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为了开发一种将生物质热解气中CO2和CH4转化为合成气的方法,该文以生物质焦为催化剂,利用微波加热方式开展了CO2重整CH4试验研究,探讨了粒径、微波功率、CO2与CH4摩尔比及空速对反应气转化率的影响,研究了CH4裂解、CO2重整CH4和CO2气化的反应特性。研究发现,使用粒径为0.83 mm以下的生物质焦催化CO2重整CH4,反应气转化率变化不大。增加微波功率、增大CO2与CH4摩尔比和降低空速均可以提高反应气转化率。重整反应中反应气初始转化率较高,随后CO2转化率降低幅度很小,CH4转化率则一直降低。相比于重整反应,裂解反应中CH4转化率降低幅度更大,气化反应前期CO2转化率高出重整反应,反应60 min后则低于重整反应。结果表明微波场中生物质焦对CO2重整CH4具有较好的催化效果。 相似文献
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为了研究松木粉的加压气化特性,在加压热天平上分别进行了N_2、CO_2+N_2气氛下松木粉加压热解/气化试验,使用Malek法推断最概然机理,研究了反应压力与对热解/气化特性和动力学参数的影响。结果表明:压力对松木粉热解/气化过程有显著影响。N_2气氛下,压力的增大抑制了挥发分的析出,最大失质量由73.8%减小至71.4%;Malek法推断出二级反应级数和随机成核分别为加压热解第1、第2段最概然机理;热解第一段活化能由压力为0时41.15 k J/mol增大至0.9 MPa时的52.41 k J/mol。在CO_2+N_2气氛下,热解阶段压力的增大抑制挥发分的析出;半焦气化阶段,压力的增大促进气化反应的进行,使失质量速率峰值由0.101%/K增大至0.162%/K,且出现温度降低;二维扩散(圆柱形对称)为加压气化最概然机理;随着压力的提高,在碳转化率较高时,半焦CO_2气化速率逐渐提高。该文结果可为生物质的高效、清洁利用提供参考依据。 相似文献
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基于热解-重整-燃烧解耦三床气化系统的生物质催化制富氢气体 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
生物质催化气化是将生物质转换成富氢气体的有效途径。该研究提出了一种由热解反应器、重整反应器和提升管燃烧器三部分构成的解耦三床生物质气化(decoupled triple bed gasification,DTBG)工艺。在实验室规模的DTBG气化反应装置上,以水蒸气为气化剂,以橄榄石为原位焦油裂解催化床料,进行了生物质水蒸气催化气化试验,考察了生物质种类、重整器温度、生物质进料速率对气化效果的影响规律,并且对气化副产物焦油的特性进行了分析。试验结果表明,生物质原料的挥发分对气化产物分布的影响很大,原料挥发分含量越高,气体产率越高,碳转化率越高,气体中的H2和CO体积分数越大、CO2体积分数越低。当重整器温度由750升高到850℃时,气体产率从0.91增加到1.08 m3/kg,焦油质量浓度从19.1降低到7.3 g/m3,同时气体品质大幅度提升。随着生物质进料速率的增加,产气中H2体积分数大幅度增加,CO2体积分数大幅度降低,但是焦油质量浓度基本不变。当重整器温度为800℃,白松木屑进料速率为220 g/h时,H2和CO体积分数分别达到了42.2%和14.6%,产气中焦油质量浓度为10.1 g/m3。气化焦油的主要成分为多环芳烃,其中萘含量最高。当重整器温度从700℃升高到850℃时,焦油中单环化合物几乎全部分解,3~4环多环芳烃化合物逐步降低,萘的相对含量从54.7%升高到75.6%。该研究结果可为大规模气化装置的设计、运行以及优化提供理论指导。 相似文献
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生物质气化技术是将低品位的生物质能转换成高品位能源的有效途径。该文以稻壳和麦秸半焦为试验对象,进行了低温下生物质半焦的水蒸气气化试验,研究了浸渍法制备的碱金属催化剂和气化温度对生物质半焦气化行为的影响。结果显示,对于稻壳半焦气化而言,相同负载量的K基催化剂的催化效果明显优于Na基催化剂,相比非催化时稻壳半焦的碳转化率分别提高了18.2%和13.5%,差异明显。增加K2CO3负载量有利于半焦气化反应的进行,但负载量不宜超过30%。不同的煅烧温度,催化剂的活性组分存在形式有较大差别,负载量为30%的K基催化剂在800℃煅烧后具有最佳的催化效果。相同条件下,麦秸半焦的气体产率和碳转化率均较高,在700℃下添加该催化剂时分别达到130.0mol/kg和95.9%,相比非催化时分别提高了57.0%和34.1%。随着温度的降低,气体产率和碳转化率均明显下降,该文催化条件下的半焦气化温度不宜低于700℃。研究结果可为生物质低温气化高效催化剂的选择提供理论依据。 相似文献
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生物质气化技术是将低品位的生物质能转换成高品位能源的有效途径。该文以稻壳和麦秸半焦为试验对象,进行了低温下生物质半焦的水蒸气气化试验,研究了浸渍法制备的碱金属催化剂和气化温度对生物质半焦气化行为的影响。结果显示,对于稻壳半焦气化而言,相同负载量的K基催化剂的催化效果明显优于Na基催化剂,相比非催化时稻壳半焦的碳转化率分别提高了18.2%和13.5%,差异明显。增加K2CO3负载量有利于半焦气化反应的进行,但负载量不宜超过30%。不同的煅烧温度,催化剂的活性组分存在形式有较大差别,负载量为30%的K基催化剂在800℃煅烧后具有最佳的催化效果。相同条件下,麦秸半焦的气体产率和碳转化率均较高,在700℃下添加该催化剂时分别达到130.0 mol/kg和95.9%,相比非催化时分别提高了57.0%和34.1%。随着温度的降低,气体产率和碳转化率均明显下降,该文催化条件下的半焦气化温度不宜低于700℃。研究结果可为生物质低温气化高效催化剂的选择提供理论依据。 相似文献
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本文主要以稻壳和木粉为原料在内循环流化床气化炉中进行气化实验的研究,测试了温度对当量比的反影响,及对气体成分、气体热值等的影响,并比较内循环流化床气化炉中气化效率与碳转化率的影响。结果表明:在一定温度范围内,温度与当量比呈一定的线性关系,且床温中密相区温度对当量比的影响最大,是其它两温度的斜率的2倍;一旦内循环流化床结构固定,同一高度温度将在一定范围内变化,而不随着当量比的变化而变化;床层密相区温度影响着一氧化碳、氢气、甲烷等气体的组成,同时影响着气体的热值。稻壳与木粉在内循环流化床气化炉中的气化效率最大值相近,接近60%,但木粉的相对稳定。 相似文献
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生物质气化包括生物质的热解及随后的生物质焦的水蒸汽气化过程。为了给生物质气化反应器的设计提供基础数据,利用热天平试验装置对1?273?K制备的生物质焦行了水蒸汽气化反应性试验,研究了气化温度对气化反应性、平均比气化速率、反应速率等的影响。并且利用均相模型和缩芯模型拟合试验数据求得了相应的动力学参数。得出结论：随着温度的增加,焦炭气化反应性增加,平均比气化速率增加。由均相模型所算得活化能为181.24 kJ/mol,指前因子为5.19×105 min-1,缩芯模型所算得活化能为192.87 kJ/ mol,指前因子为1.60×106 min-1。在转化率为10%～75%范围内,均相模型和缩芯模型均可以很好的描述生物质焦的水蒸汽气化行为,但是缩芯模型比均相模型的拟合效果要好。 相似文献
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利用生物质气化发电、生物质气化供气、生物质气化供热等技术,可以将各种生物质能转化成为高品位气体燃料、电力或蒸汽,是生物质高效转化利用的主要途径。流化床气化是生物质热化学转化的主要研究技术之一。本文主要论述了利用锥形流态化气化炉,对不同生物质原料,进行气化的工程化应用试验研究。应用锥形流化床气化技术,在江苏省和安徽省等地,建立了生物质气化供气、供热和小规模发电(400 kW)等三个不同用能形式的工程。并且从拟建立的6MW生物质热解气化发电的计算结果来看:生物质原料价格达250元/t以上,生物质单纯发电,经济上不可行;如果应用热电联供,并且利用热解气化的固体炭产品,则能够产生较好的经济效益。 相似文献
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【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
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Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
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《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
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Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
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M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
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Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
19.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
20.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献