共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 62 毫秒
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探针有限特性对热脉冲技术测定土壤热特性的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
在利用热脉冲方法测定热特性时,通常对探针形状做理想化处理,即假设探针为线性热源,热导率无限大而热容量为零。在实际应用中,探针本身的有限特性(有限半径以及有限热容量)会导致热特性测定误差。为了研究探针有限特性对热脉冲技术测定土壤热特性的影响,该研究采用改进的热脉冲探针(直径2 mm、长度40 mm、间距8 mm)测定土壤热特性,并分别使用PILS(pulsed infinite line source,无限长线性脉冲热源)和ICPC(identical cylindrical perfect conductors,近似圆柱形完美导体)2种理论估计土壤热特性,比较分析了探针有限特性对热脉冲技术测定热特性结果的影响。结果表明:1)与PILS理论相比,利用ICPC理论拟合得到的温度升高曲线,可以有效减少探针有限半径和热容量对土壤热特性测定结果的影响。与ICPC理论相比,在0.03~0.25 m3/m3的含水率范围内,用PILS理论得到的砂土热扩散率和热导率分别偏低11.8%和5.2%;与模拟热容量相比,PILS和ICPC理论分别将热容量高估16.1%和7.9%;2)探针有限特性对土壤热特性的影响与含水率有关:在干土上最大;随着土壤含水率的增加,其影响逐渐降低。该研究对提高热脉冲技术测定土壤热特性的准确性具有指导意义。 相似文献
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探地雷达地波法测定红壤区土壤水分的参数律定研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
《土壤通报》2020,(2):332-342
探地雷达地波法是一种农田尺度快速测量土壤体积含水量的有效技术,能够弥补传统方法和卫星遥感方法在含水量监测上的不足。但地波法在红壤地区进行含水量反演的最佳参数仍未确定,相关研究鲜有报道。本研究以位于南方红壤区江西省鹰潭市孙家流域为例,采用地波法对区域土壤体积含水量进行了探测:先使用共中心点法确定所用雷达的系统延时、有效反演深度,并利用Topp、Roth、Ferre和朱安宁四种常用的经验模型由介电常数ε反演土壤含水量;然后通过固定间距法进行区域性的土壤体积含水量测量,确定雷达测量时的最佳天线间距。这一系列过程中,土壤含水量实测值是用烘干法校正的管式时域反射仪(time domain reflectometry,TDR)测定的土壤体积含水量。研究的目的是为了律定地波法在红壤区测定土壤含水量的有效反演深度、最优模型和最佳天线间距等参数。结果表明:60 MHz探地雷达地波法反演0～40 cm土层的土壤体积含水量时精度最高,误差最小;Roth经验模型更适合于红壤地区0～40 cm土层土壤含水量的反演,均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)为0.022 m3m-3;地波法的最佳天线间距为1.0 m,能够准确地反演土壤体积含水量;土地利用类型对雷达的探测精度具有一定影响,在1.0 m天线间距下,旱地上的反演精度优于果园,旱地和果园的RMSE分别为0.004和0.020 m3m-3。 相似文献
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准确测定表层土壤水分对陆地-大气间水热交换研究具有重要意义。由于对土壤结构影响轻微,热脉冲技术在原位监测含水率方面具有较大优越性,但目前田间应用集中在5 cm以下土层。该研究利用多针热脉冲传感器测定土壤容积热容量,然后基于热脉冲含水率法和热脉冲含水率变化法分别得到了3、9、21和39 mm的土壤含水率。结果表明,与烘干法含水率比较,热脉冲含水率变化法含水率在4个深度的均方根误差分别为0.022、0.006、0.004和0.006 m3/m3,均小于相应深度上热脉冲含水率法含水率的均方根误差。另外,热脉冲含水率变化法也降低了4个热脉冲传感器测定含水率的变异性。因此,热脉冲技术能够监测表层的土壤水分动态,表层土壤含水率的均方根误差在0.022 m3/m3以内。 相似文献
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多针热脉冲技术测定土壤热导率误差分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
土壤热导率是研究土壤热传输、水热耦合运移的基本物理参数。为了探知多针热脉冲技术的误差,该研究以能够准确测定热导率的单针法作为参比,在4种质地土壤上,对多针热脉冲技术在不同体积质量、含水率和气压条件下测定的热导率进行了分析。结果表明,多针热脉冲技术的热导率结果与单针法总体符合较好,其热导率测定值的平均误差为0.074 W/(m·K)。干土热导率随气压增大呈现对数增长,这是由于气体分子平均自由程下降的原因。多针热脉冲技术的测定误差主要出现在中等含水率区域,关键问题是加热针的温度升高偏大,促进了水汽潜热传输。另外,土壤与探针之间的热接触阻力、探针导致的土壤体积质量改变、温度梯度引起的液水流也影响测定结果的准确性。该研究可为农业水土工程中的土壤热导率模拟提供依据。 相似文献
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土壤水热参数是研究土壤水热传输的基本物理参数。当前热脉冲探针法（HPP）可同步测定土壤水热参数,但该方法仅限于在点尺度下测定。与其具有相同理论基础的加热光纤法（SPHP-DTS）,可将测定尺度增大至田间千米尺度,但其测定精度尚未得到有效验证。为了探知SPHP-DTS法的误差,本研究进行了SPHP-DTS法与HPP法测定土壤水热参数的对比试验。结果表明,以HPP为标准,加热光纤法测定热导率的精度RMSE为0.13 W?m-1?℃-1。SPHP-DTS法测定的热导率显著高于HPP法,主要原因在于加热光纤时产生的温度效应。通过热导率法测定土壤含水率时,在热导率测定误差的影响下,SPHP-DTS法的测定精度明显低于HPP法。SPHP-DTS法测定土壤水热参数的其他误差来源包括光纤与土壤之间多个界面的接触热阻、光纤的温度敏感性、噪音干扰以及温度梯度驱动下的水分迁移。本研究可为SPHP-DTS法提升土壤水热参数测定精度提供理论参考。 相似文献
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由于土壤特性的时空变异性 ,对土壤含水量、温度、热特性以及其它物理参数的动态监测是土壤学研究的重要课题。本文以热脉冲技术和时域反射技术的理论为基础 ,介绍了利用热脉冲技术 时域反射技术 (Thermo TDR)连续定位测定土壤含水量、电导率、温度和热特性的原理 ,并利用土壤热特性与容重和含水量的关系 ,导出了土壤容重、饱和度和通气孔度的计算公式。 相似文献
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太阳能供电的土壤剖面水分动态原位自动监测系统的研制 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
目前,商业化的土壤水分传感器在野外观测土壤剖面含水率时仍然存在测量深度不可调节、多传感器探头之间的互换误差、野外长期监测供电困难、成本较高等问题。为此,该研究设计并研制了一种太阳能供电的可实现野外长期工作的介电管式土壤剖面水分原位自动监测系统。该系统组成包括:传感器模块、主控模块、太阳能供电模块和参数设置软件。测量时,先将PVC管垂直安装至待测土壤中,安装过程不扰动土壤结构,主控与存储模块控制土壤含水率传感器在PVC管中上下移动测量土壤含水率,并同步记录土壤深度。此外,该系统可以根据实际需求通过PC机参数设置软件进行灵活设定测量参数(传感器测量深度、测量深度间隔和测量周期)。针对该系统的性能与测量精度开展了相关测试与观测试验,功耗测试结果表明该系统待机功率为0.35 W,工作功率为1.4 W,太阳能电池板最大输出功率为5W,太阳能电池板和锂电池配合供电的情况下能实现长时间续航;土壤含水率传感器在砂土和粉壤土中的标定试验表明:该系统测量结果与实际土壤体积含水率高度吻合,标定曲线决定系数R~2均大于0.99;经过校正后,该系统探头深度定位的标准偏差在0.2 cm以内。在两种质地土壤的滴灌试验结果表明:该系统分别在6和15 mL/min两种滴水速率下均能准确获取土壤剖面含水率的动态变化过程,为观测作物生长状态和根区水分变化、制定合理的灌溉策略以及研究并检验土壤入渗水动态模型提供了可靠的技术支持和保障。 相似文献
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土壤探针阻抗计算方法的理论分析与实验研究 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
在基于TDR、FD和SWR等不同方法的土壤水分测量仪器中 ,多针土壤探头作为采样传感器的一个重要组成部分 ,深入研究它的阻抗计算方法对于改进这些仪器的测量精确度具有很高的理论与应用价值。由于描述多针土壤探头电磁特性的麦克斯韦尔方程的边界条件很难确定 ,所以试图利用麦氏方程的解析解分析其阻抗特性从理论上说是“可望而不可及”的。本文依据高频传输线阻抗变换理论与数学分析中夹逼定理的思想 ,提出了一种土壤探针阻抗计算模型。进一步通过对该模型的计算机仿真与实验研究 ,发现土壤探针的阻抗特性可随着测试频率与针长等相关参数的改变在感性负载与容性负载间相互转化。此外 ,当这些相关参数改变时 ,土壤探针的阻抗计算模型还存在着周期性的间断点。 相似文献
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黄土高原土壤水分的自动监测——TDR系统及其应用 总被引：21，自引：1，他引：21
TDR(Time Domain Reflectory)——时域反射仪是一种用于测量土壤水分的仪器 ,这是一种利用电磁脉冲方法 ,根据电磁波在介质中传播速度来测试介质的介电常数从而测定土壤水分的仪器。本文介绍了一套 TDR系统的组成和测量方法 ,并对测量结果进行了室内和野外校正 ,结果表明 ,野外校正比较符合实际情况 ,可以作为黄土高原地区进行 TDR校正的参考。由于具有快速、准确等优点 ,能自动、连续地监测土壤含水量 ,TDR是一种值得推广的土壤水分测定仪器 相似文献
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A field calibration experiment was carried out on salt‐affected clayey soil in Syria, to compare the sensitivity to soil electrical conductivity (ECe), and bulk density (ρb) of two instruments for estimating soil moisture: the neutron probe (NP) and the Diviner 2000 capacitance probe (CP). The results showed that the values of the correlation coefficient of the calibration were decreased when the ECe and ρb values increased; this decrease was more pronounced for the Diviner 2000, indicating that it was more sensitive to ρb and ECe than the NP. When only scaled frequency was used in the fitted equation, the Diviner 2000 in wet soil underestimated soil water content significantly at all depths, but especially in the top layer, by up to 0.09 cm3/cm3 compared with gravimetric determinations. However, in dry soil, the Diviner 2000 overestimated the volumetric water content by up to 0.05 cm3/cm3 in the top 15 cm, and by 0.03 cm3/cm3 at 30‐45 cm depth. The performance of the neutron probe was better overall; using a factory calibration curve no significant differences were observed between NP estimates and the gravimetric values. Including both ρb and ECe in the calibration equations improved the fits, although the regression coefficient (R2) for the Diviner 2000 remained low. 相似文献
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Abstract. A study was conducted to compare the performance of the PR1 capacitance probe (Delta-T Devices) in measuring soil volumetric moisture content (θ) with two established standard methods: the neutron probe (Didcot Instruments) and the gravimetric method. Over a two-year period, the three methods were used to measure θ in glasshouse plots containing crops of either oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) or bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L.). The PR1 probe gave variable performance depending on the depth and soil profile where the measurements were made. In most cases, the PR1 probe significantly overestimated θ. In some cases, it significantly underestimated θ or gave similar values to the other methods. Despite this frequent overestimation of θ, the PR1 probe adequately registered the relative changes in θ Its measurements were linearly and positively related to those of the gravimetric and neutron-probe methods. However, the regression lines significantly deviated from the 1:l line. This paper discusses the possible reasons for the unsatisfactory performance of the PR1 probe and the practical problems associated with the installation of its access tubes. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(3):191-196
Abstract A considerable increase in accuracy of soil moisture determinations near the soil surface was possible with the depth probe of a neutron moisture meter when quadratic calibration curves were used 相似文献
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M. C. Falleiros O. Portezan J. C. M. Oliveira O. O. S. Bacchi K. Reichardt 《Soil & Tillage Research》1998,45(3-4):279-285
An internal drainage experiment was conducted to examine soil water content variability in space and in time. It is shown that the flux-gradient model used to describe water flow in field soil profiles, based on the Darcy–Buckingham equation, yielded results of extreme variability and questionable validity. The problem lies in the representativeness of a site due to soil variability, horizontally and vertically in time, which added to the character of the hydraulic conductivity versus soil water content relation, which in many cases can be approximated by exponential functions, leads to coefficients of variation up to 170% in the estimation of soil hydraulic conductivity values. 相似文献
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Ceramic suction probes were combined with internal redox electrodes in order to reduce the deviation between site parallels, and to relate redox potential measurements directly to the solution analyzed chemically. In a laboratory experiment soil material was water‐saturated for 49 days and temporal changes of redox potential and pH outside and inside the ceramic suction probes were recorded. Furthermore, iron concentrations inside the ceramic cups were detected. Results indicate that a device combining ceramic suction probes and redox electrodes is in principal possible. However, the device used here could not reduce the deviation between site replications compared to free installed redox electrodes. Increasing iron concentrations due to decreasing redox potentials outside and inside the ceramic suction probes indicate that the soil water iron dynamic is at least partly measurable using this device.<?show $6#> 相似文献
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M. BARRET L. DELGADILLO-MIRQUEZ E. TRABLY N. DELGENES F. BRAUN G. CEA-BARCIA J. P. STEYER D. PATUREAU 《土壤圈》2012,22(4):508-517
Knowledge of cellular metal homeostasis will provide a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in metal tolerance and hyperaccumulation in metal-hyperaccumulating plants. Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) was used to determine the localization of cadmium (Cd) in leaves of the Zn/Cd hyperaccumulator Picris divaricata which had a shoot Cd concentration of 565 mg kg 1 after 2 weeks of growth in solution culture supplying 10 μmol L-1 CdCl2 . The results indicated that Cd was distributed mainly in the trichomes, upper and lower epidermis and bundle sheath cells, with a relatively low level of Cd in mesophyll cells. Mesophyll protoplasts isolated from leaves remained viable after 24 h exposure to CdCl2 at a concentration up to 1 mmol L-1 , indicating their high tolerance to Cd. The intracellular Cd was visualized by staining with Leadmium Green dye, a cellular permeable Cd fluorescence probe. The results showed that the majority of protoplasts (> 82%) did not accumulate Cd, with only a minority (< 18%) showing Cd accumulation. In the Cd-accumulating protoplasts, Cd accumulation was depressed by the addition of Fe2+ , Mn2+ and the metabolic inhibitor carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), but not by Ca 2+ or Zn2+ . Furthermore, the entire process of Cd uptake from external solution into the cytoplasm and subsequent sequestration into vacuoles was successfully recorded by confocal images. These results suggested that reduced cellular Cd accumulation and efficient Cd vacuolar sequestration in mesophyll cells might be responsible for cellular Cd tolerance and distribution in the leaves of P. divaricata. 相似文献
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全面推进城市水土保持试点工作 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
城市水土保持是一个全新的课题。在城市水土保持工作的探索中,深圳市已经进行了3年的艰苦努力,取得了一定的成效。总结了深圳市城市水土保持工作经验,从探索管理机制、治理途径以至预防监督方面,分析了城市水土保持特点。作为全国城市水土保持试点城市,深圳的作法对全国其它城市也有一定的借鉴意义。 相似文献
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锌离子是生物体必需的微量元素之一,具有重要的生理功能,选择性识别和检测锌离子,对化学、生物学、临床医学和农学等领域的相关研究具有十分重要的意义。荧光探针分析法具有选择性好、灵敏度高以及操作简单等优势,因此设计合成锌离子荧光探针成为近几年的研究热点。本文基于不同母体化学结构,对近5年来锌离子荧光探针的研究进展进行了归纳总结,并对未来的发展提出了展望,旨在对后续锌离子荧光探针的进一步研究提供重要参考。 相似文献