稻根系活力有抑制作用。 相似文献
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【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
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Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
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《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
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Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
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M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
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Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
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《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
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《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
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Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献