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瘤胃微生物在反刍动物饲粮消化和吸收中起着重要的作用,深入探索瘤胃微生物群落结构、代谢活动和功能作用,对反刍动物健康和促进饲草利用效率具有重要意义。相对传统瘤胃微生物纯培养方法,组学技术能够更加全面对瘤胃微生物种类、代谢途径、功能进行解释,宏组学联用为系统理解瘤胃微生物降解纤维物质分子机理提供新方式,并受到研究人员越来越多的关注。本文总结了宏基因组学、宏转录组学、宏蛋白质组学与代谢组学在瘤胃微生物研究中的应用,并围绕宏组学技术联合应用进行综述,为反刍动物瘤胃微生物的研究提供理论支持。 相似文献
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2008-2009年反刍动物营养研究进展 Ⅰ.瘤胃微生物多样性与功能 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
作者综述了2008-2009年间在ADSA-ASAS年会和CNKI、PubMed等数据库中与瘤胃微生物分子多态性和元基因组学相关的42篇文献。在瘤胃微生物多样性方面,研究方法不断优化及研究者将研究对象扩大到小品种反刍动物瘤胃微生物,不仅大大丰富了瘤胃微生物多样性数据库,而且表明瘤胃微生物群落组成受到宿主遗传背景、生长发育阶段和健康状态的影响,并且随日粮、季节等环境条件的变化呈现动态变化的特点。在瘤胃微生物的功能方面,主要围绕瘤胃中复杂碳水化合物降解、甲烷代谢及不饱和脂肪酸氢化3个主题,从微生物生理学、基因组学和元基因组学的角度阐述了2009年度的主要进展。尽管瘤胃微生物多样性和功能的相关研究积累了大量研究数据,但瘤胃微生物群落中影响宿主代谢和生产性能的关键功能菌的鉴定、分离、作用模式及其利用等问题仍然悬而未决。综合利用分子生态学、元基因组学和代谢组学等方法,研究瘤胃微生物群落与反刍动物的交互作用,可能成为揭示瘤胃微生物群落与反刍动物生产性能的关系、充分利用瘤胃微生物群落资源的新突破口。 相似文献
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反刍动物通过瘤胃微生物的发酵可以利用大量纤维性饲料。近年来随着分子生物学、测序技术和多组学的发展,调控瘤胃微生物是反刍动物营养学研究的热点之一。由于成年反刍动物瘤胃微生态的稳定性,导致调控技术收效甚微。然而,如果在反刍动物瘤胃微生物建立的早期进行人为干预会获得较好的效果。因此,研究反刍动物瘤胃微生物的定植规律对科学调控瘤胃功能具有重要意义。基于此,综述近年来反刍动物瘤胃微生物建立过程的研究进展,旨在为反刍动物瘤胃微生物建立过程与调控的研究提供新的线索。 相似文献
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瘤胃微生物被称为反刍动物的“隐藏器官”,与宿主营养物质的获取和生理健康的维持密切相关;目前宏基因组测序发现瘤胃中超过5 800个基因组,然而超过90%的微生物尚未被培养,处于“生物信息黑箱”[1]中。培养组学是一种采用多种培养条件,结合高通量测序技术鉴定菌种的培养方法。高通量、并行化的培养组学技术在瘤胃微生物中的应用,为在菌株水平上研究重点菌株功能及其与宿主互作关系提供了新的视角。然而,目前培养组学运用于瘤胃微生物的研究仍然较少,尚处于起步阶段。本文从瘤胃微生物特点、培养组学技术及其在瘤胃微生物培养中的应用现状、面临挑战等方面进行综述,为不断优化、规范化培养组学研究方案、拓展瘤胃可培养菌株资源、加快瘤胃生物信息黑箱的破解提供思考。 相似文献
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Freshly excreted Canada goose faeces pose a public health risk as they contain pathogenic microorganisms. Accordingly, a study was carried out on the growth and survival of resident indicator bacteria (enterococci and Escherichia coli) and inoculated Campylobacter jejuni in freshly excreted faeces over summer and winter. Canada goose faeces were collected, mixed thoroughly and inoculated with 108 g?1C. jejuni. The faeces were mixed again before making the Canada goose dropping. The simulated goose droppings (N = 70) were placed on pasture, and the concentrations of E. coli, enterococci and the pathogen, C. jejuni, were monitored. In summer only, the molecular marker of E. coli LacZ and the avian‐associated bacteria E2 was also monitored. Results of the survival study indicated that significant growth of enterococci and E. coli occurred in summer, before concentrations decreased to less than 15% of the original concentration (day 77) for enterococci and 0.01% for E. coli. LacZ followed a similar pattern to E. coli, while the E2 marker dropped to below 0.1% of the original concentration within 4 days. In winter, enterococci grew slightly, while no growth of E. coli occurred. In both summer and winter, C. jejuni was rapidly inactivated. This research highlights the ability of bacterial indicators to replicate and survive in the environment when harboured by avian faeces, and the limited risk aged Canada goose faeces pose as an environmental source of Campylobacter spp. 相似文献
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为了对食源性单核细胞增生李斯特菌LM5567的lmoF23650037基因进行克隆和序列分析。试验利用PCR方法对lmoF23650037基因进行扩增,连接pMD19-T载体进行克隆,筛选阳性菌株进行测序比对分析。结果显示:扩增获得的lmoF23650037基因序列长为548 bp,克隆得到lmoF23650037基因的阳性转化子;生物信息学分析表明:lmoF23650037蛋白属于跨膜蛋白,无信号肽序列;二级结构中无规则卷曲和延伸链比例较大,分别是46.31%和32.89%;序列比对结果表明,LM5567株lmoF23650037基因核苷酸序列与02-6680株(4b,奶酪,加拿大)、10-0811株(1/2b,螃蟹,加拿大)、10-0809株(4b,粪便,加拿大)、81-0558株(4b,脑脊髓液、加拿大)、02-1103株、02-1792(4b,奶酪,加拿大)、81-0861株(4b,卷心菜,加拿大)相似性均为100%;LM5567 lmoF23650037基因编码的氨基酸序列与上述菌株相似性均为93.3%。本试验成功克隆了lmoF23650037基因,为进一步探究lmoF23650037基因的功能奠定了基础。 相似文献
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Kononoff PJ Deobald HM Stewart EL Laycock AD Marquess FL 《Journal of animal science》2005,83(4):927-932
Feedlot producers could optimize the value of cattle in a given market grid if they were able to improve the uniformity of the body composition between cattle among loads. Allelic variation due to a single nucleotide transition (cytosine [C] to thymine [T] transition that results in a Arg25Cys) has been demonstrated to be associated with higher leptin mRNA levels in adipose tissue and increased fat deposition in mature beef, but the effect on economically important carcass traits has not been investigated in either market-ready steers or heifers. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of a leptin SNP on the quality grade (QG), yield grade (YG), and weight of beef carcasses. A slaughter trial was conducted using 1,435 crossbred finished heifers and 142 crossbred finished steers as they entered the slaughter facility. Canada QG tended (main effect of genotype P = 0.16, but P < 0.01 for both CC vs. TT and CT vs. TT) to be affected by leptin genotype. Specifically, 7.6 and 7.1% more TT carcasses graded Canada AAA or higher than the CT and CC carcasses, respectively, which supports the suggestion that the leptin SNP is associated with carcass fat. The proportion of carcasses grading Canada YG 1, 2, or 3 was affected (P < 0.01, P = 0.05, and P = 0.02 for YG 1, 2, and 3) by leptin genotype. The proportion of TT carcasses of Canada YG 1 was 12.5 and 15.1% lower than that of CT and CC carcasses, respectively, indicating that rearing animals under the same management and feeding system may result in greater carcass fat and a lower probability of the proportion of carcasses grading YG 1 within certain genotypes. The carcass weights of animals with the CC genotype tended (P = 0.07) to be higher than those of the TT genotype (365.5 vs. 362.3 kg). No significant difference was observed between the TT and CT genotypes in carcass weight. The observed associations between leptin genotype and carcass characteristics may represent an opportunity to genetically identify animals that are most likely to reach specific marketing groups. 相似文献
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The Business of Urban Animals Survey: The facts and statistics on companion animals in Canada 
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下载免费PDF全文 At the first Banff Summit for Urban Animal Strategies (BSUAS) in 2006, delegates clearly indicated that a lack of reliable Canadian statistics hampers municipal leaders and legislators in their efforts to develop urban animal strategies that create and sustain a healthy community for pets and people. To gain a better understanding of the situation, BSUAS municipal delegates and other industry stakeholders partnered with Ipsos Reid, one of the world’s leading polling firms, to conduct a national survey on the “Business of Urban Animals.” The results of the survey, summarized in this article, were presented at the BSUAS meeting in October 2008. In addition, each participating community will receive a comprehensive written analysis, as well as a customized report. The online survey was conducted from September 22 to October 1, 2008. There were 7208 participants, including 3973 pet and 3235 non-pet owners from the Ipsos-Reid’s proprietary Canadian online panel. The national results were weighted to reflect the true population distribution across Canada and the panel was balanced on all major demographics to mirror Statistics Canada census information. The margin for error for the national results is 1/− 1.15%. 相似文献
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The author emphasizes the significance of enzootic bovine leukosis in Canada. He describes in detail diagnostic methods, various types of the disease and methods of transmission.
Various aspects of the disease in Canada are compared with those in other countries. Prevention and control are discussed in a Canadian context and include the current policies of the Government of Canada in relationship to this disease. The possibility of developing a certification program for herds free of the disease is also discussed. The paper includes incidence in various parts of Canada.
相似文献16.
为了探索FSH剂量对辽宁绒山羊的超排效果,对加拿大生产的FSH设计了192mg、208mg、224mg和240mg4个剂量组,对宁渡生产的FSH设计了150IU、160IU、180IU和190IU4个剂量组,进行超数排卵处理。结果表明：加拿大生产的FSH总剂量192mg,平均每只羊回收的总胚胎数量、可用胚胎数量显著或极显著高于其它3个剂量组;宁波生产的FSH总剂量180IU,平均每只羊回收的总胚胎数量显著或极显著高于其它3个剂量组,可用胚胎数量极显著高干另外3个剂量组。 相似文献
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Budu-Amoako E Greenwood SJ Dixon BR Barkema HW Hurnik D Estey C McClure JT 《Veterinary parasitology》2012,184(1):18-24
In a cross-sectional study of 633 pigs from 21 herds on Prince Edward Island, Canada (PEI), the prevalence of infection with Cryptosporidium and Giardia, and the genotypes and species of isolates were determined in order to establish the zoonotic potential of pigs in this region. As determined by direct immunofluorescence microscopy (DFA), 18 herds (86%) and 163 animals (26%; 95% CI: 22-29%) tested positive for Cryptosporidium, while just 3 herds (14%) and 6 animals (1%; 95% CI: 0.4-2%) tested positive for Giardia. Cryptosporidium spp. isolates were detected in 39% (95% CI: 34-44%) of weanlings (1-3 months of age) and 9% (95% CI: 6-13) of sows (>8 months of age). Molecular characterization using the 18S rDNA and HSP70 gene fragments revealed the presence of Cryptosporidium sp. pig genotype II, C. suis, C. parvum, and Cryptosporidium sp. mouse genotype. Among the 113 isolates of Cryptosporidium spp. successfully genotyped, pig genotype II (61%) predominated, with C. suis (36%) being the next most prominant isolate. C. parvum (2%; two isolates) and Cryptosporidium sp. mouse genotype (0.9%; one isolate) were only occasionally isolated. The only two Cryptosporidium-positive genotyped isolates from sows included one each of C. suis and Cryptosporidium sp. pig genotype II.All but one of the six Giardia positive isolates were detected in weanling pigs. None of the Giardia-positive isolates was amenable to PCR. This study demonstrates that Cryptosporidium spp. are highly prevalent in pigs on PEI, Canada, are found mostly in weanlings (1-3 months of age). Furthermore, the pigs are primarily infected by the host-specific genotypes and species, Cryptosporidium sp. pig genotype II and C. suis, whereas the zoonotic C. parvum is rare. Giardia duodenalis is only occasionally found in pigs. These findings suggest that domestic pigs on PEI, Canada, likely do not pose a significant health risk to humans from these parasites. 相似文献
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《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2008,61(5):529-534
Invading exotics typically face new competitors and an absence of specialized herbivores in their new ranges. Biological control attempts to reunite invasive weeds with coevolved herbivores and restoration can reduce the return of invaders by maximizing competition from native species. The integration of both approaches is seldom examined in detail, although the two should complement each other. We investigated the potential to suppress an important invasive plant, Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense [L.] Scop.), by integrating biological control and competition from two native grasses frequently used in rangeland restoration. We evaluated the impacts of Ceutorhynchus litura F. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a weevil used for Canada thistle biological control, alone and in combination with either needle and thread grass (Hesperostipa comata [Trin. & Rupr.] Barkworth) or alkali sacaton (Sporobolus airoides [Torr.] Torr.) in greenhouse competitive plantings. Weevil herbivory reduced root, but not shoot, biomass of Canada thistle. Competition from H. comata did not reduce biomass of thistles, but combinations of the weevil and H. comata greatly reduced thistle root biomass. S. airoides suppressed Canada thistle root biomass independent of weevils. Weevils had a positive indirect effect on the cool-season grass H. comata, presumably by reducing the competitive ability of thistles, but had no effect on biomass of the warm-season grass, S. airoides. Benefits of weevil presence as an augmentation of grass competition appear to depend on appropriate timing, and weevils provided the most benefit to the cool-season competitor. Our results suggest that restoration efforts can be complemented with insect biocontrol agents, although the timing of impact will depend on the particular weed species, grass competitors, and biocontrol insect agents involved. 相似文献
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Pathogen Loading From Canada Geese Faeces in Freshwater: Potential Risks to Human Health Through Recreational Water Exposure 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Canada geese (Branta canadensis) faeces have been shown to contain pathogenic protozoa and bacteria in numerous studies over the past 15 years. Further, increases in both the Canada geese populations and their ideal habitat requirements in the United States (US) translate to a greater presence of these human pathogens in public areas, such as recreational freshwater beaches. Combining these factors, the potential health risk posed by Canada geese faeces at freshwater beaches presents an emerging public health issue that warrants further study. Here, literature concerning human pathogens in Canada geese faeces is reviewed and the potential impacts these pathogens may have on human health are discussed. Pathogens of potential concern include Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Helicobacter canadensis, Arcobacter spp., Enterohemorragic Escherichia coli pathogenic strains, Chlamydia psitacci, Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia. Scenarios presenting potential exposure to pathogens eluted from faeces include bathers swimming in lakes, children playing with wet and dry sand impacted by geese droppings and other common recreational activities associated with public beaches. Recent recreational water‐associated disease outbreaks in the US support the plausibility for some of these pathogens, including Cryptosporidium spp. and C. jejuni, to cause human illness in this setting. In view of these findings and the uncertainties associated with the real health risk posed by Canada geese faecal pathogens to users of freshwater lakes, it is recommended that beach managers use microbial source tracking and conduct a quantitative microbial risk assessment to analyse the local impact of Canada geese on microbial water quality during their decision‐making process in beach and watershed management. 相似文献
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新型A型H1N1猪流感疫情动态及防控措施 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
2009年3月18日由墨西哥发端的人类大流行性甲型(A型)H1N1流感疫情迅速在全球蔓延,并已扩散到中国。新型A型H1N1流感突破种间屏障由人传染给猪、禽,并相继在北美、南美、大洋洲出现疫情。2009年4月21日,新型A型H1N1猪流感疫情首次在北美的加拿大发生;2009年6月24日,在南美的阿根廷发生猪流感疫情;2009年7月24日,远在大洋洲的澳大利亚也出现猪流感疫情;更糟糕的是在2009年7月23日,在南美紧邻阿根廷的智利的禽类(火鸡)首次发生A型流感疫情。此次新型A型H1N1流感疫情呈现大流行病学显著变化:①突破种间屏障由人传染给猪、禽;②突破地理屏障,在三大洲先后暴发规模不等、强度不一的多起疫情。因此,我国卫生主管部门、兽医主管部门和出入境检验检疫部门应高度戒备,密切关注,采取严格的生物安全措施,严防疫情疫病跨越国境,特别是防止新型A型H1N1流感疫情在人群、猪群、禽群之间相互传播,避免疫情在人类和动物进一步扩散。 相似文献