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前人研究表明按单位产量计算温室气体排放量比按单位面积,能更好的综合评价作物种植方法对温室气体排放的影响,对于种植方法的选择具有非常强的指导意义。本研究采用Meta定量分析了水稻基本苗对单位产量温室气体排放的增温潜势的影响。结果表明不同基本苗间单位产量温室气体排放的增温潜势存在显著差异。最低的单位产量温室气体排放的增温潜势的基本苗为80~100万苗/hm~2。不同品种的温室气体排放增温潜势依次为杂交稻品种(1 028.86 kg CO_2 equiv/mg),常规稻品种(634.15 kg CO_2 equiv/mg)和超级稻品种(576.57 kg CO_2 equiv/mg)。因此,在基本苗为80~100万苗/hm~2的前提下,种植常规稻和超级稻品种,是一个较为合理的选择。下一步将开展移栽密度与品种对单位产量温室气体排放的增温潜势影响,为实现水稻高产和稻田低排的双赢局面提供科学依据。 相似文献
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秸秆还田对农田土壤碳库和温室气体排放的影响研究进展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
《江苏农业科学》2017,(6)
农田土壤是十分活跃的有机碳库,也是温室气体排放的源和汇。秸秆是农业活动的必然产物,研究秸秆还田对农田土壤碳库和温室气体排放的影响对于增加土壤碳库、缓解全球变暖具有重要意义。本文综述了秸秆还田对农田土壤固碳、土壤有机碳含量、CH_4和N_2O排放的影响,并从系统和经济的角度探究了其对全球综合增温潜势和作物产量的影响。 相似文献
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贮存高度和锯末覆盖厚度对猪粪NH3和温室气体排放量及其增温潜势的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为研究贮存高度和锯末覆盖厚度对猪粪NH3和温室气体排放量及其增温潜势的影响,以猪粪为贮存材料,锯末为覆盖材料,试验设2种猪粪贮存高度(20 cm和40 cm)和3种锯末覆盖高度(0、10 cm和20 cm),共6个处理,每个处理3个重复。通过动态箱技术对猪粪贮存过程中NH3和温室气体排放进行不间断测试,每小时测量一次进气口和排气口NH3、N2O、CH4和CO2的质量浓度,进而计算增温潜势,共测量42 d。结果表明:猪粪便的贮存高度对各种气体排放量均有显著影响,与20 cm贮存高度的猪粪相比,40 cm贮存高度猪粪的NH3、N2O和CO2排放量显著降低,而CH4排放量显著增加。锯末覆盖降低了猪粪贮存过程中NH3和CO2的排放量,但是增加了CH4的排放量;锯末覆盖对不同贮存高度猪粪N2O排放量影响不同,锯末覆盖增加了20 cm贮存高度猪粪N2O排放量,却降低了40 cm贮存高度猪粪N2O排放量。各处理组单位质量猪粪排放的总温室气体增温潜势为36.62～62.83 g·kg-1(CO2基础)。覆盖可以减少猪粪贮存过程中总温室气体增温潜势11.59%～23.61%,但差异不显著。与20 cm贮存高度的猪粪相比,40 cm贮存高度显著降低了猪粪总温室气体增温潜势达36.26%～41.48%。研究表明,增加猪粪贮存高度可以减少猪粪贮存过程中总温室气体的增温潜势。 相似文献
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秸秆还田对免耕稻田温室气体排放及土壤有机碳固定的影响 总被引：21，自引：18，他引：21
秸秆还田影响免耕稻田土壤固碳潜力,相应地改变了温室气体的排放,从而影响秸秆还田后稻田土壤固碳减排对减缓全球变暖的贡献。通过研究不同油菜秸秆还田量(0、3000、4000kg·hm-2和6000kg·hm-2)对免耕稻田温室气体(CO2、CH4和N2O)排放和土壤碳固定的影响,评估秸秆还田后温室气体增排的综合增温潜势对稻田固碳减缓全球变暖的贡献的抵消作用。结果表明,秸秆还田显著提高CO2和N2O排放,降低CH4排放,显著提高土壤有机碳含量,有效地提高土壤碳固定,从而有效地提高稻田土壤碳固定对温室气体增排的温室效应抵消作用。随着秸秆还田量的增加,稻田土壤固碳减缓全球变暖的贡献相应增加,因此必须考虑免耕稻田秸秆还田量的问题,以有效发挥免耕稻田秸秆还田的固碳潜力和降低温室气体的排放。 相似文献
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气候变化已成为全球公认的环境问题,主要因人类活动温室气体排放增加导致,青藏高原是气候变化的敏感区,生态环境和农业生产受气候变化的影响较大,研究气候变化对西藏农业的应对意义重大。文章综述了当前西藏气候变化方面的研究进展,分析气候变化对西藏农业产生的影响,西藏的温度增加趋势比较明显,高于全球同纬度的平均增温速率。降水量也呈增加趋势,增温与降水在空间上具有不一致性,西藏的气候将朝着暖湿化方向发展,对农业的生产形成较大的挑战。冬春季的增温趋势使得作物的物候期提前,使得播期提前,作物的布局向高纬度和高海拔地区推移,有利于套复种。温度增加使土壤中微生物的活性增加,加速对土壤有机质的分解,土壤有机质含量呈下降趋势。气候变化对西藏的农业生产带来了影响,严重威胁到西藏的粮食生产安全问题,需要积极探寻应对策略。 相似文献
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中国主要农业源温室气体排放及减排对策 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
近年来温室气体的大量排放以及由此造成的全球气候变暖引起了人们的广泛关注,减缓温室气体排放已成为一个急需解决的问题.CO2、CH4和N2O是几种主要的温室气体,在全球变暖中起着非常重要的作用.农业生产活动是温室气体CH4和N2O最重要的排放源之一,本文从减少水稻田和反刍动物CH4气体排放、利用农业有机废弃物进行CO2气体施肥以减少秸秆燃烧和畜禽粪便随意堆置过程中CH4和N2O排放以及调整农田氮肥施用方法减少土壤N2O排放等几个方面总结了在中国农业生产过程中可以减缓温室气体排放的一些措施,以期在这些方面为中国温室气体减排和缓解全球气候变暖作出积极的贡献. 相似文献
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农田温室气体是大气温室气体的重要来源,农业生产活动对全球气候变化有着重要影响。随着以全球变暖为主要特征的气候变化研究的日益深入,探索农田温室气体的排放规律并定量研究其对大气温室气体的贡献非常关键。综述了旱地农业温室气体研究的主要进展,包括排放机理、影响规律和观测方法,提出了加强旱地农田温室气体排放研究的建议和展望。分析认为,旱地农田温室气体主要表现为N_2O、CO_2,当前对旱地农田温室气体的排放研究主要集中在生成机理和单项影响因素上,对旱地农田温室气体的总体排放规律、综合影响因子和特征还有待进一步研究。当前,深入开展不同作物各种种植方式条件下的旱地农田温室气体排放研究,集成农田温室气体排放综合评价模型,为评估旱地农田温室气体排放贡献,制定旱地农田温室气体减排措施提供理论依据。 相似文献
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Simulation of early 20th century global warming 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The observed global warming of the past century occurred primarily in two distinct 20-year periods, from 1925 to 1944 and from 1978 to the present. Although the latter warming is often attributed to a human-induced increase of greenhouse gases, causes of the earlier warming are less clear because this period precedes the time of strongest increases in human-induced greenhouse gas (radiative) forcing. Results from a set of six integrations of a coupled ocean-atmosphere climate model suggest that the warming of the early 20th century could have resulted from a combination of human-induced radiative forcing and an unusually large realization of internal multidecadal variability of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system. This conclusion is dependent on the model's climate sensitivity, internal variability, and the specification of the time-varying human-induced radiative forcing. 相似文献
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Climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
Charlson RJ Schwartz SE Hales JM Cess RD Coakley JA Hansen JE Hofmann DJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1992,255(5043):423-430
Although long considered to be of marginal importance to global climate change, tropospheric aerosol contributes substantially to radiative forcing, and anthropogenic sulfate aerosol in particular has imposed a major perturbation to this forcing. Both the direct scattering of shortwavelength solar radiation and the modification of the shortwave reflective properties of clouds by sulfate aerosol particles increase planetary albedo, thereby exerting a cooling influence on the planet. Current climate forcing due to anthropogenic sulfate is estimated to be -1 to -2 watts per square meter, globally averaged. This perturbation is comparable in magnitude to current anthropogenic greenhouse gas forcing but opposite in sign. Thus, the aerosol forcing has likely offset global greenhouse warming to a substantial degree. However, differences in geographical and seasonal distributions of these forcings preclude any simple compensation. Aerosol effects must be taken into account in evaluating anthropogenic influences on past, current, and projected future climate and in formulating policy regarding controls on emission of greenhouse gases and sulfur dioxide. Resolution of such policy issues requires integrated research on the magnitude and geographical distribution of aerosol climate forcing and on the controlling chemical and physical processes. 相似文献
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Causes of climate change over the past 1000 years 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
Crowley TJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2000,289(5477):270-277
Recent reconstructions of Northern Hemisphere temperatures and climate forcing over the past 1000 years allow the warming of the 20th century to be placed within a historical context and various mechanisms of climate change to be tested. Comparisons of observations with simulations from an energy balance climate model indicate that as much as 41 to 64% of preanthropogenic (pre-1850) decadal-scale temperature variations was due to changes in solar irradiance and volcanism. Removal of the forced response from reconstructed temperature time series yields residuals that show similar variability to those of control runs of coupled models, thereby lending support to the models' value as estimates of low-frequency variability in the climate system. Removal of all forcing except greenhouse gases from the approximately 1000-year time series results in a residual with a very large late-20th-century warming that closely agrees with the response predicted from greenhouse gas forcing. The combination of a unique level of temperature increase in the late 20th century and improved constraints on the role of natural variability provides further evidence that the greenhouse effect has already established itself above the level of natural variability in the climate system. A 21st-century global warming projection far exceeds the natural variability of the past 1000 years and is greater than the best estimate of global temperature change for the last interglacial. 相似文献
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Schneider SH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1994,263(5145):341-347
Projected changes in the Earth's climate can be driven from a combined set of forcing factors consisting of regionally heterogeneous anthropogenic and natural aerosols and land use changes, as well as global-scale influences from solar variability and transient increases in human-produced greenhouse gases. Thus, validation of climate model projections that are driven only by increases in greenhouse gases can be inconsistent when one attempts the validation by looking for a regional or time-evolving "fingerprint" of such projected changes in real climatic data. Until climate models are driven by time-evolving, combined, multiple, and heterogeneous forcing factors, the best global climatic change "fingerprint" will probably remain a many-decades average of hemi-spheric- to global-scale trends in surface air temperatures. Century-long global warming (or cooling) trends of 0.5 degrees C appear to have occurred infrequently over the past several thousand years-perhaps only once or twice a millennium, as proxy records suggest. This implies an 80 to 90 percent heuristic likelihood that the 20th-century 0.5 +/- 0.2 degrees C warming trend is not a wholly natural climatic fluctuation. 相似文献
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PV Hobbs JS Reid RA Kotchenruther RJ Ferek R Weiss 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1997,275(5307):1776-1778
Airborne measurements in smoke from biomass burning in Brazil have yielded optical parameters that permit an improved assessment of the effects of smoke on Earth's radiation balance. The global-mean direct radiative forcing due to smoke from biomass burning worldwide is estimated to be no more than about -0.3 watt per square meter (cooling), compared with +2.45 watts per square meter (warming) due to anthropogenic greenhouse gases. On regional scales, direct radiative forcing due to smoke can be large and might indirectly affect global climate. 相似文献
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造林与间伐对东北温带弃耕地土壤温室气体排放的长期影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
采用静态箱-气象色谱法,测定不同间伐强度温带弃耕地落叶松人工林(未间伐为对照、轻度间伐强度为25%、重度间伐强度为50%,林龄50年及间伐已20年)及相应立地上农田的土壤温室气体(CO2、CH4和N2O)排放年通量与相关环境因子(土壤温度、湿度及养分含量等),揭示造林与间伐对弃耕地土壤温室气体排放的影响规律,以便为定量评价退耕还林工程实施效果提供依据。结果表明:1)土壤CO2年均排放通量(149.44~204.82 mg/(m2·h))呈现未间伐>农田>轻度间伐>重度间伐的变化趋势,未间伐较农田提高11.6%,轻、重度间伐较农田降低11.4%~18.6%,较未间伐显著降低20.6%~27.0%;2)土壤CH4吸收通量(-0.027~-0.033 mg/(m2·h))呈现重度间伐>未间伐=农田>轻度间伐变化趋势,未间伐与农田相同,轻度间伐较农田降低12.9%,重度间伐较农田提高6.5%;3)土壤N2O排放通量(0.025~0.037 mg/(m2·h))呈现农田>重度间伐>轻度间伐>未间伐的变化趋势,未间伐较农田降低32.4%,轻、重度间伐较农田降低24.3%~29.7%;4)温带弃耕地造林与间伐经营并未改变土壤CO2、CH4、N2O排放通量与气温和土壤温度的相关性,但改变了3种温室气体与土壤湿度的相关性;5)土壤增温潜势(13.89~18.64 t/(hm2·a))呈现未间伐>农田>轻度间伐>重度间伐的变化趋势,未间伐较农田提高9.1%,轻、重度间伐较农田降低12.1%~18.7%,两者也较未间伐降低19.4%~25.5%。因此,东北温带弃耕地营造落叶松林提高了土壤增温潜势,间伐经营较大幅度降低了土壤增温潜势,故从控制气候变暖考虑对其采取强度间伐(50%)方式比较适宜。 相似文献
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玉米秸秆不同还田方式下麦田温室气体排放特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了探讨玉米秸秆不同还田方式对麦田温室气体排放的影响,通过田间试验,设玉米秸秆不还田(CK)、玉米秸秆直接还田(CS)、玉米秸秆过腹还田(CGS)和玉米秸秆转化为食用菌基质,出菇后菌渣还田(CMS)4个处理,利用静态箱-气相色谱法测定了玉米秸秆不同还田方式下,麦田温室气体(CO2、N2O和CH4)的排放特征。结果表明:玉米秸秆不同还田方式下,麦田温室气体通量均具有明显的季节变化,且排放量不同。在小麦生长季,CO2和N2O均表现为排放,其排放量为CK >CGS >CS >CMS;甲烷表现为吸收,其吸收量为CS >CGS >CK >CMS,且不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。从温室气体综合增温潜势(GWP)来看,在20、100年和500年3个时间尺度上,仅玉米秸秆不同还田方式这一环节,GWP均表现为:CS >CGS >CK >CMS,也就是说秸秆直接还田,显著增加麦田温室气体的全球增温潜势,其次是玉米秸秆过腹还田方式,而秸秆-菌渣还田则降低了麦田温室气体的全球增温潜势。从减少温室气体排放角度,推荐秸秆-菌渣还田方式。该研究结果可为秸秆合理利用和温室气体减排提供基础数据。 相似文献
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东北地区主要粮食作物对气候变化的响应及其产量效应 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
综述了在全球气候变暖背景下,东北地区农业气候资源、农业气象灾害的变化特征以及主要农作物对气候变化的响应。结果表明,气候变暖给东北地区农业带来的影响利弊共存,主要表现为东北地区主要农作物生长季节温度升高、热量资源增加,适宜农作物生长的时期延长、适种区域扩大,为作物的光温生产潜力以及产量的提高提供了潜在的可能。但由于光照及水资源的限制以及CO2浓度的增加而引发的温室效应,对农作物的产量和品质也产生了负面影响。极端天气事件增加,农作物生态环境恶化,干旱、洪涝、盐碱化速度加快,尤其是近几年受全球变暖的影响,东北地区主要农作物受干旱灾害的影响最为明显。降水总量减少和降水分布不均匀,使东北地区成为受气候变化影响最敏感和脆弱地区之一。 相似文献
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甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N2O)是重要的两种温室气体,近一个世纪以来,大气中这两种气体浓度持续升高,进而引起温室效应明显加剧和气候变暖等极端气候的频繁出现.稻田生态系统是大气CH4和N2O的重要源.稻田温室气体的排放受土壤性质、气候条件及人为活动等因素的交互作用和综合调控,CH4和N2O排放量与各因素的变异程度、敏感程度密切相关.全面综述了影响稻田温室气体排放的因子及温室气体减排措施的研究进展,可为制定我国稻田温室气体减排措施、促进农业可持续发展以及生态环境协调发展提供参考. 相似文献