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1.
Downy mildew on lettuce is currently controlled using host resistance genes (Dm genes) that confer race-specific resistance in seedlings. Field resistance (FR) that is active in adult plants but not seedlings was identified in the cvs. Grand Rapids and Iceberg. The goal of our study was to evaluate the utility of Grand Rapids as a source of novel Bremia resistance alleles, particularly in comparison with Iceberg. To measure FR, downy mildew symptoms were evaluated following natural infection in field experiments. The responses of Grand Rapids and Iceberg were similar in many respects. Although both cultivars had a small percentage of plants exhibiting disease symptoms, the average disease ratings were as low as for cultivars with effective Dm genes. We observed no evidence for race specificity. FR was effective over 3 years of our study, despite documented variation within pathogen populations. Both cultivars lacked all known seedling resistance genes except Dm13, which was not responsible for the resistance observed in field experiments. Similar segregation of FR was observed in F2 populations for both Grand Rapids and Iceberg. The presence of highly susceptible families within Grand Rapids × Iceberg populations suggested the presence of at least one unique resistance allele in each cultivar. Preliminary genetic analysis of FR from Grand Rapids revealed a high estimate of narrow-sense heritability that suggested simple inheritance, but single gene models did not fit the observed data. Our results suggest that Grand Rapids may represent an underutilized resource for controlling downy mildew in lettuce. 相似文献
2.
Summary Many lettuce cultivars (Lactuca sativa L.) with high resistance to lettuce root aphid (Pemphigus bursarius L.) also carried the gene Dm-6 for specific resistance to downy mildew (Bremia lactucae
Regel). This suggests the possibility of linkage between this gene and root aphid resistance. The origin of this association is discussed. 相似文献
3.
4.
Some lettuce cultivars are highly sensitive to triforine, an inhibitor of sterol biosynthesis found in some commercial systemic
fungicides. First symptoms of a sensitive reaction are usually observed within 24–48 h after treatment and include severe
wilting, necrosis and rapid plant death. We mapped a single dominant gene (Tr) that confers sensitivity of lettuce to triforine to linkage group 1 of the integrated genetic map of lettuce. The occurrence
of sensitivity is not uniform across horticultural types of lettuce. While over 80% of green-romaine lettuce cultivars tested
were sensitive, most cultivars of all other lettuce types were insensitive to triforine. All accessions of wild Lactuca spp. were insensitive to triforine. Allelism tests using F1 and F2 progeny revealed that sensitive cultivars of all horticultural types likely carry the same Tr gene. The dominant allele for sensitivity found in cultivated lettuce probably had a monophyletic origin. The reaction to
triforine can be used as a marker for detecting hybrids originating from a cross between phenotypically similar parents with
different responses to triforine treatment. It also provides an indication of genotypes for which applications of triforine-containing
fungicides are inappropriate. 相似文献
5.
Summary Eighty-one accessions of three Lactuca species which showed no recognisable race specific resistance to Bremia lactucae when tested in the laboratory as seedlings, exhibited different degrees of susceptibility when exposed to natural field infection. As a group, crisp genotypes had less mildew and a slower rate of disease development than other types of lettuce. Wild forms of Lactuca sativa and Lactuca serriola were particularly susceptible. In a further trial, the low field susceptibility of three lettuce cultivars (Iceberg, Batavia blonde de Paris and Grand Rapids) was confirmed. Disease development on cv. Iceberg was compared to that on the highly susceptible cv. Hilde in experiments where the two cultivars were grown either in close proximity or in isolation. The absolute level of attack on cv. Iceberg depended upon disease pressure and differences between the two types only became apparent approximately 8 wk after sowing. 相似文献
6.
Summary Resistance to lettuce mosaic virus (LMV) is derived either from cv. Gallega (g gene) or the wild accession PI251245 (mo gene). Previous studies indicated that these two genes were identical. Breeders in Europe produced numerous resistant cultivars utilisingg while in the USAmo was used. The resistance has been effective for over 20 years. However, recently there have been reports of LMV isolates causing unusually severe and sometimes necrotic symptoms on cultivars with these resistance genes. Investigations of these severe isolates have distinguished three new pathotypes in addition to the common pathotype (II) and identified a novel dominant gene for resistance. Themo/g genes confer resistance to pathotypes I and II but pathotype III possesses virulence for cultivars withg but not for those withmo. These two genes are therefore not identical but are probably either closely linked genes or alleles. Pathotype IV possesses virulence for all lettuce lines so far tested. Some isolates of this pathotype are seed transmitted in cultivars possessingmo org and have caused severe crop losses in southern France. The durability of the resistance conditioned by these two genes is discussed. 相似文献
7.
Summary None of the tested cultivars of lettuce was found resistant to Stemphylium leaf spot, a common disease in Israel. Within a Lactuca saligna population collected in wild lettuce in Israel, resistance was traced. Interspecific crosses of L. saligna x L. sativa were made and the mode of inheritance of resistance to this disease was studied. Resistance is apparently controlled by two genes: one dominant (Sm1) and one recessive (sm2).Contribution No. 1176-E 1984 series, from the ARO. 相似文献
8.
J. T. Fletcher 《Euphytica》1992,63(1-2):33-49
Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office. 相似文献
9.
Summary The inheritance of nitrate content in lettuce was analysed using 16 F2 populations and three F3 populations. Frequency distributions of nitrate content in F2 and F3 populations were unimodal and symmetrical, indicating a quantitative inheritance. Both significant positive and negative deviations of the F2 mean from the mid-parent value were found, indicating dominance or epistasis. Deviations towards low nitrate content were more frequent than deviations in the other direction. Estimates of heritabilities for nitrate content in the F2 populations ranged from 18% to 69% and were in most cases above 50%. Crosses between low nitrate cultivars did not have lower estimates of heritability in the F2 than crosses between cultivars with larger differences in nitrate content. In one case a genotype x experiment interaction for nitrate content of parental cultivars was found.Three F3 populations of crosses between cultivars with low nitrate content were analysed. Estimates of heritabilities for F3 line means ranged from 78% to 91% and estimates of the genetic standard deviation of nitrate content in unselected advanced generations ranged from 0.24–0.33 g kg–1. The estimates of heritabilities and of genetic variation in advanced generations offer good prospects of selection of low nitrate genotypes in lettuce. A comparison of efficiency of selection in the F2 generation and F3 line selection is made. 相似文献
10.
Ian R. Crute 《Euphytica》1992,63(1-2):95-102
Summary Over the last 30 years, six resistance alleles (Dm2, Dm3, Dm6, Dm7, Dm11 andDm16) located in two linkage groups, have contributed to the control of downy mildew in lettuce crops grown under protection (glass or polythene) in northern Europe. More recently, an as yet genetically uncharacterised resistance factor, R18, has also begun to assume importance. The occurrence of the various combinations of these resistance alleles that exist in commercial cultivars has been dictated by the pathotypes ofBremia lactucae used in their selection but also restricted by linkage in repulsion. In the UK, a pathotype ofB. lactucae insensitive to phenylamide fungicides, such as metalaxyl, emerged in 1978 and became prevalent throughout lettuce production areas in subsequent years. The specific virulence of this pathotype was identical to the previously described phenylamide sensitive pathotype NL10 and cultivars carryingDm11, Dm16 or R18 were resistant. Consequently, an integrated control strategy based on the utilisation of metalaxyl on cultivars carryingDm11 provided effective control in UK until 1987 when a new phenylamide insensitive pathotype began to cause problems. The specific virulence of this second pathotype, which was first reported in the Netherlands and France, was identical to the previously described phenylamide sensitive pathotype NL15. Cultivars carryingDm6, Dm16 or R18, but notDm11, were resistant to NL15; consequently an appropriate change in the cultivar recommendations for use in the integrated control strategy was successfully promulgated. It is predicted that variations of this integrated control strategy involving the use of appropriately selectedDm gene combinations may prove effective for some time. This prediction is based on studies of the status of the avirulence loci in the two phenylamide insensitive pathotypes and of the specific virulence characteristics of phenylamide sensitive components of the pathogen population. 相似文献
11.
Summary Six lettuce lines, representing two types of resistance to the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, and a control line with high susceptibility to M. persicae were tested for resistance to six different clones of Myzus persicae and two clones of the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae.The clones of M. persicae showed very different levels of aggressiveness on lettuce: two had a high level of reproduction, two had an intermediate level and two were poorly adapted to lettuce as a host. Differences between lettuce lines in aphid reproduction increased with increasing aggressiveness of the aphid clone, which means that aggressive clones are most effective for selection purposes. No evidence was found for clone-specific plant genotype reactions, meaning that lines resistant to one clone will also be resistant to other clones of M. persicae, allthough not neccessarily at the same level. The lettuce lines selected for partial resistance to the aggressive clone WMp1 were completely or almost completely resistant to less aggresive clones.No differences in level of reproduction were found between the two clones of M. euphorbiae and no relation was observed between resistance to M. persicae and M. euphorbiae, indicating the species-specific character of resistance to leaf aphids in lettuce. 相似文献
12.
K. Reinink 《Euphytica》1992,60(1):61-74
Summary Adverse effects on human health makes the high nitrate content frequently found in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) grown under low light conditions an undesirable trait. Efforts have been made to breed cultivars with a reduced capacity for nitrate accumulation. In this study components of variance for nitrate content were estimated in F2 and F3 generations of ten lettuce crosses. Additive genotypic variances (A) were estimated from F3 variance components and from the covariance between F2 plants and corresponding F3 lines. Estimates of wide sense heritability of the F2 from crosses between a high nitrate genotype and four low nitrate genotypes ranged from 0.44 to 0.74 and the estimates for A ranged from 0.25 to 0.40 g·l-1. Estimated wide sense heritabilities of F2's from six crosses involving two low nitrate parents ranged from 0.15 to 0.52. The parents of four of the low nitrate crosses showed relatively large effects of genotype x environment (GE) interaction in successive experiments: the nitrate content of the parents reacted differently to environmental changes between experiments. Estimates of A for crosses between low nitrate genotypes without large effects of GE interaction ranged from 0 to 0.19 g·l-1. The estimated probability of selecting transgressive low nitrate lines in the progeny of a cross between a high and a low nitrate genotype was low (P=0.002–0.039), indicating that large populations should be evaluated to combine the positive traits of modern high nitrate cultivars with low nitrate content from genotypes not adapted to modern cropping practices. In the progenies from crosses between two low nitrate genotypes without important GE effects, only low estimates of the probability of obtaining transgressive low nitrate lines were obtained (P=0.04–0.06). With the growth conditions used in this study, the probability of selecting lines with a nitrate content compatible under all winter conditions with the proposed future maximum permissible level of 2.5 g nitrate per kg fresh matter is low. Therefore the solution of this problem should be found in a combination of low nitrate cultivars and cultural measures that reduce the nitrate content of the crop. 相似文献
13.
Summary Three lines of lettuce with resistance to Nasonovia ribisnigri, based on the dominant Nr-gene, and four lines selected for partial resistance to Myzus persicae were tested against three species of leaf aphid: N. ribisnigri, M. persicae and Macrosiphum euphorbiae. The effect of the Nr-gene was also studied in a segregating F2 population.In the material tested, resistance to N. ribisnigri was exclusively based on the Nr-gene, lines selected only for resistance to M. persicae showed no resistance to N. ribisnigri. The Nr-gene also induces partial resistance to M. persicae, but the level of this resistance is influenced by other genes, because the lines with Nr-gene differed significantly from each other for reproduction of M. persicae. The Nr-gene had no effect on the resistance of lettuce to M. euphorbiae.In lines with the Nr-gene, levels of resistance to M. persicae and to M. euphorbiae were correlated, suggesting that the resistance may be determined by the same genes. The Nr-line with highest resistance to M. persicae was comparable for this characteristic to the lines selected for resistance to M. persicae.The cultivars Taiwan and Ravel possess a resistance factor to M. euphorbiae that has no effect on M. persicae or N. ribisnigri. Lines selected for resistance to M. persicae also showed partial resistance to M. euphorbiae. Based on the present results no conclusions can be drawn whether this resistance is based on the same genes that provide resistance to M. persicae, or on a resistance factor comparable to that found in Taiwan and Ravel. 相似文献
14.
Genetic variation for nitrate content between cultivars of endive (Cichorium endiviae L.) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Summary A high nitrate content is a negative quality trait in vegetables. Endive (Cichorium endiviae L.) contributes considerably to human nitrate intake in Northwestern Europe. A collection of 125 commercially available cultivars of endive were grown on nutrient solution and evaluated for genetic variation between cultivars for the nitrate concentration in expressed sap. In two subsequent experiments 23 cultivars, representing the range of nitrate levels found in the first experiment, were grown both in soil and on nutrient solution. There were significant differences between cultivars in nitrate accumulation. Cultivar Vicor consistently had the lowest nitrate content. Averaged over all experiments the nitrate concentration in expressed sap of this cultivar was 0.7 g·l-1 (19%) lower than that of two recommended cultivars. The results indicate that there may be some possibilities to reduce the nitrate content of endive by cultivar choice or breeding. However, the chances of obtaining a substantial reduction of the nitrate content of endive seem less than in some other crops, such as lettuce. The nitrate levels of the cultivars showed interactions with experiments and growth medium. There was no correlation between the cultivar means for the concentrations of nitrate and chloride, or between the concentration of nitrate and the osmolarity of the plant sap. 相似文献
15.
Summary To demonstrate the applicability of the target region amplification polymorphism (TRAP) marker technique to lettuce genotyping,
we fingerprinted 53 lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars and six wild accessions (three from each of the two wild species, L. saligna L. and L. serriola L.). Seven hundred and sixty-nine fragments from 50 to 900 bp in length were amplified in 10 PCR reactions using 10 fixed
primers in combination with four fluorescent labeled arbitrary primers. Three hundred and eighty-eight of these fragments
were polymorphic among the 59 Lactuca entries and 107 fragments were polymorphic among the 53 lettuce cultivars and the six wild accessions; 251 fragments were
present only in the wild species. These markers not only discriminated all cultivars, but also revealed the evolutionary relationship
among the three species: L. sativa, the cultivated species, is more closely related to L. serriola than to L. saligna. Cluster analysis grouped the cultivars by horticultural types with a few exceptions. These results are consistent with previous
findings using RFLP, AFLP, and SAMPL markers. The TRAP markers revealed significant differences in genetic variability among
horticultural types, measured by the average genetic similarity among the cultivars of the same type. Within the sample set,
the leaf type and butterhead types possessed relatively high genetic variability, the iceberg types had moderate variability
and the romaine types had the lowest variability. The genetic behavior of TRAP markers was assessed with a mapping population
of 45 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from an interspecific cross between L. serriola and L. sativa. Almost all the markers segregated in the expected 1:1 Mendelian ratio and are being incorporated into the existing lettuce
linkage maps. Our results indicate that the TRAP markers can provide a powerful technique for fingerprinting lettuce cultivars.
The U.S. Government's right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyright is acknowledged. 相似文献
16.
Summary Twenty-one accessions of 3 wild Lactuca species which could be hybridised with L. sativa, the cultivated lettuce, were inoculated at different stages of plant development with 3 multivirulent isolates of Bremia lactucae. Nineteen sources of resistance to B. lactucae, not attributable to the previously recognised resistance factors 1–11 were identified. Two lines of L. serriola showed similar resistance patterns as lines carrying R11. The resistance of some accession was incomplete particularly at the seedling stage and this phenomenon may be race specific.Tests on segregating F2 populations of crosses between 2 different L. serriola accessions and L. sativa cultivars showed that the resistance in one line (LSE/18) appears to be inherited as a single dominant gene, which is sometimes incomplete in expression and allelic to either Dm6 or R7. The segregation patterns for resistance in PI 281876 did not give readily interpretable ratios.To assess the frequency of occurrence in B. lactucae populations of virulence factors to overcome this novel resistance, 11 of the novel sources of resistance were inoculated with numerous collections of the pathogen from the UK, Czechoslovakia and elsewhere and found to show a high level of resistance. 相似文献
17.
Resistance to the southern root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita Chitwood would be an important attribute of lettuce Lactuca sativa L. cultivars adapted to both protected and field cultivation in tropical regions. `Grand Rapids' and a few other cultivars
are reported to be resistant to this nematode. In this paper, we studied the inheritance of the resistant reaction of `Grand
Rapids' (P2) in a cross with a standard nematode-susceptible cultivar Regma-71 (P1). F1(Regina-71 × Grand Rapids) and F2 seed were obtained, and inoculated along with the parental cultivars with different races of M. incognita to evaluate nematode resistance. Broad sense heritability estimates for the number of galls and of egg masses per root system,
gall size and gall index were generally in the order of 0.5 or higher. Class distributions of these variables over generations
P1, P2, F1 and F2 were in agreement with simulated theoretical distributions based on monogenic inheritance models. F3 families were obtained from randomly sampled F2 plants and tested for reaction to the nematode. The frequency ratio of homozygous resistant, segregating and homozygous susceptible
F3 families did not differ from the 1:2:1 ratio expected from monogenic inheritance. M. incognita resistance appears to be under control of a single gene locus. The Grand Rapids allele (for which the symbol Me is proposed) is responsible for the resistant reaction, and shows high (though incomplete) penetrance, variable expressivity
and predominantly additive gene action.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
18.
Summary The wide diversity of old fruit-tree cultivars originating or introduced into Belgium during the 18
th
and 19
th
centuries was collected as far as feasible over the last fifteen years at the State Plant Pathology Station in Gembloux.
Out of the 2400 accessions now collected, one quarter was recovered from old public collections, and three quarters came from
farms or gardens. The initial intention was to screen the material for disease resistance and other characters of agronomic
interest with a view to using the best cultivars as breeding parents. However, as the collection developed, genetic resources
conservation also became an objectiveper se. The collection presently contains 1150 apple, 850 pear and 300 plum accessions, and smaller numbers of other fruit species.
Each accession is evaluated in an experimental orchard for at least ten years. In view of the growing public interest in old
fruit-tree cultivars, the Plant Pathology Station has for several years been releasing to the nursery trade the better cultivars
emerging from the evaluation, namely nine apple and four plum cultivars, and one peach cultivar. The principal features of
the apple cultivars are presented in this paper. Since 1988, old apple and plum cultivars have been being used at the Station
as parents in a breeding programme, with both controlled and open pollination. In some instances, old apple cultivars have
also been crossed with a modern parent carrying the Vf gene for scab resistance. The preliminary observations on some of these
seedlings are presented. 相似文献
19.
Daisuke Aruga Nobuaki Tsuchiya Hideo Matsumura Etsuo Matsumoto Nobuaki Hayashida 《Euphytica》2012,187(1):1-9
Root rot of lettuce, which is caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae (FOL), is a critical problem in the production of lettuce. FOL-resistant lettuce genetic resources have been identified and used in breeding programs to produce FOL-resistant cultivars. However, the genetic characteristics of resistance genes have not been studied in depth and, therefore, no DNA markers are presently available for these genes. In this study, we analyzed the RRD2 (resistance for root rot disease race 2) locus, which confers resistance to FOL race 2. Resistance loci were analyzed using two cultivars of crisphead lettuce: VP1013 (resistant) and Patriot (susceptible). The segregation patterns of resistant phenotypes in F2 indicated a single major locus. To define the positions of resistance loci, a linkage map was constructed using amplified fragment length polymorphism and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Quantitative trait loci analysis revealed the position of the major resistance locus. A high LOD score was observed for RAPD-marker WF25-42, and this marker showed good correspondence to the phenotype in different cultivars and lines. We successfully developed a sequence characterized amplified region marker from WF25-42. 相似文献
20.
Frank Ordon Jutta Ahlemeyer Kay Werner Wolfgang Köhler Wolfgang Friedt 《Euphytica》2005,146(1-2):21-28
Summary During the last decades extensive progress has been achieved in winter barley breeding with respect to both, yield and resistance
to fungal and viral diseases. This progress is mainly due to the efficient use of the genetic diversity present within high
yielding adapted cultivars and – with respect to resistance – to the extensive evaluation of genetic resources followed by
genetic analyses and introgression of respective genes by sexual recombination. Detailed knowledge on genetic diversity present
on the molecular level regarding specific traits as well as on the whole genome level may enhance barley breeding today by
facilitating efficient selection of parental lines and marker assisted selection procedures. In the present paper the state
of the art with respect to virus diseases, i.e. Barley mild mosaic virus, Barley yellow mosaic virus, and Barley yellow dwarf virus is briefly reviewed and first results on a project aiming on a genome wide estimation of genetic diversity which in combination
with data on yield and additional agronomic traits may facilitate the detection of marker trait associations and a more efficient
selection of parental genotypes are presented. By field tests of 49 two-rowed and 64 six-rowed winter barley cultivars the
genetic gain in yield for the period 1970–2003 was estimated at 54.6 kg ha−1 year−1 (r2 = 0.567) for the six-rowed cultivars and at 37.5 kg ha−1 year−1 (r2 = 0.621) for the two-rowed cultivars. Analysis of 30 SSRs revealed a non-homogenous allele distribution between two and six-rowed
cultivars and changes of allele frequencies in relation to the time of release. By PCoA a separation between two and six-rowed
cultivars was observed but no clear cut differentiation in relation to the time of release. In the two-rowed cultivars an
increase in genetic diversity (DI) from older to newly released cultivars was detected. 相似文献