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1.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(7):627-634
ABSTRACTWood supply is one of the most significant cost items for most forest industries, and costs of forest operations and sale prices of wood is vital information for forest owners. Cost trends between 2000 and 2017 in Swedish forestry is analysed, separately for final felling and thinning, and subdivided into ordinary and salvage operations. Data on costs for operations totalling 821 million m3 harvested roundwood were analysed, both as actual costs and after adjustment for the consumer price index. Adjusted costs for ordinary harvesting operations declined between 2000 and 2007, increased during 2008 and 2009 and have since been relatively constant. Costs of salvage logging operations performed as thinning were 21% higher than ordinary thinning, and when performed as final felling costs were 64% higher than in ordinary final felling. The relative logging cost trends in Sweden and Finland were similar during the period, and there are similarities with the US. However, while logging costs in Sweden and Finland increased in 2008 and 2009, they declined in the US and did not reach the same relative level as in Sweden until 2013. Results can be used for benchmarking logging costs between regions or larger buyers of logging services. 相似文献
2.
Ashraful Alam Antti Kilpeläinen Seppo Kellomäki 《European Journal of Forest Research》2012,131(3):655-667
An ecosystem model (Sima) was utilised to investigate the impact of forest management (by changing both the initial stand
density and basal area thinning thresholds from current recommendations) on energy wood production (at energy wood thinning
and final felling) and management-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for the energy wood production in Finnish boreal conditions (62°39′ N, 29°37′ E). The simultaneous effects of
energy wood, timber and C stocks in the forest ecosystem (live and dead biomass) were also assessed. The analyses were carried
out at stand level during a rotation period of 80 years for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) growing in different fertility sites. Generally, the results showed that decreased basal area thinning thresholds,
compared with current thinning, reduced energy wood (logging residues) and timber production, as well as carbon stocks in
the forest ecosystem. Conversely, increased thinning thresholds increased energy wood production (ca. 1–27%) at both energy
wood thinning and final felling and reduced CO2 emissions (ca. 2–6%) related to the production chain (e.g. management operations), depending on the thinning threshold levels,
initial stand density, species and site. Increased thinning thresholds also enhanced timber production and carbon stocks in
the forest ecosystem. Additionally, increased initial stand density enhanced energy wood production for energy wood thinning
for both species, but this reduced energy wood production at final felling for Scots pine and Norway spruce. This study concluded
that increases in both initial stand density and thinning thresholds, compared with the current level, could be useful in
energy wood, timber and carbon stocks enhancement, as well as reducing management-related CO2 emissions for energy wood production. Only 2.4–3.3% of input of the produced energy (energy wood) was required during the
whole production chain, depending on the management regime, species and sites. However, a comprehensive substitution analysis
of wood-based energy, in respect to environmental benefits, would also require the inclusion of CO2 emissions related to ecosystem processes (e.g. decomposition). 相似文献
3.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):276-281
Different classification systems for Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) pulpwood were compared. The classification systems were applied on truckloads or single logs in southern Sweden. Truckload classification according to mean annual growth ring width gave better separation of the wood properties basic density, juvenile wood and dry matter content, than classification according to harvest type (first thinning, later thinning or final felling). The assortments did not have significantly different wood brightness. Sorting at log level according to diameter, mean annual growth ring width or number of annual growth rings, which could be done at harvesting, did not drastically improve differentiation of the mean values of the wood properties or reduce variance compared to truckload classification. The variation in wood properties within assortments remained large owing to the large variation in wood properties between and within logs. Substantial reduction in dry matter variation could be achieved by truckload classification during the summer. 相似文献
4.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(6):576-585
Abstract Efficient conservation planning in managed forest landscapes requires knowledge about the location of functional habitat for specialised species. We explored the importance of different variables to predict habitat suitability for the white-backed woodpecker (Dendrocopos leucotos Bechstein), a proposed umbrella species in deciduous forest. Specifically, we tested whether biophysical proxy variables indicating management intensity and the occurrence of natural processes constituted a useful complement to traditional remotely sensed data on tree species composition and forest stand age for modelling the woodpecker's habitat. Presence–absence of the woodpecker during the study period (1986–2006) in southwestern Sweden was explained by the area of edge habitats (forest bordering water or farmland) and wetland forest, and location relative to the historical marine limit. The number of years with occurrence of the woodpecker in a territory was explained by the area of forest bordering water and wetland forest. Among traditional forest variables, the area of deciduous forest had a strong positive effect on both woodpecker presence–absence and the number of years with occurrence. The results support the hypothesis that edge habitats and forest types subject to natural processes favouring deciduous trees and dead wood creation are valuable to the woodpecker and should be prioritised in conservation planning. 相似文献
5.
6.
E. Carina H. Keskitalo Johanna Liljenfeldt 《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2014,29(5):473-484
The goal of nature conservation is often implemented on productive forest land largely by means of forest certification – a market-driven, voluntary system of third-party verification of the fulfilment of specific goals. This study assesses how certification requirements are being implemented in various organisations in the forest sector at various levels, and the problems and opportunities identified at each level in order to implement the requirements of the standard. Based on interviews with 34 stakeholders in Sweden, the study demonstrates that forest certification is a communication issue: it places great demands on communication or “information logistics” between different parts of the felling and forest management chain, from the top management to the contractor in the field. Integration with environmental performance systems, clarity in the division of responsibility, formalisation of requirements for forest planning and further integration of a culture of continuous improvement and internal reporting could support implementation of the certification system. 相似文献
7.
8.
Russian forests are of high importance for the Russian economy, the European wood market, for nature conservation, and for carbon sequestration. However, the ongoing changes in forest management and administration in Russia led to uncertainty about forest ownership, wood harvesting levels, and long-term impacts of alternative management plans. Therefore, better insight in their current and future state is highly desirable. We present a study for the Leningrad region forests in which alternative management regimes for wood production and nature conservation values are balanced in varying ways. The total forest land area in the Leningrad region forest fund is 4.8 million ha. Coniferous species dominate and due to the natural succession occurring, the forests are divers in vertical structurally.
A timber assessment model was used to project the forest until 2040. Five forest management scenarios were run. Special attention was paid to a scenario that simulates recovery of the Russian forest sector in combination with the incorporation of a ‘set-aside for nature conservation’ policy. All scenarios showed that recovery of the forest sector in the Leningrad region is biologically feasible. A sustainable continuous annual production of 10.6 million m3 per year (2.8 m3 ha−1 per year) by 2040 was found. The ‘Recovery with Nature Conservation’ scenario showed that recovery of the forest sector in combination with the establishment of set-aside areas is very well feasible. It was possible to set aside 28% of the forest area for nature conservation while still developing a forest sector to a production level higher than that achieved in the late eighties.
The timber assessment model applied was not specifically designed to incorporate nature-oriented forest management. We, therefore, discuss ways of improving the required methodology to analyse long-term effects of nature-oriented forest management in Europe. 相似文献
9.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(6):545-558
Abstract Swedish forestry has successfully developed systems for sustained yield production of wood. Silvicultural techniques are today completely dominated (96%) by clear-felling methods. By contrast, Swedish natural forests and preindustrial cultural woodlands were ecologically and culturally diverse, with a substantial proportion having a continuous tree cover as a response to natural disturbance dynamics and preindustrial agricultural land management. If forest management systems do not mimic this diversity of disturbance regimes sufficiently well, the scope of sustainable forest management to include biodiversity and sociocultural values will not be met. This study estimated the past and present amount of one cultural and two natural disturbance regimes known to deliver continuous tree cover in two study areas located around two important biophysical and sociocultural transition zones in northern and southern Sweden, respectively. Several approaches were used to estimate the amount of remaining continuous tree cover forests. The results indicate that 9–10% of the study areas is made up by site types that historically would have held a large proportion of continuous tree cover forests. Estimates for productive site types show that only 1–2% of these sites remain in southern Sweden and 10–20% in northern Sweden. The data indicate that present management in both study areas is similar. Thus, these differences between the regions will disappear in a few decades. To achieve the aim of Swedish forest and environmental policies there is a clear need to develop and use alternative forest management methods on appropriate sites. 相似文献
10.
次生阔叶林改建为食用菌原料林后的群落恢复和林分生长 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
选择12年生林相较好的天然次生阔叶林,通过择伐更新和皆伐人促更新2种经营方式定向培育食用菌原料林。研究发现,择伐经营的经济效益较高,且有利于群落的快速恢复,经过7a的封育,林分蓄积量已达到择伐前的水平。皆伐人促更新获得的食用菌材虽较择伐利用高出40%左右,但因经营强度过大,保留的幼树受损严重而不利于伐后林木的生长与恢复,封育期内蓄积增长量分别为择伐更新和对照未经营区的64 7%和73 41%。动态监测结果显示,采用择伐和皆伐人促更新措施后群落恢复较快。疏伐后因透光度的急剧增加,阳性和中性树种大量侵入,地面芽植物和1年生植物的比例增高。到第7a时,高位芽植物的比例已接近未经营区的状态,乔、灌、草各层的物种多样性指数高于未经营的天然阔叶林,物种均匀度则与其相近。研究还发现,2种更新经营方式对土壤养分的损失较小,经过7a的恢复,林地土壤肥力已基本达到原有天然林水平。 相似文献
11.
VladdislavN.Vorobjev 《林业研究》1997,8(2):94-96
hitt.oductionStOneglnefOrestsinRussiaareco111POsedofthreestonePinespeCesfSiberianstonepine(PinIissibiIjcaDuTour),Koreanshnepine(PinlisKoIxiiensisSieb.EtZucc.),andJapanesestonepine(PinIispumila[Pall.]Ropl).AllthesespeciesoccuPyabout4Omillionhm',SiberianstO… 相似文献
12.
Dynamics and potentials of carbon sequestration in managed stands and wood products in Finland under changing climatic conditions 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Timo Karjalainen 《Forest Ecology and Management》1996,80(1-3):113-132
Carbon (C) sequestration was studied in managed boreal forest stands and in wood products under current and changing climate in Finland. The C flows were simulated with a gap-type forest model interfaced with a wood product model. Sites in the simulations represented medium fertile southern and northern Finland sites, and stands were pure Scots pine and Norway spruce stands or mixtures of silver and pubescent birch.
Changing climate increased C sequestration clearly in northern Finland, but in southern Finland sequestration even decreased. Temperature is currently the major factor limiting tree growth in northern Finland. In southern Finland, the total average C balance over the 150 year period increased slightly in Scots pine stands and wood products, from 0.78 Mg C ha−1 per year to 0.84 Mg C ha−1 per year, while in birch stands and wood products the increase was larger, from 0.64 Mg C ha−1 per year to 0.92 Mg C ha−1 per year. In Norway spruce stands and wood products, the total average balance decreased substantially, from 0.96 Mg C ha−1 per year to 0.32 Mg C ha−1 per year. In northern Finland, the total average C balance of the 150 year period increased under changing climate, regardless of tree species: in Scots pine stands and wood products from 1.10 Mg C ha−1 per year to 1.42 Mg C ha−1 per year, in Norway spruce stands and wood products from 0.69 Mg C ha−1 per year to 0.99 Mg C ha−1 per year, and in birch stands and wood products from 0.43 Mg C ha−1 per year to 0.60 Mg C ha−1 per year.
C sequestration in unmanaged stands was larger than in managed systems, regardless of climate. However, wood products should be included in C sequestration assessments since 12–55% of the total 45–214 Mg C ha−1 after 150 years' simulation was in products, depending on tree species, climate and location. The largest C flow from managed system back into the atmosphere was from litter, 36–47% of the total flow, from vegetation 22–32%, from soil organic matter 25–30%. Emissions from the production process and burning of discarded products were 1–6% of the total flow, and emissions from landfills less than 1%. 相似文献
13.
Hanna Lundmark Torbjörn Josefsson Lars Östlund 《European Journal of Forest Research》2017,136(2):269-285
The effects of clear-cutting and potential alternatives continue to be hot topics during discussions of forestry and nature conservation. This study presents forest data from Ridön, an island in Lake Mälaren in central Sweden, where forest management and clear-cutting have been applied for almost 200 years. The main objective of the study was to identify changes in forest management and forest conditions over time. The forest transition in Sweden during the 1800s is also covered, and the importance of early forest experiments is discussed, exemplified by Ridön. This study is based on eight forest management plans and maps, from 1832 to 2014. Our results show a transformation from large, continuous areas of heterogeneous forest to small homogeneous stands. Clear-cutting has been the main logging method applied to Ridön for almost 200 years, which is in contrast with the general historical trend of selective cutting preceding clear-cutting in the Nordic countries. Our analysis shows that forestry has changed from the exploitation of resources to sustainable management. Currently, forest management at Ridön aims to create a nature reserve characterized by uneven-aged forest with an increased deciduous component. Hence, the intention is to obtain a forest similar to as it was in 1832. By analyzing spatially precise data on forest stands over long periods and in relation to contemporary silvicultural methods, it is possible to discern the impact of forest management, to understand the drivers of the long-term changes in managed forest, and it also allows for a more educated discussion on today’s forest management. 相似文献
14.
目标经营——介绍一种森林经营方法 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
本文介绍了德国和奥地利提倡的一种现代森林经营方法——目标经营, 着重阐述了目标经营的特点、方法和判读疏伐的效果。作者认为, 我国应借鉴国外经验, 走集约经营森林的道路。 相似文献
15.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):74-87
Abstract The role of non-wood forest products (NWFPs) in local economies differ in time and space. We analysed Ukrainian and Swedish national policies and management rules related to the use of NWFPs, and described how different forest stakeholders utilised NWFPs in rural areas in Ukraine and Sweden. In total we interviewed 114 local forest stakeholders in one rural region's settlements in both countries. The topics for the field study were (1) the reasons and amounts of NWFPs harvested by different forest user categories; (2) traditional practices of NWFP use, including harvesting methods and (3) how these practices have changed over the past decades. At the national level, both countries allowed the utilisation of most NWFPs, did not regulate the use, and did not include NWFPs into forest management plans. In both case studies, historical use of NWFPs was intensive. This use remained important in Ukraine, but not in Sweden. Due to difficult economic transition in Ukraine, use of NWFPs by locals has increased. While hunting as a tradition was more popular in the Swedish case study, recreational use of forest was popular in both case studies. Finally, we discuss the role of NWFPs in countries with transition and market economies, and the extent to which the countries support sustainable use of NWFPs. 相似文献
16.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):61-68
Abstract Research indicates that natural resources managed in common, resembling traditional commons such as the Swedish forest commons, could be a type of regime with the potential to stimulate successfully sustainable use conditions. This is supported by findings regarding the characteristics of Swedish forest commons, their claimed concern for the environment and relatively high proportion of old forest in two out of three regions. Swedish environmental policy is directed towards environmental quality objectives and the Sustainable Forests objective states, among other things, that biological diversity must be maintained and enhanced. Swedish National Forest Inventory data for the period 2003–2006 were used to analyse differences between forest commons in northern Sweden and other ownership categories regarding the proportion of forestland with a large deciduous element, the proportion of forest older than 80 years with a large (> 25%) deciduous element, the volume of dead wood and the proportion of forest older than 140 years, parameters corresponding to the interim targets for enhanced biological diversity. The results show no consistent differences in indicator variables between the forest commons and other ownership categories, signifying that forests managed in common have been conducted in ways promoting biodiversity more effectively than in other ownership categories. Further studies of different ownership categories regarding driving forces and forest status are warranted. 相似文献
17.
Policies Affecting Forestry Entrepreneurship 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Anssi Niskanen Anders Lunnan Ikuo Ota Keith Blatner John Herbohn Lyndall Bull Ian Ferguson Gordon M. Hickey 《Small-Scale Forestry》2007,6(3):233-255
Many demand and supply-side policies impede or foster forestry entrepreneurship. A study was conducted to consolidate existing knowledge on policies influencing forestry entrepreneurship
in Finland, Norway, Japan, Australia, the Philippines and the USA, and to draw conclusions on these impeding and fostering
factors. From the country studies it was difficult to find common structures on policies affecting forestry entrepreneurship.
This is understandable because most policies in forestry are aimed at supporting sustainable forest management, wood production
and ecological services of the forests rather than entrepreneurship as such. Despite the high variety of policies applied
in the study countries, it can be concluded that strict public control on forests’ use and management potentially impedes
forestry entrepreneurship. While these policies assist to correct market failure and to promote sustainability of forest management,
they may also result into unnecessary and ineffective regulations that limit the opportunities for forestry entrepreneurship.
A common feature promoting the demand for forestry entrepreneurship in some of the countries studied is the strong emphasis
on forestry cooperatives, which were important institutions to support small-scale forestry entrepreneurship. In many study
countries, different ad hoc programs are implemented to find new economic and entrepreneurial opportunities aside from the
current use of wood and forests. Subsidies and tax incentives are commonly applied to reduce risks from making forestry investments
or otherwise increase the economic return from timber production. 相似文献
18.
Matti Koivula Timo Kuuluvainen Erkki Hallman Jari Kouki Juha Siitonen Sauli Valkonen 《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2014,29(6):579-592
A large-scale and long-term research and development project Forest management inspired by natural disturbance dynamics (DISTDYN) was initiated in Finland in 2009. The aim is to examine how variation in spatial and temporal scales of felling affects forest structure and biota. Harvesting methods applied in this project include selection, gap, partial and clear felling with variable retention. Rehabilitation is also applied as dead wood is intentionally increased while harvesting. The motivation of the project lies in the growing interest in using natural disturbances as an inspiration of forest-ecosystem management and in the recognition that mid- to small-scale disturbances are a characteristic feature of unmanaged Fennoscandian forests. The effects of felling methods are studied at the stand scale. However, a unique aspect of the project is the focus on landscape-scale impacts of different harvesting alternatives by comparing ca. 150-ha landscape units with varying harvesting regimes. Overall, the project aims at creating a long-lasting multidisciplinary research infrastructure. It also addresses core issues of forest-ecosystem management, including ecological, timber-production, economic and socio-cultural performances of alternative harvesting practices. 相似文献
19.
Applying spatial conservation prioritization software and high-resolution GIS data to a national-scale study in forest conservation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Joona Lehtomki Erkki Tomppo Panu Kuokkanen Ilkka Hanski Atte Moilanen 《Forest Ecology and Management》2009,258(11):2439-2449
We apply a recently developed conservation prioritization method (Zonation algorithm) to a national-scale conservation planning task. The Finnish Forest and Park Service (Metsähallitus) was given the mandate to expand the current protected areas in southern Finland by 10 000 ha. The question is which areas should be selected out of the total area of 1 760 000 ha. The data available include a nation-wide GIS data set describing general features of forests at the resolution of 25 m × 25 m for entire Finland and another data set about biodiversity features within the current state-managed conservation areas. Ecologically, the key information includes forest age and the volume of growing stock for 20 forest types representing different productivity classes and dominant tree species. Our analysis employs four different connectivity components to identify forest areas that are (i) locally of high quality and internally well connected, (ii) well connected to surrounding high-quality forests, (iii) well connected to existing conservation areas, and (iv) large enough to allow efficient implementation. Expert evaluation of the results suggested that the present quantitative analysis was helpful in identifying areas with high conservation value systematically across southern Finland. Our analysis also showed that the highest forest conservation potential in Finland is located on privately owned land. The present techniques can be applied to many large-scale planning and management projects. 相似文献
20.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(6):559-567
Abstract Methodology to assess the potential for energy wood procurement in Russia is described in this article and applied to the Leningrad region. Wood from thinnings, logging residues, non-industrial roundwood and residues from sawmilling are considered as sources for energy production. Energy wood available in the region, based on the 2004 actual cut, is approximately 4 million m3. Nearly 86% of this is non-industrial roundwood and felling residues, and 14% is by-products from sawmilling. Almost two-thirds of the non-industrial roundwood and felling residues are in cutting areas and one-third is in central processing yards. Deciduous tree species (birch and aspen) dominate in energy wood, representing about 65% of the total amount of felling residues and non-industrial wood. It is possible to intensify utilization of forest resources and thereby also to increase the use of wood in energy production. The total amount could be 54% higher if the allowable cut was fully utilized and 124% higher if thinnings were also utilized completely. There are, however, significant intraregional differences, as the current rate of utilization of forest resources varies in the region. 相似文献