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1.
城市森林降温效应影响因素研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
城市森林是缓解城市热岛效应的重要绿色基础设施。本文探讨影响城市森林降温效应的内、外因素及作用机制,为优化城市森林结构、缓解城市热岛效应提供参考。影响城市森林降温效应的内部因素从单木尺度上主要有树种、树冠结构和树冠形状,从林分尺度上主要有林分类型、林分结构、绿量、林分面积和形状,城区尺度主要应用遥感方法对城市森林降温效应进行研究,主要指标有归一化植被指数、叶面积指数和景观格局指数;影响城市森林降温效应的外部因素有气候、地面类型和经营措施等;内部因素及外部因素通过影响林内外能量的流动和交换,共同影响城市森林降温效应。缓解城市热岛效应,一方面要加强理论研究,重视温度场理论,结合地面观测与遥感解译,充分研究林分结构与城市森林能量传输的关系,另一方面需加强城市森林的经营管理,从促进热量交换的角度优化林分结构,合理布局城市建筑、森林和水体等基础设施,实现降温效应最大化。 相似文献
2.
油松人工林不同大小林隙环境因子差异性比较 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
【目的】油松Pinus tabulaeformis是我国北方地区主要造林树种。旨在阐明油松人工林抚育间伐24 a后形成的不同等级林隙间环境因子的差异,探讨林隙的形成对环境因子的影响以及环境因子间的相关关系。【方法】在油松人工纯林选择4种等级的林隙,即林隙直径和冠层平均树高(即林分平均高)之比分别为L-Ⅰ(0.75 H)、L-Ⅱ(1.00 H)和L-Ⅲ(1.25 H)(H为冠层均高)和对照(CK,林冠下),测量了生长旺季的环境因子(光合有效辐射、空气温度、空气湿度、土壤温度和土壤湿度),在此基础上,分析了不同林隙等级间和林隙内不同区域的环境因子的差异性以及环境因子间的相关关系。【结果】1)不同等级林隙间光合有效辐射和土壤温度均达到了显著差异(P <0.05),最大差值分别达到了167.94μmol/m^2s和0.7℃,且随着林隙面积的增大而增大。2)3个面积等级的不同区域间光合有效辐射均表现出了显著的差异,土壤温度仅在L-Ⅱ面积等级林隙中达到了显著差异(P <0.05),在林隙中心区域光合有效辐射和土壤温度具有最大值。3)除了L-Ⅲ面积林隙等级外,其余的林隙等级和对照内光合有效辐射与土壤温度之间均有显著的正相关性(P <0.05)。【结论】在油松人工林内,抚育间伐24 a后,间伐产生的不同等级林隙和林隙区域会对光合有效辐射与土壤温度产生显著影响,对其他环境因子的影响不大。 相似文献
3.
立地质量评价和林分生产力预估对于树种选择、森林经营决策至关重要。目前常利用优势高直接估测立地指数以评价同龄纯林立地生产力,而对于混交林、异龄林、无林地以及随时间不断变化的立地则很难用该方法进行立地质量评价,往往通过立地指数—环境因子模型模拟,应用环境因子预测立地指数。文中简述了环境因子与立地指数关系研究概况,从研究尺度、数据来源、关键环境因子选择、预测模型及其拟合评价等方面进行综述,并讨论和展望了立地指数—环境因子的未来研究重点,以期为我国人工林立地质量评价和科学经营提供参考。 相似文献
4.
Variations in leaf photosynthetic, morphological and biochemical properties with increasing plant height from seedlings to emergent trees were investigated in five dipterocarp species in a Malaysian tropical rain forest. Canopy openness increased significantly with tree height. Photosynthetic properties, such as photosynthetic capacity at light saturation, light compensation point, maximum rate of carboxylation and maximum rate of photosynthetic electron transport, all increased significantly with tree height. Leaf morphological and biochemical traits, such as leaf mass per area, palisade layer thickness, nitrogen concentration per unit area, chlorophyll concentration per unit dry mass and chlorophyll to nitrogen ratio, also changed significantly with tree height. Leaf properties had simple and significant relationships with tree height, with few intra- and interspecies differences. Our results therefore suggest that the photosynthetic capacity of dipterocarp trees depends on tree height, and that the trees adapt to the light environment by adjusting their leaf morphological and biochemical properties. These results should aid in developing models that can accurately estimate carbon dioxide flux and biomass production in tropical rain forests. 相似文献
5.
Effects of multiple factors on plant diversity of forest fragments in intensive farmland of Northern Portugal 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Angela Lomba Joana Vicente Francisco MoreiraJoão Honrado 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,262(12):2219-2228
The joint and independent effects of dominant tree species, forest patch spatial attributes, and forest structure and management as drivers of plant species richness and composition in small forest patches scattered within an intensive agricultural landscape were addressed.In a landscape with scattered urban and intensive dairy agricultural areas in north-west Portugal, within which small forest patches (dominated by pines, eucalypts, or both) represent semi-natural habitat islands, 50 small forest patches, with areas ranging between 0.3 and 3 ha, were selected and surveyed for vascular plant diversity, within dairy farming landscape mosaics dominated by annual forage crops. Explanatory variables were composed of three datasets derived either from GIS mapping or field observations: forest type (dominant tree species), forest patch spatial attributes (patch area and shape index), and measures of forest management and structure (diameter at breast height, tree density per hectare, and percentage cover of vegetation strata). Variations in these forest patch attributes were assessed across forest types, and related to measures of plant diversity (total, native, alien, woody, and herbaceous species richness). Redundancy analysis with variance partitioning was applied to evaluate the joint and independent effects of the three sets of variables on species assemblages. The recent shift in canopy dominance from pine to eucalypt observed in the region appears to be related to a (nonsignificant) tendency for the increase of patch area and to the decrease of patch complexity, as well as several changes in forest structure and management, expressed as a trend to denser tree canopies and lower cover of understory plants. Dominant tree species and attributes related to forest structure and management were the most important factors determining plant diversity. The joint effect of the dominant tree species and forest structure and management resulted in lower levels of plant species richness in eucalypt plantations. These were also more prone to invasion by alien species, probably due to decreased biotic resistance from unsaturated native plant assemblages. Our results draw attention to the importance of dominant tree species and management practices for the maintenance of plant diversity levels (species richness and composition) in dairy landscape mosaics, highlighting the importance of the remnants of semi-natural forests as refuges for plant diversity in the landscape context. Nonetheless, forest plant diversity could further be fostered by promoting naturalness of pine stands and the regeneration of native oak woodlands in some forest areas. This would also diversify the range of ecosystem services that could be provided by forest areas in these peri-urban farmlands. 相似文献
6.
太行山在造山运动过程中由于构造时间和强度的差异,在地貌上形成了高低、大小不一的山体。依据地貌形成规律和植被类型,将太行山中南部分为低山、中低山、中山、中高山4个立地类型亚区。在海拔的控制下,再根据坡向、地形部位划分出17种立地类型;结合乡土树种分布调查,为17种立地类型提出了可选用的乔灌木树种;根据立地类型和指示植物生物学与生态学特性进行宜林性质划分,提出了水土保持林、水源涵养林、经济林、用材林的适宜树种。 相似文献
7.
8.
Constraints on physiological function associated with branch architecture and wood density in tropical forest trees 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Meinzer FC Campanello PI Domec JC Genoveva Gatti M Goldstein G Villalobos-Vega R Woodruff DR 《Tree physiology》2008,28(11):1609-1617
This study examined how leaf and stem functional traits related to gas exchange and water balance scale with two potential proxies for tree hydraulic architecture: the leaf area:sapwood area ratio (A(L):A(S)) and wood density (rho(w)). We studied the upper crowns of individuals of 15 tropical forest tree species at two sites in Panama with contrasting moisture regimes and forest types. Transpiration and maximum photosynthetic electron transport rate (ETR(max)) per unit leaf area declined sharply with increasing A(L):A(S), as did the ratio of ETR(max) to leaf N content, an index of photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency. Midday leaf water potential, bulk leaf osmotic potential at zero turgor, branch xylem specific conductivity, leaf-specific conductivity and stem and leaf capacitance all declined with increasing rho(w). At the branch scale, A(L):A(S) and total leaf N content per unit sapwood area increased with rho(w), resulting in a 30% increase in ETR(max) per unit sapwood area with a doubling of rho(w). These compensatory adjustments in A(L):A(S), N allocation and potential photosynthetic capacity at the branch level were insufficient to completely offset the increased carbon costs of producing denser wood, and exacerbated the negative impact of increasing rho(w) on branch hydraulics and leaf water status. The suite of tree functional and architectural traits studied appeared to be constrained by the hydraulic and mechanical consequences of variation in rho(w). 相似文献
9.
Instantaneous measurements of photosynthesis are often implicitly or explicitly scaled to longer time frames to provide an understanding of plant performance in a given environment. For plants growing in a forest understory, results from photosynthetic light response curves in conjunction with diurnal light data are frequently extrapolated to daily photosynthesis (A(day)), ignoring dynamic photosynthetic responses to light. In this study, we evaluated the importance of two factors on A(day) estimates: dynamic physiological responses to photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD); and time-resolution of the PPFD data used for modeling. We used a dynamic photosynthesis model to investigate how these factors interact with species-specific photosynthetic traits, forest type, and sky conditions to affect the accuracy of A(day) predictions. Increasing time-averaging of PPFD significantly increased the relative overestimation of A(day) similarly for all study species because of the nonlinear response of photosynthesis to PPFD (15% with 5-min PPFD means). Depending on the light environment characteristics and species-specific dynamic responses to PPFD, understory tree A(day) can be overestimated by 6-42% for the study species by ignoring these dynamics. Although these overestimates decrease under cloudy conditions where direct sunlight and consequently understory sunfleck radiation is reduced, they are still significant. Within a species, overestimation of A(day) as a result of ignoring dynamic responses was highly dependent on daily sunfleck PPFD and the frequency and irradiance of sunflecks. Overall, large overestimates of A(day) in understory trees may cause misleading inferences concerning species growth and competition in forest understories with < 2% full sunlight. We conclude that comparisons of A(day) among co-occurring understory species in deep shade will be enhanced by consideration of sunflecks by using high-resolution PPFD data and understanding the physiological responses to sunfleck variation. 相似文献
10.
研究52 个乔木树种纯林的碳储量,分析其固碳能力差异,为碳汇造林选用乔木树种提供参考
依据。以广东省东江林场11 年生的乔木树种试验林为研究对象,测定52 个树种生长量和树干、树枝和
树叶的含碳率。按照平均木法,算出平均木生物量,结合平均含碳率、林分密度与保存率,估算碳储量。
结果表明,不同树种林分碳储量差异极大,最高碳储量（厚荚相思Acacia farnesiana）比最低碳储量（紫
玉兰Magnolia liliiflora）相差约20 倍,年均碳储量在10 t/hm2 以上的树种有含羞草科的厚荚相思、大叶
相思A. auriculiformis 等5 个树种,年均碳储量在5~10 t/hm2 的有灰木莲Manglietia glanca、红荷Schima
wallichii 等18 个树种。以保存率和单位面积碳储量2 个主要性状作聚类分析,可将52 个树种按固碳能力
划分成4 种类型的碳汇树种。 相似文献
11.
Foliar nutrient imbalances, including the hyperaccumulation of manganese (Mn), are correlated with symptoms of declining health in sensitive tree species growing on acidic forest soils. The objectives of this study were to: (1) compare foliar nutrient accumulation patterns of six deciduous (sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), red maple (Acer rubrum L.), red oak (Quercus rubra L.), white oak (Quercus alba L.), black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) and white ash (Fraxinus americana L.)) and three evergreen (eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis L.), white pine (Pinus strobus L.) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss.)) tree species growing on acidic forest soils; and (2) examine how leaf phenology and other traits that distinguish evergreen and deciduous tree species influence foliar Mn accumulation rates and sensitivity to excess Mn. For the first objective, leaf samples of seedlings from five acidic, non-glaciated field sites on Pennsylvania's Allegheny Plateau were collected and analyzed for leaf element concentrations. In a second study, we examined growth and photosynthetic responses of seedlings exposed to excess Mn in sand culture. In field samples, Mn in deciduous foliage hyperaccumulated to concentrations more than twice as high as those found in evergreen needles. Among species, sugar maple was the most sensitive to excess Mn based on growth and photosynthetic measurements. Photosynthesis in red maple and red oak was also sensitive to excess Mn, whereas white oak, black cherry, white ash and the three evergreen species were tolerant of excess Mn. Among the nine species, relative rates of photosynthesis were negatively correlated with foliar Mn concentrations, suggesting that photosynthetic sensitivity to Mn is a function of its rate of accumulation in seedling foliage. 相似文献
12.
IntroductionMorerecently,Thehumanl1asshowedagreatinterestli1studiesonpatternsofchangesinspeciesdiversityduriI1gprocessofsuccession,ThedistuIbal1ceofI1umanactivitiesornaturedisastershasagreatbopactonspeciesdiversity.PlantsPeciescomprisingapost-disturbancecommunityderhefromavarietyofsources-winddispersedseed,buriedpropagulesandresproutingsurvivorsl1'l.TheirulthatecontributiontotheserialflorarenectSacomplexinteractionofinitialabundance,includingdistuthanceintCnsity,proPagatCavailability,andc… 相似文献
13.
Ángela Taboada Reyes Tárrega Leonor Calvo Elena Marcos José Antonio Marcos José María Salgado 《European Journal of Forest Research》2010,129(1):31-45
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of forest structure (mainly resulting from human uses) and forest type (the identity of the dominant tree species) on biodiversity. We determined the diversity of two taxonomical groups: the understory vegetation and the edaphic carabid beetle fauna. We selected eight types of forest ecosystems (five replicates or stands per forest type): pine (Pinus sylvestris) plantations of three age classes (10, 40 and 80 years since reforestation), an old-growth relict natural pine forest, and four types of oak (Quercus pyrenaica) stands: mature forests with livestock grazing and firewood extraction, mature forests where uses have been abandoned, “dehesa” ecosystems and shrubby oak ecosystems. The results obtained by a global PCA analysis indicated that both tree size and dominant species influenced the ordination of the 40 forest stands. In general, carabids were more sensitive to changes in forest heterogeneity and responded more clearly to the analysed structural variables than the understory vegetation, although the species richness of both groups was significantly correlated and higher in case of oak forests. Pine forest ecosystems were characterised by the lowest species richness for both taxonomical groups, the lowest plant diversity and by the lowest coefficients of variation and, consequently, low structural heterogeneity. As a result, it was very difficult to discriminate the effects of the spatial heterogeneity and the dominant tree species on biodiversity. 相似文献
14.
通过构建树种经济功能综合评价指标体系,采用层次分析法（AHP）,对黔中喀斯特次生林中25种优势树种经济功能进行综合评价,并划分树种经济功能群。结果表明,基于AHP评价结果与黔中喀斯特森林树种经济性能现状较为一致, AHP在喀斯特森林树种经济功能综合评价体系构建中是科学且实用的。黔中喀斯特森林25种优势树种分为7个经济功能群：（1）药用-观赏型高经济功能群（ PFGsⅠ）,树种为厚朴、喜树和盐肤木;（2）食用型高经济功能群（PFGsⅡ）,树种为茅栗和木姜子;（3）食用-工业型中经济功能群（PFGsⅢ）,树种有川榛和竹叶椒;（4）食用型中经济功能群（PFGsⅣ）,树种为火棘;（5）工业型中经济功能群（PFGsⅤ）,树种为滇柏、光皮桦、响叶杨等7种;（6）药用-观赏型低经济功能群（PFGsⅥ）,树种为金佛山荚蒾、金丝桃、算盘子等9种;（7）食用型低经济功能群（PFGsⅦ）,树种为粉枝莓。描述了各类经济功能群的基本特征,为研究区生态经济型次生林经营的树种选择、结构优化提供理论依据。 相似文献
15.
在野外样方调查和主要环境因子测定的基础上,利用聚类分析和DCCA排序技术对新疆阿尔泰山小东沟林区的森林植被进行类型划分,并定量分析植被与环境因子的关系。结果表明:利用聚类分析可将阿尔泰小东沟林区的木本植物群落划分为6个类型(灌丛、欧洲山杨林、苦杨林、疣枝桦林、新疆落叶松林和新疆落叶松与新疆冷杉、新疆云杉的针叶混交林)。DCCA排序分析表明,海拔和坡向等地形因子以及土壤类型、土壤全氮、土壤全磷、土壤水分含量和大石砾含量等土壤因子是影响阿尔泰林区植物分布的主要因子,林区不同群落类型的分布格局主要是由地形和土壤因子的共同作用所控制的。 相似文献
16.
Thomas J. Brandeis Eileen H. Helmer Humfredo Marcano-Vega Ariel E. Lugo 《Forest Ecology and Management》2009,258(7):1704-1718
Environmental and past land use controls on tree species assemblages on the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands were characterized to determine whether biophysical factors or land-use history has been more important in determining the species composition of secondary tropical forests after large-scale forest clearing for agriculture, widespread species introduction, and landscape-scale forest fragmentation. Post-deforestation, secondary forest assemblages are comprehensively described, both as broad general assemblages and island-specific variations by calculating species importance values from forest inventory data. Hierarchical clustering and indicator species analysis defined species assemblages, and then correlations between species assemblages and environmental variables were explored with non-metric multidimensional scaling, analysis of variance and χ2 testing. These assemblages are arrayed along environmental gradients of decreasing spring moisture stress, decreasing maximum temperatures, and increasing minimum temperatures. Land-use history is not as important to determining variation in species composition across climatic zones, although several species assemblages are associated with certain geology types or land-use histories. Naturalized tree species are prominent in these secondary forests and contribute to the formation of some novel assemblages, but native late and early successional species also colonize former agricultural land, all influenced by the degree of disturbance. We conclude that environmental factors have an overarching effect on forest species composition across the broader range of climatic, geologic and topographic conditions and larger geographic scales, while land-use history influences subtropical secondary forest species assemblages within a specific climatic zone or set of relatively narrow environmental conditions. 相似文献
17.
医巫闾山自然保护区现状及展望 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
医巫闾山自然保护区属森林生态系统类型,１９８６年晋升为国家级自然保护区,总面积１１４５９ｈｍ＾２。主要保护东亚区特有的天然油松林和华北植物区系现存较完整的针阔叶混交林及黑鹳等野生动物。该区属暖温带半湿润地区,植物区系属华北植物区系,与蒙古,长白植物区系毗邻,是个过渡地带。该区植被群落共分属华北植物区系,与蒙古,长白植物区系毗邻,是个过度地带。该区植被群落共分５个植被类型组,是上稳定和谐的生态系统。 相似文献
18.
运用层次分析法优选临夏北塬农田防护林树种 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
选取对农田防护林体系有重要影响的树种适应性、树种防护效果和社会经济状况3大类13个指标,利用层次分析法,对所选10个树种(或无性系)进行优选评价.结果表明,在影响优选评价因子中,树种的保存率贡献率最大,说明选择适生树种是营造农田防护林成功的前提;防护效果评价因子,尤其是树种的防风效果,是农田防护林能否得到充分发挥综合防护效益的关键,对优选分析评价具有重要影响;同时考虑农村社会经济方面因素,才能得出客观、准确的优选评价结果.10个树种(或无性系)优选评价排序为:苏柳J172＞苏柳J369＞苏柳J194＞青刚柳＞准噶尔柳＞二白杨＞新疆杨＞河北杨＞三倍体毛白杨BT85＞三倍体毛白杨B1008. 相似文献
19.
用LI-6400红外气体分析仪对厦门市不同生境条件下城市绿化树种的光合特性进行测定,结果表明:在全光照条件下的树种在不同时间段净光合速率均强于受城市环境影响树种,午休现象不明显,而受光照、水分和温度等城市环境胁迫影响,城市中绿化树种逐渐适应在弱光条件下进行光合作用.树种间的光合特性与能力存在明显差异,在光能利用率水平上... 相似文献
20.
以大黑山水土保持生态修复工程示范区为研究区域,运用典型植物群落物种组成和群落物种多样性指数方法,对大黑山水土保持生态修复区典型植物群落物种多样性变化特征进行了研究,结果表明,生态修复区内天然次生林植物群落形成了乔灌草相结合的稳定的植物群落结构。人工林植物群落按生长型可以划为明显的乔木层和草本层2层群落结构类型;典型植物群落物种多样性指数的排序为:蒙古栎+蒙椴植物群落(Ⅱ)>山杏+黄榆植物群落(Ⅰ)>蒙古栎植物群落(Ⅲ)>油松+山杏混交植物群落(Ⅴ)>油松纯林植物群落(Ⅳ)>油松+沙棘混交植物群落(Ⅵ)>油松疏林植物群落(Ⅶ)。天然次生林植物群落的物种多样性要大于人工林植物群落。天然次生林植物群落由于远离人类活动区,长期以来受人为干扰较小,逐渐形成了相对比较发达的草本层植物群落。 相似文献