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1.
江淮地区是我国水稻和小麦重要的生产基地,明确该地区不同产量水平之间的差异特征及形成机制,探索区域粮食生产的限制因子,可为缩减江淮地区周年产量差的技术途径提供科学依据和参考。本研究以稻–麦周年生产体系为研究对象,定量分析不同产量水平田块之间的产量差与气候影响因素。结果表明,江淮地区水稻、小麦及周年农户水平与试验水平和高产纪录间存在显著的产量差,分别为3315.9、1537.5、4645.6 kg hm–2和7498.6、3977.9、9840.9 kg hm^–2。水稻、小麦及周年农户水平较试验水平还有46.2%、29.7%和37.3%的增产潜力,较高产纪录还有104.5%、77.0%和79.0%的增产潜力。每穗粒数是造成水稻产量差的主要因子,穗数和每穗粒数是造成小麦产量差的主要因子。与农户水平相比,水稻试验水平和高产纪录的穗粒数分别增加30.4%和116.1%;小麦试验水平和高产纪录的穗数和每穗粒数平均分别增加40.9%、70.0%和21.8%、19.6%。缩小产量差水稻主要依赖于增加每穗粒数,小麦靠穗数和每穗粒数的协同提高。生育期累积辐射和积温较低是导致水稻产量差异的主要气候因素,而生育期降雨过多是导致小麦产量差异的主要气候因素。根据研究提出了“强稻稳麦”是提升江淮地区周年粮食生产的有效途径。 相似文献
2.
Analysis of Wheat Cultivar Differences in Grain Yield, Grain Nitrogen Yield and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency. 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
More detailed information on the causes of yield variability among wheat cultivars is needed to further increase wheat yield. Field studies were conducted in Northern Greece over the two cropping seasons of 1985—1986 and 1986—1987 to assess the effects of nitrogen fertilizer and application timing of the various component traits that determine grain yield, grain nitrogen yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency of two bread ( Triticum aestivum L.) and two durum ( Triticum durum Desf.) wheat cultivars, using yield and yield component analysis. Nitrogen at a rate of 150 kg ha-1 was applied before planting or 100 N kg ha-1 before planting and then 50 N kg ha-1 top dressed at early boot stage. Nitrogen and cultivars affected all traits examined, while split nitrogen application affected only some of the traits. Grain yields in the most cases were correlated with number of grains per unit area and grain weight and grain nitrogen yields in all cases with grain number per unit area. The contribution of the number of grains per spike to total variation in grain yield among cultivars was almost consistent (37 to 55 %), while the contribution of grain weight was more significant (up to 55 %) in high yields (>6.500kg ha-1 ) and number of spikes per unit area (>500). The number of grains per spike contributed from 60 to 83 % to the total variation in grain nitrogen per spike. Increased grain nitrogen concentration resulted in a reduction of its contribution in grain nitrogen yield variation. Nitrogen utilization efficiency was higher during grain filling than during vegetative biomass accumulation. The contribution of nitrogen harvest index to the variation of utilization efficiency for grain yield was higher in plants receiving nitrogen application. 相似文献
3.
Genetic variation and interrelationships of agronomic characters in landraces of bread wheat from southeastern Iran 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
There is renewed interest in wheat landraces as important sources of genetic variation for agronomic characters. Fifty-three
pure lines of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) derived from seven landraces collected from southeastern Iran were used to
estimate genetic variation and heritability for 13 developmental and quantitative characters. Path-analysis was used to partition
the genetic correlations between grain yield and six grain yield-related traits. Mean values of landraces were also compared
with three improved cultivars from California and Iran. Genotypic differences among the landraces and among the pure lines
collected from the landraces were highly significant for all characters considered. Compared with the modern cultivars, the
landrace genotypes were, on average, later in days to heading and taller than the cultivars but had lower values for number
of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield and harvest index. Some landrace genotypes were similar to the modern
cultivars for grain yield. Moderate to high genetic variation was displayed by number of grains per spike, number of spikes
per plant, 1000-grain weight, and harvest index. The heritability estimates ranged from 59% for grain yield to 99% for days
to anthesis. Expected genetic advance (as % of the mean) was ≈34% for number of spikes per plant, number of grains per spike,
and 1000-grain weight. Days to heading and to anthesis correlated positively with number of spikes per plant, shoot biomass,
and straw biomass but negatively with number of grains per spike and harvest index. The strong direct effect of number of
spikes per plant on grain yield was completely counterbalanced by its indirect negative effects via number of grains per spike
and 1000-grain weight. Number of grains per spike and 1000-grain weight were positively correlated with grain yield, and they
had large direct effects. These two characters, however, were negatively correlated and exhibited a substantial counterbalance
effect via one another and via number of spikes per plant. The landraces could be improved by intercrossing the promising
genotypes identified in this study, with simultaneous selection for earliness, fewer number of spikes per plant, greater number
of grains per spike and heavier grains. For further improvement, crossing programs between the landraces and introduced germplasm
may be necessary.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
4.
为了明确抗稻瘟病杂交稻‘广优明118’的产量、抗性鉴定、稻米品质、农艺性状等生物学特性表现,以及产量结构特征。根据‘广优明118’参加福建省、安徽省区域试验和其他试验示范结果,分析其生物学特性,进行产量及产量构成因素间相关分析, 构成因素对产量的通径分析。表明,‘广优明118’高产、中抗稻瘟病,中抗稻曲病,感纹枯病,高感白叶枯病,适应性较广。产量结构分析表明,每公顷穗数对产量的贡献率为43.05%,每穗粒数为30.59%,千粒重为12.50%,结实率为10.57%。每公顷穗数和每穗粒数对每公顷总粒数的贡献率分别为34.10%和64.09%。每公顷总粒数对库容量的贡献率为86.47%,千粒重的贡献率为13.31%。库容量对稻谷产量的贡献率86.94%,结实率的贡献率为10.23%。‘广优明118’高产的关键应培育足穗大穗,增加单位面积的总粒数,扩大库容量,并注重提高结实率和千粒重。 相似文献
5.
为了解近10年来河南省推广的黄淮南片麦区新育成小麦品种的情况,揭示小麦产量构成因素对产量影响的相对重要性,对2005—2014年适宜河南省推广的63个国审小麦品种的产量及主要性状指标进行相关和通径分析。结果表明：近年来河南省推广的国审小麦新品种产量整体呈上升趋势,平均每年增长7.6533 kg/hm2。主要性状的变异系数大小顺序为公顷穗数>穗粒数>株高>千粒重。主要性状与产量的相关程度为：千粒重>穗粒数>株高>穗数。产量三因素对产量的直接通径系数都为正值：千粒重>穗粒数>穗数。根据分析结果结合河南省生态条件及当前的栽培习性,小麦育种和高产栽培应注重公顷穗数与穗粒数的协调,将大穗和大群体有效结合,稳定千粒重,同时注意三因素的协调发展,从而达到高产目标。 相似文献
6.
冬小麦-夏玉米轮作“双晚”种植模式下的品种匹配与资源效率 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
探索适宜于麦玉"双晚"种植模式下抗逆丰产稳产的冬小麦夏玉米品种组合特性及其与自然资源匹配特征,对于保障冬小麦夏玉米抗逆丰产高效生产具有重要意义。本研究于2017—2019年通过田间试验,选用华北平原主推的冬小麦与夏玉米品种各8个,设置区域麦玉"双晚"接茬模式和水分控制处理,通过水分利用效率、籽粒灌浆特征、生育进程、周年光温水资源利用效率等综合分析与评价,探明宜于"双晚"模式下麦玉品种组配特征及其资源利用效率。结果表明,在常规节水灌溉和生育期雨养模式下冀麦325、石麦15和济麦22的产量在两个生长季均高于供试品种平均产量,其中冀麦325和石麦15的抗旱系数均高于济麦22;同时,济麦22、冀麦325和石麦15具有较高的灌浆速率、穗粒数和粒重,其高稳系数在不同灌溉模式下均高于供试品种平均值。在供试玉米品种中,登海605、伟科702、MC670、农华816的产量和高稳系数均高于供试品种的平均值,其中MC670、登海605、先玉335的灌浆速率在2个生长季均高于供试品种的平均值,而迪卡517和先玉335在供试品种中收获期籽粒含水量最低、平均脱水速率最高。基于品种丰产稳产性、抗旱性、灌浆特征和脱水... 相似文献
7.
为了选育抗稻瘟病杂交稻品种,揭示其高产结构特征,以福建省农业科学院水稻研究所选育的抗稻瘟病三系不育系‘谷丰A’为母本,以自选恢复系‘六恢168’为父本,配组育成高产、抗稻瘟病的杂交稻新品种‘谷优168’。根据‘谷优168’参加国家武陵山区区试结果,分析其生物学特性,进行产量及产量构成因素间的相关分析和通径分析。结果表明‘谷优168’高产、抗稻瘟病,感纹枯病,中感稻曲病,耐冷性强。产量结构分析,每公顷穗数对产量的贡献率为34.2%,每穗粒数为27.3%,千粒重为18.4%,结实率为17.5%。每公顷穗数和每穗粒数对每公顷总粒数的贡献率分别为30.6%和69.2%。每公顷总粒数对库容量的贡献率为92.9%,千粒重的贡献率为6.9%。库容量对稻谷产量的贡献率为79.5%,结实率的贡献率为17.5%。‘谷优168’高产的关键是在足穗的基础上培育大穗,增加单位面积的总粒数,扩大库容量,并以提高结实率为保证。 相似文献
8.
Z. Wang Y. Yin M. He Y. Zhang S. Lu Q. Li S. Shi 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2003,189(5):280-285
Grain yield in wheat is dependent on photosynthate production and allocation. Light intensity is one of the main factors affecting photosynthate production and allocation, and grain yield. This study was conducted to determine whether cultivars varying in grain number per spike and grain weight respond differently to pre‐anthesis shading (PRE) and post‐anthesis shading (POST), and to characterize the responses in production and allocation of photosynthate, yield and yield components, and spike traits. Both PRE and POST caused a decrease in both dry matter (DM) accumulation and allocation to grain. Cultivar Lumai 22, which has a large spike and large grains, was more sensitive to either PRE or POST. PRE reduced photosynthate production and partitioning to the spike in Lumai 22 at anthesis. In contrast, PRE had little influence on these parameters in the small‐spike, small‐grain cultivar Yannong 15. POST reduced the partitioning to the grain, especially in Lumai 22, for which marked reductions in biomass and grain yield were found for both the PRE and POST treatments. Changes in yield components attributable to shading varied with cultivars. The number of spikes m?2 was not affected by either PRE or POST. Lumai 22 was more seriously affected by shading than Yannong 15 in terms of grain number per spike and weight per grain. The decreases in grain number or weight per spikelet in both the PRE and POST treatments took place mainly in the upper and basal spikelets, especially in Lumai 22. We concluded that the adaptability of the small‐spike, small‐grain cultivar Yannong 15 to either PRE or POST was much greater than that of the large‐spike, large‐grain cultivar Lumai 22 in terms of many characteristics closely related to grain yield. Hence, we suggest that, in areas where low light intensity often occurs, the small‐spike, small‐grain cultivar would be more likely to produce high, stable grain yields. 相似文献
9.
不同土壤肥力对各年代小麦品种产量及农艺性状的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
旨在有效指导小麦品种选育及推广,对于种质资源的合理利用也具有重要意义。以山东省不同年代主推的25个小麦品种为材料,研究2种土壤肥力下产量的演变规律,明确农艺性状与产量间的相关性。试验结果表明,不同肥力条件下产量提高趋势相同,其中高肥增幅最大;各年代产量高肥较低肥增产幅度不同,其中20 世纪50、60 年代表现为-9.02%、-1.80%;土壤肥力对穗粒数、穗数、50 及60 年代小麦产量的影响无明显差异,对其他性状差异均达到显著水平,肥力与品种互作对穗数影响较大;不同肥力下产量构成因素间呈正相关性,为穗数>千粒重>穗粒数;土壤肥力对穗长、小穗数有明显影响。早期品种已不适应现代农业生产,在小麦演替中肥沃的地力和适宜的品种有效促进高产;维持较高的地力贡献,可促进产量构成因素协调增长,有助于育种工作者选育目标的确定。 相似文献
10.
黄淮地区粳稻主要产量性状的相关性分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
选用黄淮地区种植的7个粳稻品种,对其主要产量性状进行了相关和通径分析,建立了回归方程,研究结果表明：对黄淮地区粳稻品种产量影响最大的是单位面积(667m2)穗数,其次是穗粒数,一级枝梗数通过穗粒数而影响产量;株高、穗长与产量呈一定的负相关,反映出目前黄淮地区种植的粳稻品种主体上仍属（半）矮杆、小穗型品种,未来超高产或超级粳稻品种培育应注重协调性状间的相互关系,保证单位面积(667m2)穗数的前提下,朝高杆抗倒、大穗多粒方向发展。 相似文献