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1.
河南省砂姜黑土土属的耕作障碍因素研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
砂姜黑土是低产农业土壤之一,但目前还缺乏针对砂姜黑土土属的改良对策研究。通过野外调查和室内测试,对河南省砂姜黑土区不同砂姜黑土土属的剖面形态和主要理化性质进行分析,并结合第二次土壤普查成果,归纳总结出了各土属存在的主要问题及改良重点:(1)所有土属耕层均需加深耕,提高有机质和全氮含量,改良较黏的质地;(2)砂姜黑土和石灰性砂姜黑土两个土属需治理砂姜和砂姜磐,砂姜黑土土属还需清除铁锰结核,青黑土和石灰性青黑土两个土属还需改善土体结构,石灰性青黑土还注意耕层粉粒过多的问题,漂白砂姜黑土需注意白浆化问题,覆盖砂姜黑土和石灰性覆盖砂姜黑土两个土属需根据覆盖层的质地情况决定是否需要改良。 相似文献
2.
深松深度对砂姜黑土耕层特性、作物产量和水分利用效率的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
研究深松深度对砂姜黑土耕层特性、作物产量和水分利用效率的影响,可为构建砂姜黑土合理耕层的耕作深度指标提供依据。本研究基于多年定位大田试验,采用大区对比设计,设置4个深松深度(30 cm、40 cm、50 cm、60 cm)处理,以旋耕(RT,平均耕作深度为15 cm)作为对照,研究不同深松深度对土壤紧实度、土壤三相比(R)值、作物根系形态、作物产量和水分利用效率的影响。研究结果表明,深松深度增加能显著降低土壤紧实度,使土壤的三相比(R)更加合理,进而促进作物根系生长。不同深松深度中,深松60 cm处理的土壤紧实度和三相比(R)值与对照相比降幅最大,深松40 cm处理的冬小麦根系生物量最大,深松50 cm处理的夏玉米根系生物量最大。深松不仅增加作物产量,还提高作物水分利用效率。深松30 cm处理的周年作物产量最高,比对照增产12.2%,但与深松40 cm处理差异不显著。深松50 cm处理的周年水分利用效率最高,但与深松30 cm和深松40 cm处理差异不显著。深松30 cm、40 cm和50 cm的周年水分利用效率比对照分别增加9.1%、8.8%和12.7%。因此,砂姜黑土适宜的深松深度为30~40 cm。 相似文献
3.
不同耕作方式对砂姜黑土物理性质和玉米生长的影响 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9
砂姜黑土结构不良是影响其生产力的主要限制因子。为改良其土壤结构,基于安徽龙亢农场砂姜黑土耕作定位试验基地,设置免耕、旋耕、深松和深翻四种处理,研究不同耕作方式对砂姜黑土0～40 cm土层土壤物理结构、玉米根系发育及其产量的影响。结果表明:1)在玉米生育期内,免耕处理下0～40cm土壤平均容重和紧实度分别为1.52～1.57g·cm~(–3)和926～1 748 kPa,高于其他耕作处理;0～10 cm土层有效水分库容和饱和导水率低于其他耕作处理,分别仅为0.12 cm~3·cm~(–3)和3.5×10~(–5)mm·min~(–1);根系发育受到明显抑制,根长密度和根干物质的量密度较其他耕作方式分别降低42.5%～117%、35%～73.9%;2016—2017周年作物产量较深松和深翻降低8%～12%。2)与旋耕和深松相比,深翻处理下10～20cm土壤容重和10～30 cm土壤穿透阻力分别降低至1.39～1.51 g·cm~(–3)和725～1 575kPa,0～10 cm土壤饱和导水率显著提高至4.15×10~(–2) mm·min~(–1),0～20 cm土壤有效水分库容提高至17.9%～18.4%,促进了0～10 cm土层根系发育,具有较好的增产效果。3)相关分析表明根长密度与土壤容重(r=–0.74**,P 0.01)和穿透阻力(r=–0.73**,P 0.01)呈极显著负相关关系。综上所述,深翻改良砂姜黑土结构效果明显,有利于作物生长,为该区较适宜的耕作模式。 相似文献
4.
秸秆还田和保护性耕作对砂姜黑土有机质和氮素养分的影响 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：7
通过田间试验,分别采集小麦成熟期、玉米成熟期和小麦播种期耕层土样,研究不同的秸秆还田方式(秸秆还田、焚烧还田和火粪还田)与保护性耕作(减耕和免耕)对砂姜黑土有机质和氮素养分的影响,以期得到培肥砂姜黑土的最佳方式。结果表明:作物秸秆还田可以增加砂姜黑土有机质和全氮的含量,但是对速效氮含量影响不大。在不同的秸秆还田和保护性耕作处理中,秸秆火粪还田和免耕条件下的秸秆还田对砂姜黑土有机质和全氮含量的增加效果最为明显。与对照相比,秸秆火粪还田后土壤有机质和全氮含量分别平均提高4.45 g/kg和0.131 g/kg;免耕条件下的秸秆还田其土壤有机质和全氮含量分别平均提高3.36 g/kg和0.095 g/kg;减耕条件下的秸秆还田和秸秆粉碎还田对增加砂姜黑土有机质和全氮含量的效果不显著;秸秆焚烧不能增加砂姜黑土有机质和全氮的含量。秸秆还田和保护性耕作不会大幅度提高砂姜黑土C/N进而影响土壤氮素养分的供应,同时秸秆还田能有效提高土壤微生物量碳氮,但微生物量的碳氮比却保持在适宜的范围内。 相似文献
5.
《土壤学报》2021,(2)
土壤颜色是反映土壤发生、分类及肥力特征的一项重要物理指标。黑色土壤一般有较高的有机质含量,但砂姜黑土是低有机质含量的黑色土壤典型代表。以黄淮海平原3种典型砂姜黑土为研究对象,分别采用添加六偏磷酸钠分散剂后振荡并结合多层次超声处理(HP)、添加碳酸钠分散剂后振荡并结合多层次超声处理(SC)和仅超声波处理(US)等3种方法分散土壤,然后依次提取土壤浅色组分(颗粒态有机质(POM)、白(W)、浅白(LW))和黑色组分(浅黑(LB)、黑(B)、深黑(DB)),旨在建立土壤黑色物质的有效提取方法。结果表明,HP方法提取黑色物质(LB、B和DB)的量最多,且提取量与土壤黑度间相关性最显著(P0.01),是提取砂姜黑土黑色物质的最佳方法。不同提取组分中的土壤黑度与有机质含量无明显相关性,砂姜黑土的显色主要取决于由蒙皂石吸附有机质形成的黑色纳米有机-无机复合体,受有机质含量的直接影响相对较小。本研究提出了一种砂姜黑土黑色物质提取方法,并初步明确了黑色物质组成特征,可为揭示砂姜黑土有机质形成与累积机制提供参考。 相似文献
6.
施肥方式对砂姜黑土钾素利用及盈亏的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
以砂姜黑土长期施肥试验为平台,研究砂姜黑土冬小麦—夏大豆轮作系统下作物钾素吸收量、钾素回收率、土壤钾素盈亏量和速效钾含量的演变特征,探明土壤速效钾与外源钾投入、土壤累积钾盈亏的响应关系,分析不施肥(CK)、常规化肥(CF)、化肥+麦秆(SCF)、化肥+猪粪(PCF)、化肥+牛粪(CCF)等施肥方式对土壤钾素利用及盈亏的影响,以期探寻砂姜黑土地区高产高效的施钾方式。结果表明:29 a作物钾素平均回收率在55.1%~66.1%,高低顺序为CCFPCFSCFCF。土壤累积钾盈亏与土壤速效钾增量呈显著线性关系(p0.05),土壤中钾素每盈余100 kg hm-2,CF、SCF、PCF和CCF处理土壤速效钾含量分别增加1.4、1.8、2.3和15.8 mg kg-1;土壤钾素投入量与速效钾含量呈显著线性关系(p0.05),CF处理每投入钾100 kg hm-2,土壤速效钾含量增加0.4 mg kg-1,而SCF、PCF和CCF处理每投入钾100 kg hm-2,土壤速效钾含量分别增加0.5、0.6和4.3 mg kg-1,这说明适当增施有机肥可提升土壤钾素的供应能力。综上所述,投入有机物料是影响土壤钾素利用的重要调控措施,长期增施有机肥可提高作物钾素回收率以及土壤中盈余的钾素向速效钾的转化能力,本试验条件下以增施牛粪效果最好,猪粪和秸秆次之。因此,砂姜黑土小麦—大豆轮作系统下秸秆养畜过腹还田是实现作物高产高效的一种推荐施钾方式。 相似文献
7.
土壤含水量和容重对砂姜黑土抗剪强度的影响及其传递函数构建 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
【目的】砂姜黑土湿时泥泞,干时僵硬,难耕难耙,适耕期短,研究砂姜黑土抗剪强度对于确定土壤适耕性具有重要意义。【方法】以砂姜黑土为研究对象,土壤容重设置1.2、1.4和1.6 g cm-3共3个水平,土壤含水量设置田间持水量的100%、85%、70%、55%和40%共5个水平,采用直剪仪测定土壤抗剪强度参数(黏聚力,c;内摩擦角,?),分析土壤剪切特性随土壤含水量(θ)和容重(ρ)的变化规律,并利用多元回归拟合建立土壤抗剪强度(τ)的传递函数。【结果】砂姜黑土黏聚力随土壤含水量增加呈现指数减小趋势,随土壤湿容重(ρ’)增加呈线性增加趋势,三者关系能够用回归方程■表示■。内摩擦角随土壤含水量增加先减小之后趋于稳定,随土壤湿容重增加而增加,表现出■的规律性变化。参照Mohr-Coulomb抗剪强度公式,建立砂姜黑土的抗剪强度传递函数■,该函数能够很好地表示砂姜黑土的抗剪强度变化规律(R2=0.870,P<0.001)。【结论】土壤含水量和容重是砂姜黑土抗剪强度的两个重要影响因素,在此基础上构建了以土壤含水量和湿容重为自变... 相似文献
8.
秸秆或粉煤灰添加对砂姜黑土持水性及小麦抗干旱胁迫的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
针对黄淮海平原典型中低产土壤砂姜黑土黏粒含量较高,土壤有效水分库容较低,严重限制作物生产的现状,该文采用盆栽试验,研究了不同外源改性物料的添加对土壤持水性能及小麦生理的影响,以期获得农田水分管理过程中的关键参数。盆栽试验设置常规氮磷钾(control,CK),常规氮磷钾配施下的添加秸秆(straw returning,SR)、秸秆碳(straw carbon,SC)和粉煤灰(fly ash,FA)处理,维持土壤相对含水率在80%,培育小麦至抽穗期,开展为期10 d的干旱胁迫试验。结果显示SR和SC处理提高了土壤持水能力,且处理间的差异较小;FA处理因其表面富含大量疏水性结晶矿物,土壤相对含水率下降较快,迟效水含量显著低于其余处理,但土壤速效水含量显著提高。不同改性措施均有提高小麦叶片相对含水率,减轻干旱胁迫的趋势,但在极端干旱胁迫下,FA处理叶片相对含水率不仅明显低于其余处理,且作物体内积累大量丙二醛、过氧化氢等有害物质。田间管理中砂姜黑土相对含水率应维持在38%(SR)、36.5%(SC)和24.5%(FA)以上,当土壤相对含水率低于30.78%(SC)、28.43%(SR)和22.5%(FA)时将会对作物生理产生不可逆的伤害。鉴于秸秆优良的保水性能,粉煤灰“富水,不保水”的特性,秸秆与粉煤灰的配合施用将利于砂姜黑土的改良。相关机制值得进一步研究。 相似文献
9.
本文通过实验对砂姜黑土的水分特性及其与土壤易旱的关系进行了分析研究。结果表明:砂姜黑土持水性能较差,有效水分不仅含量较低,而且低吸力段所占比重较小;比水容量随吸力增大而急剧减少,在10—30kPa时即已减小到10-7数量级(ml/g·Pa)。土壤导水性能弱,土壤吸力>30kPa后水分移动极其缓慢。说明土壤的供水容量和供水强度均较小,不利于对作物的及时供水。土壤毛管水上升速度缓慢,上升高度小,不利于作物对地下水的利用。土壤上部土层蒸发强度大,不利于保水;下部土层毛管性能微弱,水分运行缓慢,虽有利于保水,但不能及时补充根层所需的作物供水。这些特性综合反映了砂姜黑土的抗旱性较弱,是土壤易旱的主要原因。 相似文献
10.
生物炭、秸秆和有机肥对砂姜黑土改性效果的对比研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
砂姜黑土是广泛分布于我国黄淮海平原、具有多种障碍因子的典型中低产土壤。本研究通过小麦和玉米轮作盆栽试验,研究了生物炭、秸秆和有机肥3种有机物料对砂姜黑土性质的改良效果。结果表明:添加秸秆能显著提高土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)和可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量,减小土壤线性延展系数(COLE);添加生物炭对砂姜黑土MBC和DOC影响不显著,但显著减小土壤COLE。对土壤磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)含量的分析发现,添加秸秆显著提高了小麦灌浆期和玉米抽雄期土壤总磷脂脂肪酸、细菌、真菌、放线菌和腐生真菌的含量,而添加生物炭和有机肥对土壤总磷脂脂肪酸、细菌、真菌、放线菌、腐生真菌和真菌/细菌影响不显著。综上,生产实践中3种有机物料添加应根据各地砂姜黑土主要障碍因子不同而灵活选择。 相似文献
11.
C. S. V. J. Neves C. Feller M. F. Guimares C. C. Medina J. Tavares Filho M. Fortier 《Soil & Tillage Research》2003,71(2):109-119
Soil structure is important to root development and crop yield. The objective of this study was to test the Cropping Profile Method in Brazilian soils, in order to evaluate the soil structure in the field. Grouped different structures determined by the Cropping Profile Method were compared to laboratory determinations for soil bulk density, total porosity and mercury porosity. The study was conducted in clayey Oxisols submitted to different uses and management including annual crops, orchards and natural forests in the State of Paraná, southern Brazil. Homogeneous morphological units (HMUs) were determined in trenches using the Cropping Profile Method, and the different structures were grouped as: (a) non-compacted; (b) compacted; (c) in-process-of-compacting. Results of field evaluation were compatible with those obtained in the laboratory. More compacted and in-process-of-compacting structures corresponded to soil bulk density values of 1.42 and 1.33 Mg m−3, which were significantly higher than the 1.18 Mg m−3 value obtained for soil bulk density in non-compacted HMU. The total porosity of compacted HMU and in-process-of-compacting HMU was 0.49 and 0.52 m3 m−3, respectively. These were significantly lower than the value obtained for the non-compacted HMU (0.60 m3 m−3). The Cropping Profile Method is useful mainly in field research works when it is important to verify the effect of management practices on soil structure. 相似文献
12.
Ashraf Tubeileh Virginie Groleau-Renaud Sylvain Plantureux Armand Guckert 《Soil & Tillage Research》2003,71(2):151-161
Soil compaction is known to affect plant growth. However, most of the information regarding the effects of this factor on carbon partitioning has been obtained on young plants while little is known about the evolution of these effects with plant age. The objective of this work was to investigate how soil compaction affects carbon assimilation, photosynthate partitioning and morphology of maize plants during vegetative growth up to tassel initiation. A pressure was applied on moist soil to obtain a bulk density of 1.45 g cm−3 (compacted soil (CS) treatment) while the loose soil (LS) treatment (bulk density of 1.30 g cm−3) was obtained by gentle vibration of soil columns. Plants were grown in a growth chamber for 3–6 weeks and carbon partitioning in the plant–soil system was evaluated using 14C pulse-labelling techniques. Soil compaction greatly hampered root elongation and delayed leaf appearance rate, thereby decreasing plant height, shoot and root dry weights and leaf area. The increase in soil bulk density decreased carbon assimilation rate especially in early growth stages. The main effect of soil compaction on assimilate partitioning occurred on carbon exudation, which increased considerably to the detriment of root carbon. Furthermore, soil microbial biomass greatly increased in CS. Two hypotheses were formulated. The first was that increasing soil resistance to root penetration induced a sink limitation in roots and this increased carbon release into the soil and resulted in a root feedback that regulated carbon assimilation rate. The second hypothesis relies on soil–plant water relations since, due to compaction, the pore size distribution has to be considered. In a compacted soil, the peak of the pore size distribution curve is shifted towards the small pore size. The volume of small pores increases and the unsaturated conductivity decreases substantially, when compared to non-compacted soil. Due to small hydraulic conductivity, the inflow into the roots is well below optimum and the plant closes stomata thus reducing carbon assimilation rate. The effects of soil compaction persisted with plant age although the difference between the two treatments, in terms of percentage, decreased at advanced growth stages, especially in the case of root parameters. 相似文献
13.
The capability of the soil water balance model SIMWASER to predict the impact of soil compaction upon the yield of maize (Zea mays L.) is tested, using the results of a field experiment on the influence of soil compaction by wheel pressure upon soil structure, water regime and plant growth. The experimental site was located on an Eutric Cambisol with loamy silt soil texture at an elevation of 260 m in the northern, semi-humid sub-alpine zone of Austria. Within the experimental field a 7 m wide strip was compacted by a tractor driven trailer just before planting maize in May 1988. Compression effects due to trailer traffic resulted in distinct differences of physical and mechanical soil parameters in comparison with the uncompressed experimental plots down to a depth of about 30 cm: bulk density and penetration resistance at field capacity were increased from 1.45 to 1.85 g/cm3, and from 0.8 to 1.5 MPa, respectively, while air-filled pore space as well as infiltration rate were appreciable lowered from about 0.08–0.02 cm3/cm3 and from 50 to 0.5 cm per day, respectively. The overall effect was a clear depression of the dry matter grain yield from 7184 kg/ha of the non-compacted plot to 5272 kg/ha in the compacted field strip. The deterministic and functional model SIMWASER simulates the water balance and the crop yield for any number of crop rotations and years, provided that daily weather records (air temperature, humidity of air, global radiation, wind and precipitation) are available. Crop growth and soil water regime are coupled together by the physiological processes of transpiration and assimilation, which take place at the same time through the stomata of the plant leaves and are both reacting in the same direction to changes in the soil water availability within the rooting zone. The water availability during rainless seasons depends on the hydraulic properties of the soil profile within the rooting depth and on rooting density. Rooting depth and density are affected by both the type of the crop and the penetration resistance of the soil, which depends on the soil moisture status and may be strongly increased by soil compaction. The model SIMWASER was able to simulate these effects as shown by the calculated grain yields, which amounted in the non-compacted plot to 7512 and to 5558 kg dry matter/ha in the compacted plot. 相似文献
14.
Muhammad Farrakh Nawaz Guilhem Bourrié Fabienne Trolard Jacques Ranger Sadaf Gul Nabeel Khan Niazi 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2016,16(9):2223-2233
Purpose
Soil compaction resulting from mechanisation of forest operations reduces air permeability and hydraulic conductivity of soil and can result in the development of hydromorphic and/or anoxic conditions. These hydromorphic conditions can affect physico-chemical properties of the soils. However, early detection of these effects on mineralogical portion of soils is methodologically difficult.Materials and methods
To analyse the effects of soil compaction on iron minerals in loamy Luvisol, three compacted and three non-compacted soil profiles up to the depth of 50 cm were collected from an artificially deforested and compacted soils after 2 years of treatment. Soil was compacted with the help of 25 Mg wheeler’s load to increase the dry bulk density of soil from 1.21?±?0.05 to 1.45?±?0.1 g cm?3. Soil samples were analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and were treated by citrate bicarbonate (CB) and dithionite citrate bicarbonate (DCB) under controlled conditions. Major and minor elements (Fe, Al, Mg, Si and Mn) were analysed by ICP-AES in the CB and DCB extracts.Results and discussion
It was found that X-ray diffraction is not an enough sensitive method to detect the quick mineralogical changes due to soil compaction. Results obtained from CB-DCB extractions showed that soil compaction resulted in larger CB and smaller DCB extractable elements as compared to non-compacted soil. Labile Fe was found 30 % of total Fe oxides in compacted soil against 10–14 % in non-compacted soils. Compaction thus resulted in Fe transfer from non-labile to labile oxides (s.l.). Results showed that soil compaction leads to the reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+. The effects of hydromorphic conditions due to soil compaction were observed up to the depth of 35 cm in forest soil profile. Furthermore, a close association of Al with Fe oxides was observed in the soil samples, while Mn and Si were mainly released from other sources, Mg showing an intermediate behaviour.Conclusions
Hydromorphic conditions owing to soil compaction affect the mobility and crystallisation process of iron mineral. CB-DCB selective extraction technique, in contrast to XRD technique, can be effectively used to examine the possible effects of soil compaction on iron minerals.15.
Growth and symbiotic activity of legumes are reduced by high soil compaction and mediated by Nod factors (LCO, lipo-chitooligosaccharides) application. Our objective was to assess the combined effects of soil compaction and Nod factors application on growth and symbiotic activity of pea. The experiment was two factorial and included soil compaction (1.30 g cm−3 – not compacted (control) and 1.55 g cm−3 – compacted soil), and Nod factors concentration (control without addition of Nod factors and use of 260 nM Nod solution) for each soil compaction. The soil (Haplic Luvisol) was packed into pots, pea (Pisum sativum L.) seeds were soaked with Nod factors solution or water and then plants were grown for 46 days. This study has shown that soil compaction and treatments of pea seeds with Nod factors influenced pea growth and symbiotic activity. Soil compaction significantly reduced pea growth parameters, namely plant height, dry mass, leaf area, root mass and root length and symbiotic parameters, namely mass of nodules, dry mass of an individual nodule, nitrogenase activity and total nitrogen content in plant in comparison to the non-compacted treatment. Treatment of seeds with Nod factors generally improved nearly all of the above parameters. Nitrogenase activity per pot and total plant nitrogen content were significantly reduced by soil compaction and increased by application of Nod factors in plants grown in not compacted soil. Our results demonstrate that increased symbiotic activity resulting from Nod factors addition may mitigate adverse effect of soil compaction on plant growth. 相似文献
16.
《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(8):1635-1648
Abstract A good cover crop should have a vigorous early development and a high potential for nutrient uptake that can be made available to the next crop. In tropical areas with relatively dry winters drought tolerance is also very important. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the early development and nutrition of six species used as cover crops as affected by sub‐superficial compaction of the soil. The plants (oats, pigeon pea, pearl millet, black mucuna, grain sorghum, and blue lupin) were grown in pots filled with soil subjected to different subsurface compaction levels (bulk densities of 1.12, 1.16, and 1.60 mg m?3) for 39 days. The pots had an internal diameter of 10 cm and were 33.5 cm deep. Grasses were more sensitive to soil compaction than leguminous plants during the initial development. Irrespective of compaction rates, pearl millet and grain sorghum were more efficient in recycling nutrients. These two species proved to be more appropriate as cover crops in tropical regions with dry winters, especially if planted shortly before spring. 相似文献
17.
One of the resource conservation technologies for rice (Oryza sativa) is direct seeding technique, which may be more water efficient and labour cost-effective apart from being conducive for mechanization. The crop establishment during the initial stages may depend upon the method of direct seeding, cultivar and seed rate. A study was carried out during 2004–2005 to evaluate the effect of different seeding techniques, cultivars and seed rates on the performance of direct-seeded basmati rice in loamy sand (coarse loamy, calcareous, mixed hyperthermic, Typic Ustipsamments) at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India. The treatments in main plots included four seeding techniques (broadcast in puddled plots, direct drilling in puddled plots, direct drilling in compacted plots and direct drilling under unpuddled and uncompacted conditions). The subplots treatments comprised of two cultivars (Pusa Basmati-1 and Basmati-386) and three seed rates (at 30, 40 and 50 kg ha−1).
The moisture retention and bulk density at harvest were sufficiently lower in uncompacted/unpuddled plots than compacted or puddled plots more so in 0–30 cm soil layer. The crop stand establishment was higher in direct-drilled compacted plots with 50 kg seed ha−1. It was higher in Pusa Basmati-1 than Basmati-386. The direct drilling after compaction produced 28% higher biomass than uncompacted/unpuddled plots. Similar trend was observed in leaf area index and effective tillers. Effective tillers were significantly higher with 30 kg seed ha−1and were higher in Pusa Basmati-1 than Basmati-386. The root mass density of basmati rice in 0–15 cm soil layer at 45 days after sowing was 1549 g m−3 in compacted soils, 1258 g m−3 in broadcasting in puddled soil and 994 g m−3 with direct drilling in puddled soil. The grain yield of basmati rice was 44% and 30% higher in direct-drilled compacted and puddled plots, respectively, than uncompacted/unpuddled plots. 相似文献
18.
Cover crops are a very effective erosion control and environmental conservation technique. When cover crops freeze at the beginning of the winter period, the above-ground biomass becomes less effective in protecting the soil from water erosion, but roots can still play an important role in improving soil strength. However, information on root properties of common cover crops growing in temperate climates (e.g. Sinapis alba (white mustard), Phacelia tanacetifoli (phacelia), Lolium perenne (ryegrass), Avena sativa (oats), Secale cereale (rye), Raphanus sativus subsp. oleiferus (fodder radish)) is very scarce. Therefore, root density distribution with soil depth and the erosion-reducing effect of these cover crops during concentrated flow erosion were assessed by conducting root auger measurements and controlled concentrated flow experiments with 0.1 m topsoil samples. The results indicate that root density of the studied cover crops ranges between 1.02 for phacelia and 2.95 kg m− 3 for ryegrass. Cover crops with thick roots (e.g. white mustard and fodder radish) are less effective than cover crops with fine-branched roots (e.g. ryegrass and rye) in preventing soil losses by concentrated flow erosion. Moreover, after frost, the erosion-reducing potential of phacelia and oats roots decreased. Amoeba diagrams, taking into account both below-ground and above-ground plant characteristics, identified ryegrass, rye, oats and white mustard as the most suitable species for controlling concentrated flow erosion. 相似文献
19.
Crop yields can be reduced by soil compaction due to increased resistance to root growth, and decrease in water and nutrient use efficiencies. A field experiment was conducted during 1997–1998 and 1998–1999 on a sandy clay loam (fine-loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplargids, USDA; Luvic Yermosol, FAO) to study subsoil compaction effects on root growth, nutrient uptake and chemical composition of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). Soil compaction was artificially created once at the start of the study. The 0.00–0.15 m soil was manually removed with a spade. The exposed layer was compacted with a mechanical compactor from 1.65 Mg m−3 (control plot) to a bulk density of 1.93 Mg m−3 (compacted plot). The topsoil was then again replaced above the compacted subsoil and levelled. Both compacted and control plots were hoed manually and levelled. Root length density, measured at flowering stage, decreased markedly with compaction during 1997–1998 but there was little effect during 1998–1999. The reduction in nutrient uptake by wheat due to compaction of the subsoil was 12–35% for N, 17–27% for P and up to 24% for K. The reduction in nutrient uptake in sorghum due to subsoil compaction was 23% for N, 16% for P, and 12% for K. Subsoil compaction increased N content in wheat grains in 1997–1998, but there was no effect on P and K contents of grains and N and P content of wheat straw or sorghum stover. During 1997–1998, K content of wheat straw was statistically higher in control treatment compared with compacted treatment. In 1998, P-content of sorghum leaves was higher in compacted treatment than uncompacted control. Root length density of wheat below 0.15 m depth was significantly reduced and was significantly and negatively correlated with soil bulk density. Therefore, appropriate measures such as periodic chiselling, controlled traffic, conservation tillage, and incorporating of crops with deep tap root system in rotation cycle is necessary to minimize the risks of subsoil compaction. 相似文献
20.
不同灌溉策略下冬小麦根系的分布与水分养分的空间有效性 总被引：25，自引：1，他引：25
通过田间试验研究了少量多次和少次多量的灌溉方式下冬小麦根系的分布与水分养分的空间有效性。结果表明 :少量多次的灌溉方式降低了冬小麦返青后表层根系的生长 ,减少了拔节后该层根系的衰退。在少次多量的灌溉方式下返青期不灌水促进了表层根系的生长 ,然而拔节后该层根系衰退较多 ,但中层 ( 3 0～ 60cm)根系生长高于少量多次的灌溉方式。不同灌溉策略下根系分布的差异并不影响冬小麦对土壤水分和养分的吸收 ,由于播前土体内蓄水不足 ,三种灌溉方式下 0～ 90cm土壤可用水在收获后均消耗殆尽。灌溉促进了表层硝态氮的吸收和向下迁移 ,但两种灌溉方式下硝态氮在土体内的迁移均未超出 60cm土体 ,仍在根层之内。而不同的灌溉方式对冬小麦全生育期内土体速效磷钾的分布没有影响。扬花前两种灌溉方式下冬小麦的生长发育和养分的吸收并无差异 ,扬花后少次多量的灌溉方式由于水分供应不足 ,影响了灌浆 ,降低了千粒重 ,进而影响了产量 ,同时土壤水分缺乏也减少了该时期养分的吸收。而在少量多次的灌溉方式下 ,扬花后灌水不仅可以促进冬小麦灌浆 ,提高千粒重 ,而且增加了对养分的吸收。 相似文献