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1.
Applications of sewage sludge and lime have been used to restore some of the nearly 1.0 million ha of unreclaimed acid mine spoils in the United States. Earthworms might also aid in the reconstruction of mine spoils, but the earthworm response to mine spoils and sludge has not been widely studied. The objective of the present study was to examine growth of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris in pots containing acidmine spoils, sewage sludge, and lime, and the growth of two common reclamation grasses, timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), to the addition of earthworms. After 10 weeks, earthworms growing in the mine spoil treated with sewage sludge showed an increase in mean specific mass of 26.9% and in projected specific area of 24.5%. In contrast, earthworms growing on mine spoils without sludge decreased in mass by an average of 39.6% and in area by 21.0%. Soil pH influenced earthworm area, but not mass: earthworms growing on mine spoils (with or without sludge) showed an increase in mean surface area of 2.9% at pH 5.3 and a decrease of 11.2% at pH 6.5. The presence of earthworms significantly increased the belowground production of plant roots, but had no effect on either soil bulk density or above-ground production of plant biomass. The addition of earthworms to acid mine spoils treated with sewage sludge and lime might aid in the redevelopment of soil quality and biological diversity.  相似文献   

2.
Abstract. A 2-year field experiment assessed the effectiveness of fertilizer, surface applied and injected liquid digested sewage sludge in increasing yields from reclaimed but regressing pasture on colliery spoil. At the first harvest, surface applications of sewage sludge gave the largest yields, although only a third of total fertilizer nitrogen (N) had been applied at this stage of the experiment. The greatest yields in the first year were given by fertilizer treatments which included the highest level of applied N, and large surface applications of sludge.
Surface applications of sludge on plots that were ripped gave the largest residual yields in the second year of the experiment. The percentage cover of clover was inversely related to the amount of nitrogen applied. A study of plant roots indicated that soil injection supplies sludge at too great a depth to benefit grass.
Taken overall the results confirm that the regression of pastures established on reclaimed colliery spoil is primarily caused by lack of nitrogen and phosphorus. But the effect of compaction in decreasing root growth, and therefore the ability of the grass to take up nutrients, is also apparent.  相似文献   

3.
The response of earthworms to soil application of boardmill waste sludge was quantified in field and laboratory experiments. The influence of one application of 6×104 tonnes ha−1 of unamended sludge was tested against no application on silty-clay arable soil. After 2 years, results in stubble-cultivated soil showed a 1.7 times lower density of earthworms where sludge was added, whereas there was no difference in average earthworm fresh weight. In direct-drilled soil, there was an indication of lower average numbers of Lumbricus terrestris middens when sludge was applied. Negative impacts in the field may have been due to indirect negative effects of the sludge application. In the laboratory, habitat choice tests were undertaken with two common species from the field site using sludge-based mulch and fertiliser products. Aporrectodea caliginosa showed no discernible preference between soil and soil mixed with unamended sludge (mulch), but favoured soil over soil mixed with sludge and chicken manure (fertiliser). Tests with L. terrestris showed a similar pattern. The preference of L. terrestris for the two products was compared with that for chopped barley straw by direct observation of foraging behaviour. Differences in foraging time of L. terrestris for different feeds were not significant, but mass of straw collected was significantly greater compared with either type of sludge treatment.  相似文献   

4.
Lead and zinc mine tailings from Guangdong, China were found to be toxic to two common species of the earthworm Pheretima, unless the spoil was diluted by at least 20% with an artificial uncontaminated soil. With different soil dilutions, there were significant differences in mortality, growth and Zn uptake between the two species. Zinc and arsenic were principally responsible for the toxicity of the tailings. LC50 values for Zn, Pb, Cu and As for Pheretima were similar to those reported in the literature for Eisenia fetida. Following inoculation with the earthworms, spoil pH, EC and available metals increased; available-Pb and -Zn concentrations increased by up to 48.2% and 24.8% respectively. The findings suggest that earthworms may play an important role in reclamation of mining spoils to achieve a healthy soil supporting sustainable vegetation. Potentially increased toxicity of metals to plants and animals, through increased bioavailability in the presence of earthworms, is discussed in the context of their role in modifying the efficiency of phytoremediation treatments.  相似文献   

5.
《Applied soil ecology》2009,42(3):269-276
Earthworms can be used to remove polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from soil, but this might affect their survival and they might accumulate the contaminants. Sterilized and unsterilized soil was contaminated with phenanthrene (Phen), anthracene (Anth) and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), added with or without Eisenia fetida, sewage sludge or vermicompost. Survival, growth, cocoon formation and concentrations of PAHs in the earthworms were monitored for 70 days. Addition of sewage sludge to sterilized or unsterilized soil maintained the number of earthworms and their survival was 94%. The addition of sludge significantly increased the weight of earthworms 1.3 times compared to those kept in the unamended soil or in soil amended with vermicompost. The weight of earthworms was significantly lower in sterilized than in unsterilized soil. Cocoons were only detected when sewage sludge was added to unsterilized soil. A maximum concentration of 62.3 μg Phen kg−1 was found in the earthworms kept in sterilized soil amended with vermicompost after 7 days and 22.3 μg Phen kg−1 when kept in the unamended unsterilized soil after 14 days. Concentrations of Phen in the earthworms decreased thereafter and ≤2 μg kg−1 after 28 days. A maximum Anth concentration of 82.5 μg kg−1 was found in the earthworms kept in sterilized soil amended with vermicompost and 45.8 μg Anth kg−1 when kept in the unamended unsterilized soil after 14 days. A maximum concentration of 316 μg BaP kg−1 was found in the earthworms kept in sterilized soil amended with vermicompost after 56 days and 311 μg BaP kg−1 when kept in the unsterilized soil amended with vermicompost after 28 days. The amount of BaP in the earthworm was generally largest after 28 days, but after 70 days still 60 μg kg−1 was found in E. fetida when kept in the sterilized soil amended with sewage sludge. It was found that E. fetida survived in PAHs contaminated soil and accumulated only small amounts of the contaminants, but sewage sludge was required as food for its survival and cocoon production.  相似文献   

6.
Earthworms,one of the most important macroinvertebrates in terrestrial ecosystems of temperate zones,exert important influences on soil functions.A laboratory microcosm study was conducted to evaluate the influence of the earthworm Eisenia fetida on wheat straw decomposition and nutrient cycling in an agricultural soil in a reclaimed salinity area of the North China Plain.Each microcosm was simulated by thoroughly mixing wheat straw into the soil and incubated for 120 d with earthworms added at 3 different densities as treatments:control with no earthworms,regular density(RD)with two earthworms,and increased density(ID)with six earthworms.The results showed that there was no depletion of carbon and nitrogen pools in the presence of the earthworms.Basal soil respiration rates and metabolic quotient increased with the increase in earthworm density during the initial and middle part of the incubation period.In contrast,concentrations of microbial biomass carbon and microbial biomass quotient decreased in the presence of earthworms.Earthworm activity stimulated the transfer of microbial biomass carbon to dissolved organic carbon and could lead to a smaller,but more metabolically active microbial biomass.Concentrations of inorganic nitrogen and NO3--N increased significantly with the increase in earthworm density at the end of the incubation(P<0.05),resulting in a large pool of inorganic nitrogen available for plant uptake.Cumulative net nitrogen mineralization rates were three times higher in the ID treatment than the RD treatment.  相似文献   

7.
 The unintentional introduction of a new earthworm species (Aporrectodea nocturna) into a Swiss pre-alpine meadow resulted in a great increase in earthworm density in the newly colonized area (386 m–2) compared with the density observed in the natural area (273 m–2) where an earthworm community was already present. To investigate the impact of this introduction on the burrow systems, eight soil cores (length 25 cm, diameter 16 cm) were taken (four in the colonized area and four in the natural area) and analysed with computer-assisted X-ray tomography. The resulting images were processed to obtain the 3D-skeleton reconstructions of the earthworm burrow systems. Due to high variability in these burrow systems, only slight differences were observed between the two areas. The total burrow length and the mean burrow lengths tended to be greater in the colonized area. Moreover, the distribution of pore numbers with depth showed different patterns with a maximum for depths between 10 cm and 15 cm in the colonized area and a maximum for depths between 20 cm and 25 cm in the natural area. These differences may have been related to: (1) the particular behaviour of A. nocturna, which was observed to cast at the surface in this site, and (2) the predominance of juvenile earthworms around the colonization front. These differences were sufficient to create significant effects on the continuity of the burrow systems (assessed by the number of different pathways between virtual horizontal planes) for the two areas. The colonized area was characterized by a greater pore continuity, which could have resulted in enhanced transfer properties. Received: 2 July 1999  相似文献   

8.
The effect of the endogeic earthworm species Octolasion tyrtaeum (Savigny) on decomposition of uniformly 14C-labelled lignin (lignocellulose) was studied in microcosms with upper mineral soil (Ah-horizon) from two forests on limestone, representing different stages of succession, a beech- and an ash-tree-dominated forest. Microcosms with and without lower mineral soil (Bw-horizon) were set-up; one O. tyrtaeum was added to half of them. It was hypothesised that endogeic earthworms stabilise lignin and the organic matter of the upper mineral soil by mixing with lower mineral soil of low C content. Cumulative C mineralization was increased by earthworms and by the addition of lower mineral soil. Effects of the lower mineral soil were more pronounced in the beech than in the ash forest. Cumulative mineralization of lignin was strongly increased by earthworms, but only in the beech soil (+24.6%). Earthworms predominantly colonized the upper mineral soil; mixing of the upper and lower mineral soils was low. The presence of lower mineral soil did not reduce the rates of decomposition of organic matter and lignin; however, the earthworm-mediated increase in mineralization was less pronounced in treatments with (+8.6%) than in those without (+14.1%) lower mineral soil. These results indicate that the mixing of organic matter with C-unsaturated lower mineral soil by endogeic earthworms reduced microbial decomposition of organic matter in earthworm casts.  相似文献   

9.
Earthworms Allolobophora chlorotica and Aporrectodea longa were inoculated into Calvert landfill site in spring 1992, in conjunction with the planting of two tree species Alnus glutinosa and Acer pseudoplatanus. Monitoring has taken place over a period of 11 years. Sampling in 2003 revealed that earthworm distribution no longer equated to the inoculation treatments; the worms had spread extensively. The presence of A. glutinosa had a significant effect (p<0ċ01) on earthworm number (mean density 198 m−2) and biomass (34 g m−2) compared to plots where A. pseudoplatanus had been planted and subsequently died (mean density 118 m−2; biomass 21 g m−2). Results suggest that tree presence may be critical to earthworm community development. In 2002, the spread of A. chlorotica from the original points of inoculation had reached 60 m with the highest recorded population density at 108 m−2 with a mass of 18ċ6 g m−2. A. longa was recorded at a distance of 132 m from the nearest point of inoculation with the highest recorded population density at 70 m−2 with a mass of 49ċ3 g m−2, 10 m from the original inoculation grid. Other species recorded (and % of total) were Aporrectodea rosea (0ċ9) Lumbricus castaneus (7ċ4), Eiseniella tetraedra (21ċ5) and Lumbricus rubellus (4ċ5). The two inoculated species, A. chlorotica (40ċ4) and A. longa (25ċ3), accounted for two thirds of the earthworms found on site. The highest earthworm community density was 213 m−2 with a mass of 73ċ9 g m−2 at 10 m from original point of inoculation. In 1999, treatments of surface organic matter (OM), in the form of composted green waste, and rotavation were applied to non‐replicated plots of 50 m2 with the effects on earthworm distribution and abundance recorded in 2002. Addition of OM alone led to an increase in number and mass (331 m−2; 95 g m−2) compared to the control (233 m−2; 51 g m−2), while rotavation alone (111 m−2; 36 g m−2) had a detrimental effect over the given time period. This long‐term monitoring programme has demonstrated the development of sustainable earthworm communities on a landfill site. Natural nutrient accumulation and addition of OM on or into the soil‐forming material appeared to assist this process. This work may help to inform post‐capping treatment at similar landfill sites Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

10.
Some biological effects of soilfertilisation with sewage sludge were investigated aftersoil reclamation in an opencast mining area. Two earthwormspecies (Allolobophora chlorotica chloroticaand Nicodrilus caliginosus meridionalis) inhabitingthe reclaimed soil were tested for their response to twohigh doses of sludge (75 and 150 g kg-1 of dry sludgein dry sieved soil). The metal concentrations in thesludge amended soils were below that which worm mortalitywould be expected. Mean annual density of the earthwormswas higher in the plots where the sludge was applied (435and 335 ind. m-2) than in control (115 ind. m-2).We verified the accumulation of Cd and Zn by the twoearthworm species at any dose of sludge, and metalaccumulation was higher in N. caliginosus than inA. chlorotica. Zn, Pb, Cr, Cu and Ni were moreconcentrated in the earthworm egesta than in the bulk soil.  相似文献   

11.
This study investigated the effect of two earthworm species (Amynthas robustus Perrier and Eisenia fetida Savigny) on the soil microbial degradation of pentachlorophenol (PCP). PCP-degrading microbes were identified using DNA-stable isotope probing (SIP). The results showed that adsorption and fixing to soil particles and organic fractions dominated the fate of PCP in soil without any amendments. The inoculation of both earthworm species significantly enhanced soil PCP disappearance and basal respiration. The DNA-SIP results revealed that Klebsiella, Cupriavidus, Aeromonas, and Burkholderia spp. were present at higher relative abundances in [13C]-labeled-PCP-amended soil microcosms than [12C]-PCP-amended soil in the presence of A. robustus, indicating that these bacterial species were responsible for PCP assimilation. Cupriavidus and Aeromonas sp. were also detected in the earthworm gut before inoculation, and their relative abundance was affected by earthworms. These results demonstrated that earthworms can introduce functional bacteria into soils and increase the population of PCP-degrading bacteria, thereby accelerating soil PCP degradation.  相似文献   

12.
An agricultural use of reclaimed coal‐mine spoil banks is limited to nonfood crop uses and provides potential for biofuel crops. Two high‐biomass crops—Galega orientalis and Helianthus tuberosus—were cultivated in a greenhouse pot experiment conducted in sterilized and nonsterile spoil bank clay. We aimed (1) to determine the possibility of reducing the applied rate of organic amendments (thus decreasing the costs of spoil‐bank reclamation) and (2) to assess whether the inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can improve plant growth and biomass accumulation of bioenergy crops even in nonsterile soil containing naturally occurring AMF. The spoil substrate was either unamended or treated with a mixture of composted urban waste and ligno‐cellulose at a rate corresponding to 40 t ha–1. Three native AMF isolates or three isolates from the International Bank of Glomeromycota (BEG) originating from man‐made ecosystems were used for inoculation. Generally, both plant species positively responded to both mycorrhizal inoculation and organic amendment. While G. orientalis did not show any preferences towards the AMF inoculum origin in the nonsterile soil, for H. tuberosus the specific combination of organic amendment and BEG isolates resulted in highest yields of shoot biomass. The study shows that the successful planting of both tested crops requires the organic amendment. However, its dosage can be substantially reduced. The effectiveness of mycorrhizal inoculation can vary for the combination of plant species and the origin of the applied AMF.  相似文献   

13.

A long-term experiment was conducted to determine the distribution of sludge-borne metals applied to a revegetated acidic dredge spoil disposal site. The initial soil was infertile and highly acidic (pH 2.4). Sewage sludge and lime were applied in 1974 at the rates of 100 and 23 mt ha?1, respectively, and tilled into the soil to a depth of 20 cm. In 1974 an adjacent site was also revegetated with topsoil and lime but without sludge. Soil and plants were sampled 2, 4 and 16 yr following seeding. After 16 yr the total and DTPA-extractable Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni and Cd decreased in soils to nearly the levels of the control soils. Concentrations of metals in plants also decreased. Decreases in tissue concentrations ranged from 40 to 70% for Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni and Cd and up to 90% for Zn. The results showed that a single 100 mt ha?1 application of sewage sludge containing high concentrations of metals was a cost-effective method for improving plant growing conditions on highly acidic soils.

  相似文献   

14.
Earlier studies of postmining heaps near Sokolov, Czech Republic (0–46 years old) showed that massive changes in plant community composition occur around 23 year of succession when the heaps are colonized by the earthworms Lumbricus rubellus (Hoffm.) and Aporrectodea caliginosa (Savigny). The aim of the current study was to test the hypothesis that the introduction of earthworms into a postmining soil enhances growth of late succession plant species. In a laboratory experiment, earthworms significantly increased biomass of Festuca rubra and Trifolium hybridum grown in soil from a 17-year-old site. The biomass increase corresponded to a significant decrease in pH and an increase in oxidable C, total N, and exchangeable P, K, and Ca content. A second laboratory experiment showed higher biomass production of late successional plant community (Arrhenatherum elatius, Agrostis capillaris, Centaurea jacea, Plantago lanceolata, Lotus corniculatus, and Trifolium medium) in soil from late successional stage (46 years old); the introduction of earthworms into soil from an early successional stage (17 years old) increased biomass production. In a field experiment, introduction of L. rubellus to enclosures containing a 17-year-old soil not colonized by earthworms significantly increased the biomass of grasses after 1 year. The results support the hypothesis that colonization of postmining areas by earthworms can substantially modify soil properties and plant growth.  相似文献   

15.

Purpose

There is a growing interest in the use of soil enzymes as early indicators of soil quality change under contrasting agricultural management practices. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the use of biochar to improve soil properties and thus soil quality. In addition, earthworms can also be used to ameliorate soil properties. However, there is no literature available on how biochar and earthworms interact and affect soil enzymes. The general objective of the present study was to test the suitability of adding biochar and earthworms in two tropical soils with low fertility status in order to improve their characteristics and productivity.

Materials and methods

Biochars were prepared from four different materials [sewage sludge (B1), deinking sewage sludge (B2), Miscanthus (B3) and pine wood (B4)] on two tropical soils (an Acrisol and a Ferralsol) planted with proso millet (Panicum milliaceum L.). In addition, in order to investigate the interaction between earthworms and biochar, earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus was added to half of the mesocosms, while excluded in the remaining half. The activities of invertase, β-glucosidase, β-glucosaminidase, urease, phosphomonoesterase and arylsulphatase were determined. The geometric mean of the assayed enzymes (GMea) was used as an integrative soil quality index.

Results and discussion

Overall, earthworms and especially biochar had a positive effect on soil quality. GMea showed B1, B2 and B3 performing better than B4; however, results were soil specific. Plant productivity increased under both biochar and earthworm addition. Fruit productivity and plant growth was enhanced by B1 and B2 but not by B3 or B4.

Conclusions

Enhancements of productivity and soil enzymatic activities are possible in the presence of earthworms and the combination of the practices earthworm and biochar addition can be suggested in low fertility tropical soils. However, scientists should proceed carefully in the selection of biochars as the results of this study show a high specificity in the biochar–soil interaction.  相似文献   

16.
Earthworms are important members of the decomposer food web in a wide range of sites. Previous field investigations on the development of earthworm populations of mine soils in the Lusatian coal mining region, Germany, have shown quite small population densities in quaternary sands and less or even no earthworms present in sandy soils derived from tertiary deposits. The aim of the present investigation was to improve the development of earthworm populations in mine soils from tertiary deposits by applying various types and amounts of organic waste residues, such as sewage sludge, composted sewage sludge, and green waste derived compost. Additionally, we were interested in the stimulation effect of organic waste materials on parameters of earthworm activity, such as food consumption and burrowing activity. The investigations were carried out in field mesocosms and laboratory experiments (microcosms; observation cages). In general, the population density, fresh biomass, food consumption, and the burrowing activity of earthworms were significantly improved by the application of the various organic waste materials compared with mineral fertilizers. Fresh sewage sludge in addition to composted sewage sludge were found to be the most favourable organic waste residues compared with green waste derived composts. The addition of brown coal sludge to sewage sludge did not reduced the stimulation effect. There was considerable variation in the population structure of a defined earthworm community which was exposed in the mesocosms during a two year period in relation to the types and amounts of the organic waste materials applied.  相似文献   

17.
Two laboratory experiments were used to investigate the effect of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris on transport of genetically marked Pseudomonas fluorescens inocula through soil microcosms. The microcosms comprised cylindrical cores of repacked soil with or without earthworms. Late log-phase cells of P. fluorescens, chromosomally marked with lux genes encoding bioluminescence, were applied to the surface of soil cores as inoculated filter paper discs. In one experiment, 5 and 10 days after inoculation, cores were destructively harvested to determine concentrations of marked pseudomonads with depth relative to the initial inoculum applied. Transport of the bacteria occurred only in the presence of earthworms. In a second experiment cores were subjected to simulated rainfall events 18 h after inoculation with lux-marked bacteria at 3-day intervals over a 24-day period. Resulting leachates were analysed for the appearance of the marked bacteria, and after 28 days cores were destructively harvested. Although some marked cells (less than 0.1% of the inoculum applied) were leached through soil in percolating water, particularly in the presence of earthworms, the most important effect of earthworms on cell transport was through burial of inoculated litter rather than an increase in bypass flow due to earthworm channels.  相似文献   

18.
秸秆施用下接种蚯蚓对农田土壤微生物特性的影响   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
在连续6年稻麦轮作系统中，研究不同秸秆施用方式下接种蚯蚓对土壤微生物生物量、活性（基础呼吸）及群落功能多样性（BIOLOG单一碳源利用指纹方法）的影响，试验设5个处理：对照（CK）、秸秆表施（M）、秸秆混施（I）、秸秆表施且接种蚯蚓（ME）、秸秆混施且接种蚯蚓（IE）。不同秸秆施用下接种蚯蚓均对土壤微生物生物量、微生物生物活性和群落碳源利用能力产生显著影响：两种秸秆施用方式下接种蚯蚓均增加微生物生物量；秸秆表施并接种蚯蚓导致微生物活性、碳源利用丰富度和多样性指数均降低，而在秸秆混施下则均升高；BIOLOG碳源利用分析结果表明在秸秆施用下接种蚯蚓后土壤的微生物群落组成发生明显变化。  相似文献   

19.
In previous studies, the rate of soil carbon (C) sequestration decreased with increasing age of post‐mining soils. It was also shown to depend on plant biomass and earthworm bioturbation. Here, a soil transplant experiment was used to determine whether this decrease is caused by soil C saturation or other factors (such as bioturbation and litter input). Soils collected on 15‐, 25‐ and 50‐year‐old successional sites, dominated by willow (Salix caprea L.) and birch (Betula pendula Roth), and on a 50‐year‐old site reclaimed by the planting of alder (Alnus glutinosa L.) were placed in plastic boxes that were accessible to soil macrofauna. The boxes were buried in the 50‐year‐old reclaimed site and supplemented with either alder litter or successional (willow and birch) litter. Soil C content and soil C fractions (hot water C, particulate organic C, particulate organic C bound in aggregates and C bound to mineral soil) were studied. After 1 year, the C content increased by 2–5%, but there was no effect of soil source or litter type. For all C fractions, the relationships between change in C content and initial C content were described by bell‐shaped curves. Easily available C fractions were saturated earlier than more recalcitrant fractions. Despite these saturation tendencies in individual soil organic matter pools, the soil was evidently far from saturation after 50 years of soil development. The decrease in C sequestration with soil age previously observed for this soil was probably caused by a decrease in litter input rather than by C saturation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

20.
采用塑料温棚内垄式堆积污泥培养蚯蚓方式,研究了蚯蚓处理对污泥重金属的影响。结果表明,污泥经蚯蚓处理后,理化性质发生了显著的变化,污泥的pH值、有机质、总氮和总磷都有不同程度的降低;蚯蚓能吸收富集污泥中的重金属,其中对重金属Cd有较强的富集能力;蚯蚓处理使污泥中重金属含量均出现不同程度的下降,重金属Cr、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cu、Ni分别减少27.98%、31.46%、32.81%、13.85%、23.86%和22.92%。利用盆栽试验,研究了污泥施用于土壤后生菜体内重金属积累的情况,结果表明,生菜体内重金属Zn、Cu、Pb和Ni的含量为污泥处理高于蚓粪处理;Cr和Cd则分别为差异不显著和略有降低。  相似文献   

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