共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 78 毫秒
1.
披碱草种子的气流冲击式转筒干燥试验 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
为研究气流冲击式转筒干燥结构参数（喷管直径、喷嘴高度与喷管倾角）与工艺参数（风温、风速与转筒转速）变化对牧草种子干燥速率与发芽率的影响,该文将气流冲击式转筒干燥技术应用于披碱草种子干燥,并通过Design-Expert 7.0软件对试验进行优化设计,建立了试验条件范围内平均干燥速率的预测模型。试验结果表明：气流冲击式转筒干燥技术可较好的应用于披碱草种子的干燥,干燥后的披碱草种子达到了国家一级种子标准;在试验条件范围内,风温、风速、风温和分支喷管倾角交互作用、风速和转筒转速交互作用对平均干燥速率的影响显著,影响大小依次为：风温＞风速＞风速和转筒转速交互作用＞风温和分支喷管倾角交互作用;各因素及其交互作用对发芽率的影响不显著。该研究为气流冲击式转筒干燥技术应用于种子的干燥提供了技术依据。 相似文献
2.
为了揭示空气介质对苹果片红外漂烫的传热作用机制以及对膨化干制的影响，该研究将介质湿度控制技术用于苹果片红外漂烫预处理中，利用数值模拟方法并结合苹果漂烫干燥试验，解析不同介质湿度下苹果片红外漂烫的传热传质规律，探究基于介质湿度控制的红外漂烫预处理对干燥效率和膨化干燥后产品色泽的影响。研究结果表明，基于红外辐射与对流传热原理的数学模型，并考虑物料水分蒸发与蒸汽冷凝能够较好描述红外漂烫的传热传质过程。物料含水率与温度模拟结果的相对误差为0.54%和0.39%。在恒定120℃红外加热温度下，介质相对湿度对苹果片红外漂烫的热质传递、漂烫后干燥效率与产品色泽均具有明显的影响。在低湿的状态下（1%相对湿度）进行红外漂烫，物料表面水分快速向空气介质中蒸发扩散，伴随的水分蒸发耗热量占物料吸热总量的40%，致使物料升温缓慢。将介质湿度提高至50%相对湿度能够抑制苹果片表面的水分蒸发，同时介质中水蒸气冷凝放热能够大幅提高漂烫初期的物料升温速度，漂烫120 s后物料中心温度迅速提高至86.8℃。因此，提高红外漂烫的介质湿度能显著提高漂烫后苹果片干燥速率与产品色泽。与1%相对湿度相比，在120℃、50%相对湿度下红外漂烫后苹果片的预干燥时间缩短了8.3%，苹果片干燥的色差值与褐变指数分别降低了55.6%和37.4%，护色效果优于热水漂烫。研究结果为苹果片等果蔬高质高效干燥的红外漂烫预处理工艺开发提供了新思路。 相似文献
3.
不同预处理对铁皮石斛热风干燥特性及品质的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为了优化铁皮石斛干燥工艺,降低其品质劣变风险,对热风干燥前的铁皮石斛鲜条进行直接剪切、烫漂和冻融预处理。研究不同预处理条件的铁皮石斛干燥特性和品质变化;利用低场核磁共振技术分析预处理对铁皮石斛干燥过程中水分迁移的影响。结果表明,预处理是影响铁皮石斛热风干燥过程的重要因素。与直接剪切相比,烫漂和冻融预处理提高了水分有效扩散系数,缩短了干燥时间,降低了能耗,尤以冻融预处理最为显著,干燥时间缩短了44.4%,能耗降低了42.76%（P<0.05）。微观结构观察表明,烫漂和冻融预处理使铁皮石斛组织间隙变大,细胞壁受到破坏,减弱了铁皮石斛组织对水分的束缚并增强了水分流动性,引起水分的重新分布,有利于水分迁移。低场核磁共振技术分析显示,干燥过程中去除的主要是自由水,烫漂和冻融预处理均降低了自由水的脱除时间,冻融预处理去除自由水的时间最少,为120 min。与直接剪切相比,冻融预处理提高了铁皮石斛干品中多糖和多酚的含量,分别提高了10.66%和12.32%,而烫漂预处理降低了铁皮石斛多糖和多酚的含量,分别降低了11.73%和14.73%,3种预处理铁皮石斛生物碱含量差异不显著（P>0.05）。总之,冻融预处理方法可以降低铁皮石斛干燥品质劣变风险,研究结果为石斛加工规范化生产提供参考。 相似文献
4.
蒸汽漂烫菊花的薄层干燥特性和质量评价（英） 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
该文旨在研究蒸汽漂烫菊花的干燥特性和质量评价。在60, 80, 100和120℃ 4个温度,0.5 m/s风速条件下,对蒸汽漂烫菊花的薄层干燥特性进行研究,结果表明其干燥属于典型的降速干燥过程,干燥速度随热风温度的升高而迅速加快。通过含水率的对数与干燥时间作图,发现其干燥过程分为3个阶段（第一、第二和第三降速阶段）,第一阶段能去除大约84%的水分。根据第一阶段数据,在60～120℃干燥时其有效扩散系数为1.10 to 6.44×10-9 m2/s,活化能为1829.5 kJ/kg,Midilli模型能较好地拟合其主要的干燥过程。质量评价结果表明,蒸汽漂烫2 min,100或120℃干燥菊花中,咖啡酰奎宁酸类化合物含量和抗氧化活性较高,该研究可为菊花干燥工艺提供参考。 相似文献
5.
基于Weibull分布函数的马铃薯丁薄层热风干燥特性 总被引：4，自引：5，他引：4
为了实现马铃薯的规模化热风干燥,提高脱水制品的品质、降低生产能耗和成本,该文以薄层干燥试验为基础,研究了鲜切马铃薯丁在不同热风温度（40、50、60、70、80、90℃）、风速（0.5、1.0、1.5、2.5、3.5 m/s）和切丁长度（2.5、5、10、15 mm）条件下的干燥曲线、水分有效扩散系数和干燥活化能。利用Weibull分布函数拟合了干燥曲线,并建立了风温、风速和切丁长度与模型参数的定量关系。研究表明：鲜切马铃薯丁的热风干燥过程服从 Weibull 分布函数（R2=0.991～0.999）,是典型的降速干燥过程,模型的尺度参数与热风温度、风速和切丁长度有关;模型的形状参数与风速和切丁长度有关,而温度对其影响不显著（P＞0.05）;水分有效平均扩散系数在1.859～12.509×10-9 m2/s之间,与热风温度和风速显著相关（P＜0.05）,而物料切丁长度对其影响不显著（P＞0.05）;几何尺寸值与干燥物料的切丁长度和风速有关;马铃薯丁热风干燥的活化能为19.107 kJ/mol。该研究可为马铃薯热风干燥提供理论和技术基础。 相似文献
6.
热风微波耦合干燥胡萝卜片工艺 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
该文通过对胡萝卜片进行热风微波耦合干燥来研究热风微波耦合干燥工艺的可行性及优异性。采用自行设计的热风微波耦合干燥设备, 在不同的热风温度（50～80℃）、微波功率密度（4.5～1.5 W/g）条件下对胡萝卜片进行干燥,研究这2个因素对耦合干燥的影响。选取热风温度（50、60、70℃）、微波功率密度（3.5、2.5、1.5 W/g）、热风风速（0.5、1.0、1.5 m/s）进行正交试验,试验结果表明：耦合干燥各因素对干燥速率影响的主次关系为微波功率密度>热风温度>热风风速。同时将热风微波耦合干燥与热风干燥、微波干燥进行比较,得出热风微波耦合干燥是一种快速、高效和节能的干燥方式,在农产品和食品的干燥中具有广阔的应用前景。 相似文献
7.
花生仁薄层干燥试验研究 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：10
通过花生仁薄层干燥试验,探讨了风温、风速、相对湿度等参数对花生仁干燥速率的影响。分析结果表明:风温是影响干燥速率的主要因素。其次是风速,而相对湿度和物料初始水分影响则很小。同时,根据试验分析还建立了干燥速率的数学模型。 相似文献
8.
预处理对线辣椒气体射流冲击干燥特性和色泽的影响 总被引：3，自引：8，他引：3
该文利用气体射流冲击干燥技术干燥线辣椒,主要探讨不同的预处理方式对线辣椒干燥特性和色泽的影响。研究结果表明:预处理对线辣椒的干燥特性和色泽有重要的影响。采用扎洞预处理可以缩短干燥时间,提高干燥速率,能够减少红色素的损失,并能减少褐变;90℃热水烫漂3 min预处理能起到护色的作用;但热风温度较高时,会延长干燥时间;110℃过热蒸汽烫漂3 min预处理能起到防止褐变的作用。经过预处理后的线辣椒在气体射流冲击干燥过程中始终处于降速干燥阶段。 相似文献
9.
气体射流冲击干燥无核紫葡萄及品质分析 总被引：5，自引：4，他引：1
采用气体射流冲击干燥技术设计的葡萄干燥试验装置,可实现温度自动控制,风速、热介质湿度的控制和数据采集与存储。利用该装置对无核紫葡萄干燥工艺和干燥品质进行研究,试验发现,气体射流冲击干燥无核紫葡萄存在预热阶段、恒速干燥阶段和降速干燥阶段,随着风温和风速的提高,恒速段干燥速率明显增加,干燥时间缩短,而降速段干燥速率提高不明显。试验风温和风速范围内所得葡萄干理化成分差异不显著;试验还针对Vc降解进行了动力学分析。在试验装置的基础上,开发设计了中试设备并投产运行,其最佳工艺参数为风温65℃,风速20 m/s,耗时为29 h。制得葡萄干含水率（干基）17.1%,可溶性固形物77.8%,可滴定酸2.3%,Vc 6.74×10-2 mg/g。 相似文献
10.
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
15.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
16.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
19.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
20.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献