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1.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1-4):509-518
Altogether 1 080 two‐year‐old silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) were planted in groups of 36 plants at aspacing of 20 x 20 Cm in spring 1983 on a nursery field at lat. 60° 15 N and long. 16°00 E. In spring 1984 all plants were cut with 10 cm high stumps and light screens were arranged on the stump groups. Relative ¡rradiance (RI) 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of full sunlight were used. After five growing seasons, all stumps exposed to 5 or 10% light intensity were dead, and 64–94% of stumps exposed to 25–100% RI were alive. 1.3–1.4 sprouts per living stump were living five years after cutting. The mean height of sprouts was highest on stumps exposed to 100% light. Also dry weights of leaves and sprouts, number of leaves per sprout, and leaf area were highest on stumps exposed to full sunlight. Stumps producting only one sprout five years after cutting have higher height and dry weight values than stumps with more sprouts. The biomass production per hectare and year for silver birch sprouts at a spacing of 0.2 m and with 90% survival was calculated as 5.4 tonnes. The biomass of leaves was 8.1 tonnes/ha/year five years after cutting. 相似文献
2.
Determination of number of stems in coniferous forest stands by means of aerial photo‐interpretation
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1-4):76-84
Two models for determination of the number of stems per hectare in forest stands (N) from attributes derived by aerial photo‐interpretation were developed. The models relied on the assumption that N could be determined by dividing the total stand volume per hectare with the volume of the “average tree”; defined by stand mean height and the diameter corresponding to mean basal area of a stand. Input variables of the models were stand mean height, crown closure and site quality. Additionally, model II required input of average stand volume per hectare and average mean diameter derived from stratified field sample plot inventories. Material for 143 coniferous stands was used for the testing of the models. The stands were recorded by intensive field measurements. Aerial photographs at the approximate scale of 1:15 000 were used for photo‐interpretation. The N value was underestimated in model I by 5.4–47.0%. The standard deviation for the differences was 15.2–26.2% for mature stands and 41.4–44.2% for young thinning phase stands. For model II, the mean difference between the predicted and observed N value was in the range ‐16.1% to 12.2%. 相似文献
3.
Litter collections were made in a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestrisL. ) plantation between its first major thinning at 40 years(effectively 35 years because of early stagnation) and its secondthinning at 52 years. The response to thinning was immediatewith no lag phase. Needle production peaked in the third growingseason and remained more or less constant thereafter. Needlebiomass peaked in the eighth year (10. 3 tonnes per hectare)after a year in which the retention of third year needles hadbeen greater than usual. Cone production reached its first maximumin the fourth year, its second in the sixth year, but, thereafter,changed to a three-year cycle: it is suggested that the dipin overall productivity in the sixth and ninth years led tofewer flower bud initials being laid down in those years. Priorityin resource allocation seems to have gone to cone production,once set in train, and then to needle production which stayedup in 1977 (the sixth year) but fell in 1980. Production of litter items was 20 per cent greater than litterfall over the first four years (range –minus; 0. 3% to+plus; 28. 3%) and 0. 4 per cent greater over the last eightyears (range – 14. 5% to +plus; 12. 2%). The differenceswere due in the main to the two-year delay between productionand fall of needles and the one-year delay for cones. However,the differences were not predictable because of greater third-yearneedle retention in certain years and the variable proportionof cones dismantled by squirrels and falling as fragments inthe year of their production. 相似文献
4.
本文对3个优良无花果品种在威远的引种适应情况进行了分析.通过对布兰瑞克、玛斯义陶芬和金傲芬的引种试验,将各品种的物候期、生长习性、果实性状以及果实产量与本地无花果品种进行比较分析.结果表明,3个无花果优良品种均能很好地适应威远的气候及土壤条件.引种无花果品种2003年定植当年单株挂果率均达到100％,次年生长迅速变化幅度最大,增幅主要源于新抽梢果枝的增加.与本地无花果品种比较发现,引进品种无花果果实在风味、平均果长、平均果径及平均果重方面明显优于本地品种,其中布兰瑞克的平均hm2产量最高,10 a生树平均hm2产量为31 500 kg;相同立地条件下,引进品种无花果果树生长水平、平均单株产量以及平均公顷产量均明显高于本地品种.3个无花果优良品种可以引入威远栽培. 相似文献
5.
Plant growth, morphology and nutritive value under shade can differ between temperate grasses. Therefore, the aim of this
study was to quantify the dry matter (DM) production, sward morphology, crude protein (CP%), organic matter digestibility
(OMD) and macro-nutrient concentrations (P, K, Mg, Ca and S) in a grazed cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) pasture under 10-year-old Pinus radiata D. Don forest. Four levels of light intensity were compared: full sunlight (100% photosynthetic photon flux density-PPFD),
open + wooden slats (∼43% PPFD), trees (∼58% PPFD) and tree + slats (∼24% PPFD). The mean total DM production was 8.2 t DM ha−1 yr−1 in the open and 3.8 t DM ha−1 yr−1 in the trees + slats treatment. The changes in cocksfoot leaf area index (LAI) were related to variations in morphological
aspects of the sward such as canopy height and tiller population. CP% increased as PPFD declined with mean values of 18.6%
in open and 22.5% in the trees + slats treatment. In contrast, the intensity of fluctuating shade had little effect on OMD
with a mean value of 79 ± 3.2%. The mean annual macro-nutrient concentrations in leaves increased as the PPFD level declined
mainly between the open and the trees + slats treatments. It therefore appears that heavily shaded dominant temperate pastures
in silvopastoral systems limit animal production per hectare through lower DM production rates and per animal through reduced
pre-grazing pasture mass of lower bulk density from the etiolated pasture. 相似文献
6.
The present paper deals with developmental duration, emergence, longevity and fecundity ofAleurotuberculatus takabashi David & Subramaniam at different temperatures and humidity levels. The developmental time from egg to adult was 81.8, 56.9,
39.6, 29.9, 20.6 days at 15±1, 20±1, 25±1, 30±1, 35±1°C under constant relative humidity (RH) of 70±5%, respectively. At 25±1°C,
the total developmental time was slightly affected by humidity, ranging from 46.4 days at 40±5% RH to 39.2 days at 90±5% RH.
The developmental threshold and the thermal constant for the stage from egg to adult were 10.1°C and 542.8 day-degrees. It
was estimated that the whitefly has about 10 generations a year in Fuzhou region in southeastern China. Lowest mortality rates
of 12.4% for the egg, 6.8% for the nymph and 3.1% for the puparium were obtained at 15±1°C, while they were highest with 92.1%
for the egg, 48.2% for the nymph and 36.3% for the puparium at 35±1°C. The mortality rates were slightly affected by humidity,
ranging from 17.6% at 40±5% RH to 27.9% at 90±5% RH for the egg, 11.2% at 40±5% RH to 19.6% at 90±5% RH for the nymph, and
6.4% at 40±5% RH to 11.6% at 90±5% RH for the puparium. The emergence rate of adults decreased as temperature increased, ranging
from 89.1% at 15±1°C to 21.5% at 35±1°C, so did the longevity of adults, ranging from 9.6 days at 15±1°C to 2.9 days at 35±1°C.
The number of eggs per female was significantly affected by temperature (P.01), valuing 29.4 eggs per female at 15±1°C, 36.7
at 20±1°C, 52.4 at 25±1°C, 42.9 at 30±1°C, and 6.1 at 35±1°C. The optimal temperature for reproduction was about 25°C. 相似文献
7.
本文是对尾叶桉实生林施肥试验6 a的生长、生物量、养分含量和经济效益进行全面的总结.结果表明施肥对尾叶桉幼林具有极明显的增产效应,6年生施肥处理与不施肥处理间的树高、胸径和每公顷材积生长的差异达极显著.施肥处理的树高、胸径和材积生长比不施肥处理的分别提高了34.76%、56.80%和206.59%,尤其是施肥最佳处理9(树高13.17 m,胸径13.73 cm和材积141.1 ?1.77%、78.54%和290.86%.该试验中N、P、K的最佳施肥配比为2∶3∶1.施肥既提高了尾叶桉的生长量,也增加了尾叶桉各组分的生物量,促进了尾叶桉对各种营养元素的吸收和积累.此外,合理施肥还可获得可观的经济效益.最佳施肥处理9,6年生时获纯利达9 *hm-2)分别提高946.84元*hm-2,是不施肥处理的9.58倍,其投入产出比达2.74,内部收益率32.33%. 相似文献
8.
Sixteen sampling alternatives were examined for their performance to quantify selected attributes of overstory conifers in riparian areas of western Oregon. Each alternative was examined at eight headwater forest locations based on a 0.52 ha square stem maps. The alternatives were evaluated for selected stand attributes (trees per hectare, basal area per hectare and height to diameter ratio), using root mean square error, absolute percent bias, and mean absolute deviation as criteria. In general, rectangular strip designs outperformed fixed area circular or radial plots and variable area plots. Sampling 3.6 m wide strips perpendicular to the stream outperformed all other alternatives. 相似文献
9.
Thinning of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.) is used to facilitate timber and cone production. The present study in Northeast China investigated the effects of thinning intensity on individual tree growth, temporal variation in cone yield, and seed quality in Korean pine plantation. In 2005, five thinning intensity levels (none, extreme, heavy, moderate and light) were set in 15 permanent plots in a 32-year-old Korean pine plantation at Mengjiagang Forest Farm, Jiamusi City, Heilongjiang Province. We recorded tree growth and seed cone production from 2013 to 2016, i.e., from 8 to 11 years after thinning. Except for height growth, thinning increased tree growth (diameter at breast height and crown size) and improved cone yield. The extreme thinning treatment (to 300 trees per hectare) resulted in the largest tree diameter, tree volume, crown size and 4-year cone production per tree. The highest cone yield per tree in the mast year (2014) was observed when stands were thinned to 500 trees per hectare (heavy thinning). Although the best cone and seed quality and the largest cone and seed mass per tree were recorded in the heavily thinned stand, no significant differences were found between heavy and moderate thinning stands (750 trees per hectare). At the stand level, the moderately thinned stand had the highest basal area, stock volume and seed cone production per stand. Our results suggest that thinning to 750 trees per hectare will improve timber and cone productivity in 40-year-old P. koraiensis stands. 相似文献
10.
采用解析木分析方法研究长白落叶松人工林生长过程,结果表明:径级10~15 a生生长较快,20 a生以后趋向稳定;树高15 a生以前生长迅速,20 a生后稳定生长;材积生长从20 a开始到40 a逐年增长,是生长旺盛期,40 a生平均生长量分别较20 a、25 a、30 a生增长了73.5%、41.5%和19.8%。40 a生落叶松每公顷木材产量分别为20 a、25 a生时的220%和169%,产值分别为292%和182%,年产值分别为146%和114%。长白落叶松人工林的培育方向应确定以大径级材为主。 相似文献
11.
利用云南省森林资源连续清查第5次复查数据,按照森林生态系统服务功能价值的评估方法,对云南省森林生态系统的服务功能价值进行了估算。云南省森林生态系统服务功能总价值为12 353.81×108元.a-1,其中提供非直接产品的生态产值为12 224.36×108元,占服务功能总价值的98.95%;生态服务功能价值为12 220.33×108元,占总价值的98.92%;产品提供价值为129.44×108元,占1.05%。森林的生态服务功能价值是其直接产品提供价值的94.41倍,表明生态服务功能价值远远高于其直接利用价值。云南省森林总面积占全国森林总面积的10.02%,而森林生态系统生态服务功能价值占全国森林生态系统生态服务功能价值的12.21%。单位面积林分的年生态服务功能价值为6.77×104元.hm-2,高于全国5.52×104元.hm-2的水平。 相似文献
12.
对1．4hm26年生板栗低产园通过改造,3年内平均每公顷产量从75kg（1995年）提高到3450kg（1998年）,3年板栗总收入67620元,净收入19551元,平均每年每公顷净收入4650元。以15年为一个生产周期、基准收益率10％估算,按现有经营管理水平和产量,其财务内部收益率仍可达到17．75％,每公顷基准财务净现值6120元,第10年即可收回投资成本并有盈余,投资利润率达21．59％,但是,当销售收入减少15．7％以上或低改成本增加超过22．7％时,从整个生产周期来讲,即使采用现有栽培管理技术也难免亏损。 相似文献
13.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1-4):381-395
Eleven 27 to 29‐year‐old Scots pine provenance trials were studied in areas 400 m or less below timberline in northern Sweden. Functions describing geographic variation in the local provenance showed that survival as well as height and volume growth decreased with increasing latitude and elevation. Survival decreased by 7% per degree increase in latitude and 16% per 100 m increase in elevation. Beeting increased the survival by on average 2.4%, but less at high latitudes and altitudes. Tree height and volume per hectare decreased by 0.8 m and 15 m3, respectively, per degree increase in latitude and by 1.3 m and 24 m3, respectively, per 100 m increase in elevation. Transfer functions for provenances at different sites showed that the effect of latitudinal transfer on survival was reduced close to timberline. On average, a southward transfer of one latitudinal degree increased survival by about 7%, which is lower than in previous studies. No altitudinal transfer effects on survival were detected. Volume/ha was increased by southward transfer in northern parts of the area. Spacing had only a slight effect on performance and did not influence the functions presented. 相似文献
14.
[目的]研究不同强度采伐下马尾松的生长动态,筛选适宜的采伐强度,为马尾松人工林近自然经营提供技术支撑。[方法]2007年10月在14年生马尾松人工林(保存密度1 100株·hm~(-2))内进行采伐试验,设置4个采伐强度,即保留密度分别为225、300、375、450株·hm~(-2),以不采伐为对照;其后,自2008年开始连续8 a,每2 a测定1次马尾松的胸径、树高、枝下高和冠面积等生长指标,并计算单株材积和林分蓄积量,应用方差分析和Duncan多重比较分析生长指标对不同采伐强度的动态响应。[结果]表明:采伐强度显著影响林分生长,其中,林分平均胸径、单株材积、冠面积的年均增长量随保留密度增大而减小,但均显著高于对照(P0.05)。采伐后第1 3年,马尾松冠面积增长量显著高于采伐后期,胸径则在采伐后第3 5年最高,而不同采伐强度对林分树高生长影响不明显。保留密度显著影响林分枝下高和蓄积量的动态变化,其年均增长量随密度增大而递增。5个处理间林分蓄积年均增长量的差异随林龄的增大而逐渐缩小。[结论]马尾松人工林生长对不同强度采伐的动态响应以树冠最敏感,冠面积首先陡然增大,进而引起胸径的快速生长。树高和枝下高在采伐后年均增量变化相对平稳。4个采伐强度均显著促进单株材积生长,而仅保留密度为225株·hm~(-2)的采伐对林分蓄积增长量影响显著。综合比较林分的单株材积和林分蓄积连年增长量,建议在桂西南15年生马尾松人工林近自然经营中宜选择300株·hm~(-2)的保留密度进行采伐。 相似文献
15.
Results from two coppice compared to replant trials are presented that originated from clone by site interaction (CSI) trials established on high? and low?productivity sites in subtropical coastal KwaZulu?Natal, South Africa. After the 84?month CSI trial measurements were completed the trees were harvested. Selected plots were allowed to coppice with the remainder replanted to the same four Eucalyptus grandis×Eucalyptus urophylla hybrid clones. Growth was higher at Kwambo Timbers (average mean annual increment [MAI] 34 wet white tonnes [wwt] ha?1 y?1), characterised by a higher mean annual precipitation, than at Palm Ridge (average MAI 11 wwt ha?1 y?1). In these trials coppicing of sufficient stumps per hectare (>1 000 stumps ha?1) resulted in similar volume production on the higher?productivity site and slightly improved (additional 3.4 wwt ha?1 y?1) yield on the lower?productivity site compared with the planted crop. The benefit of coppicing was mainly related to a reduction in the temporary unplanted period and reduced establishment cost. This study showed that coppicing can be a viable, cost?effective alternative to planting in commercial forestry if a number of criteria are met. However, it is recommended that the decision to coppice or to replant should be evaluated on a case?by?case basis. 相似文献
16.
Seeds of Celtis australis were collected from 13 different sources, ranging from 550 to 1980 masl, in Central Himalaya, India. Significant (p = 0.05) variations were observed for seed traits among provenances. However, among various characters, seed weight exhibited
maximum variation between seed populations compared to other morphological characters. Between provenances, seed weight ranged
from 47.8 to 83.1 g/1000 seed, with mean value of 66.9 ± 10.7 g/1000 seed. Significant (p = 0.01) positive correlation was found between morphological characters of seeds including seed weight and elevational range
of seed source. For one year old seedlings, average shoot and root growth was 61.1 ± 13.3 and 30.5 ± 5.4 cm, respectively,
irrespective of provenance variation. Inter-comparing biomass yield of the seedlings with altitude, average biomass production
was 8.4 ± 2.5, 9.4 ± 3.3 and 12.7 ± 1.7 g/plant, respectively, for low (550–1000 masl), middle (1050–1250 masl) and high (1350–1980 masl)
altitudinal populations. Significant (p = 0.01) positive correlation between growth performance of seedlings and altitude of the seed source was recorded. Across
the provenances, shoots had the highest proportion of total biomass (42.3%), followed by leaves (32.6%) and roots (24.6%).
Among various provenances, Badiyargaon, Agroda, Guptakashi, Jakholi, Gajeli, Srinagar and Palampur populations produced heavier
seedlings and grew faster compared to seedlings of other sources. 相似文献
17.
18.
以广州市黄埔区南亚热带常绿阔叶木荷(Schima superba)风水林群落为对象,用样地生物量法对乔木、灌草、凋落物、细根和土壤层的碳库储量进行计量,并用碳税率法参数估算了群落碳库价值.结果表明:(1)3个样地的生态系统碳储量密度在138.00~176.56 t C·hm-2之间,平均为155.34±11.30 t C·hm-2,但与地带性顶级群落碳储量密度相比,该风水林还具有较大的增汇空间;(2)乔木层、灌木层、草本层、凋落物层、细根层和土壤层的碳储量密度占生态系统总碳储量密度的比例分别为70.17%、2.74%、1.43%、0.88%、0.81%和23.97%,乔木层是生态系统碳库的主要贡献者;(3)广州市典型木荷风水林总碳资产价值平均为18.64万元 ·hm-2,其中植被层为14.17万元 ·hm-2,土壤层为4.47万元 ·hm-2,前者是后者的3.17倍,植被层碳是风水林碳汇价值的主体部分. 相似文献
19.
The development, longevity, fecundity and life-table parameters of the endoparasitoid Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), 15 d.o. (3rd-instar nymphs) and 21 d.o. (young adult females) of the vine mealybug,
Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) at 28 ± 1°C, 65 ± 10%RH and 16:8h L:D under laboratory conditions. The developmental
time of female parasitoids within the host was 17.7 ± 0.39 days in 15 d.o. and 16.65 ± 0.25 days in 21 d.o. hosts; for males,
development time was 16.85 ± 0.29 and 15.25 ± 0.09 days, respectively. The average number of offspring per female was 22.35 ± 1.68
in 15 d.o. and 34.8 ± 2.56 in 21 d.o. vine mealybugs. The longevity of female parasitoids was 14.8 ± 0.98 days in 15 d.o.
and 15.65 ± 0.92 days in 21 d.o. mealybugs, respectively; for males, longevity was determined as 7.3 ± 0.43 and 6.7 ± 0.54 days,
respectively. The mean time of pupation was 7.85 ± 0.003 days in 15 d.o. mealybugs and 8.65 ± 0.003 days in 21 d.o. mealybugs.
The aggregate encapsulation rate in the parasitized 15 d.o. mealybugs was 49.73 and 60.36% in 21 d.o. mealybugs. Furthermore,
effective encapsulation was 24.82% in 15 d.o. mealybugs and 37.50% in 21 d.o. mealybugs. Population growth rate (r
m) for A. pseudococci was 0.0999 female/female/days in 15 d.o. mealybugs and 0.1269 female/female/days in 21 d.o. mealybugs. The mean population
generation time was 23.49 days for parasitoids reared in 15-days-old and 22.39 days when reared in 21 d.o. mealybugs. 相似文献