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1.
The cardiorespiratory effects of four opioid-tranquilizer combinations were evaluated in six dogs. The four combinations were administered to each dog in a randomized order. Buprenorphine (BUP; 0.01 mg/kg IV) or oxymorphone (OXY; 0.1 mg/kg IV) was followed in 10.4 ± 1.3 minutes by midazolam (MID; 0.3 mg/kg IV) or acepromazine (ACE; 0.05 mg/kg IV). Nalbuphine (0.16 mg/kg IV) was administered 94.1 ± 2.3 minutes after the tranquilizer was given. Heart rate (HR) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) decreased significantly ( P < .05) after each combination. MAP was significantly lower with combinations using ACE. Most dogs panted after opioid administration; this was associated with increased minute volume (VM) and decreased tidal volume (VT). After administration of the tranquilizer, mean breathing rate and VM index (VMI) were significantly lower with ACE combinations. There were no significant changes in pH and blood gas variables after BUP-ACE. The other three combinations were associated with significant ( P < .05) decreases in pH and increases in Paco2. Mean Pao2 decreased significantly ( P < .05) with OXY combinations but not BUP combinations. Dysrhythmias (atrial or ventricular escape complexes) were seen with each combination. HR increased significantly ( P < .05) after nalbuphine in dogs receiving OXY, but not BUP. Dogs receiving OXY became more alert after nalbuphine on six of 12 occasions, whereas dogs receiving BUP became less alert on six of 12 occasions. OXY-ACE provided the most chemical restraint/sedation and BUP-MID provided the least.  相似文献   

2.
To determine cardiopulmonary and analgesic effects of lidocaine, alfentanil, and xylazine in pigs anesthetized with isoflurane, 18 healthy Landrace-Large White pigs were studied (six for each drug). General anesthesia was induced with isoflurane in O2 and maintained with 1% to 1.2% end-tidal ISO, ensuring presence of a pain response before epidural drug administration. Heart rate (HR), arterial blood pressures (AP), cardiac output (CO), pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), central venous pressure, respiratory rate (RR), tidal volume (TV), minute volume (MV), arterial blood gas data, core temperature (CT), and analgesic effects (by pricking the lumbar area and the abdominal wall) were determined at various times (2, 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 minutes) after epidural administration of lidocaine (5 μg/kg), alfentanil (5 μg/kg), or xylazine (0.2 mg/kg), all diluted in NaCl 0.9% to 0.5 mL/kg. Statistical analysis included two-way analysis of variance for repeated measures and the least significant difference test for determining differences among means. A probability level of P <.05 was used. The following results were statistically significant decreases in systolic AP, HR, TV, RR, MV, CT, pH, PaO2, and TCO2 and increases in PCWP, PaCO2, and HCO3 after LID. After ALF, only CT and HCO3 decreased. Core temperature and TV decreased after XYL. Lidocaine provided 45 to 60 minutes of analgesia. Alfentanil had no analgesic effects, and xylazine provided 90 minutes of analgesia. The authors conclude that xylazine, when injected epidurally, provides suitable analgesia in isoflurane-anesthetized pigs.  相似文献   

3.
The purpose of this study was to determine whether lingual vanous blood gas samples reflect arterial acid-base gas status in anethetized dogs. Heparinized blood samples were drawn simultaneously from the lingual vein and a peripheral artery in 50 anestheized dogs that were clinical surgical patients, as well as from four experimental dogs in which hemorrahaic shock was being studied. Blood pH, oxygen tension (PO2), and bicarbonate (HCO3-)) from the two sources in clinical patients showed significant liner correlation, although arterial PO2)(PaO2)) tended to be approximately 110mm Hg higher than lingual venous PO2). During hemorrahgic shock, however, PaO2) and PaCO2) were significantly different from lingual venous PO2) and PCO2), Lingula venous blood gas analysis may be useful in assessing acid-base and blood gas status in routline cases, but should not be relied upon in dogs with low cardiac output or poor perfusion.  相似文献   

4.
The use of butorphanol as an analgesic in a psittacine species was evaluated by determining its isoflurane-sparing effects. The Effective Dose 50 (ED50) of isoflurane was determined using a bracketing technique based on the purposeful movement elicited by pressure applied to a digit with a hemostat. The ED50 of isoflurane for 11 cockatoos (four greater sulfur crested, three lesser sulfur crested, and four citron crested) was determined to be 1.44 ± 0.07%. After the administration of 1 mg/kg of butorphanol tartrate intramuscularly (IM), the ED50 was significantly ( P < .05) decreased to 1.08 ± 0.05%. Physiological variables that changed significantly included decreases in heart rate, tidal volume (Vt), inspiratory (Tj) and expiratory times (Te), and an increase in respiratory rate. No complications resulted because of these changes. Based on the results, butorphanol produces an isoflurane-sparing effect in cockatoos and has the potential to be a useful analgesic in psittacines.  相似文献   

5.
The effects of propofol on intraocular pressure (IOP) and end tidal CO2 (ETCO2) were studied because an elevation in the latter may alter IOP. Twenty dogs were divided into two groups (G1 and G2). G1 dogs were induced with 10 mg/kg (IV) of propofol followed by a 0.4 mg/kg/min continuous infusion of the same agent diluted in a 0.2% dextrose solution for 1 h. G(CAPS) 2 dogs served as the control group, where only dextrose solution was administered, under the same time intervals as in G1. Applanation tonometry (Tono-Pen) was used to determine IOP and ETCO2 as a method to determine partial CO2 pressure. Measurements were taken every 15 min for 1 h, with M1 occurring immediately before IV administration. IOP and ETCO2 were not statistically significant in either groups. Based on the results, it may be concluded that propofol does not alter IOP and ETCO2.  相似文献   

6.
Evaluation of a portable blood gas analyzer, (StatPal II, Unifet, Inc, La Jolla, CA) was performed using tonometered solutions and equine blood. Samples were analyzed by the StatPal II and either an Instrument Laboratory IL1306 (Lexington, MA) or a Radiometer ABL50 blood gas analyzer (Radiometer America Inc., Westlake, OH). Comparison of the StatPal II and the IL1306 was done by analysis of 3 tonometered solutions (acidic, normal, and alkalotic) and 27 equine venous blood samples. Blood pH, Pco2, Po2, and [HCO3-] values were altered by IV infusion of 5% sodium bicarbonate or exercising the horses on a treadmill. Comparison of the StatPal II and the Radiometer was performed by analysis of 78 blood samples collected from Standard-bred horses before a race. Data were analyzed for the venous blood samples using a paired two-tailed Student's t test and Bland-Altman plots, with significance set at P < .05. The coefficients of variation for pH, Pco2, Po2, and [HCO3-] values of the tonometered solutions analyzed by the StatPal II ranged from 0.067% to 0.087%, 2% to 3.21 %, 1.21 % to 2.67%, and 0.267% to 0.828%, respectively. Comparison of the equine blood samples analyzed by the StatPal II and the IL1306 demonstrated statistically significant, but clinically irrelevant differences in pH, Pco2, and Po2, but not [HCO3-]. There were statistically significant, but clinically irrelevant differences between the StatPal II and the Radiometer for pH, Pco2, and [HCO3-], but not for Po2-It is concluded that the StatPal II provides reproducible and acceptable analysis of equine venous blood gas samples.  相似文献   

7.
Abstract: Bovine coccygeal (median, caudal) vessel samples are not always venous in origin but may be arterial or a mixture of venous and arterial blood. Results of blood gas analysis of blood samples collected from 39 cows were consistent with typical venous, mixed venous-arterial, or typical arterial blood. This observation was made while establishing reference intervals for a new blood gas instrument. The pO2 and the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (SO2) were most reflective of the amount of arterial blood contamination in the sample, but pCO2 and pH also were altered. The pO2 values ranged from 21 to 127 mm Hg, and SO2 ranged from 35% to 100%. The mean pCO2 in venous type samples was 46.3 mm Hg compared to 36.7 mm Hg in arterial type samples. The mean pH in venous type samples was 7.42 compared to 7.47 in arterial type samples.  相似文献   

8.
The accuracy and precision of an end-tidal infrared CO2 monitor and customized capnography tubing system designed to measure gastrointestinal intraluminal CO2 partial pressure (PiCO2) were tested in vitro. Samples were taken from the customized capnography tubing placed in either 5% or 10% CO2 gas at discrete intervals ranging from one minute to twelve minutes. For a given time interval, the tubing PCO2 measurement was a constant fraction of the actual PCO2 (all standard errors < 0.02). For increasing time intervals, the ratio of the tubing PCO2 to actual PCO2 increased logarithmically. In the 5% and 10% CO2, the regression coefficients were 0.89 and 0.85 for 8 French tubing and 0.99 and 0.91 for 6 French tubing. Beacuase of its accuracy and precision, this system may provide automated gastrointestinal CO2 partial pressure monitoring at short intervals (e.g. 5 minutes), facilitating testing of the role of gastrointestinal PiCO2 information in treatment algorithms. (Vet Emerg & Crit Care, 1998; 8: 109–116)  相似文献   

9.
A randomized, blinded, crossover study was designed to evaluate the respiratory, cardiovascular, and behavioral effects of butorphanol given postoperatively to oxymorphone-premedicated and surgically stimulated dogs. Nine healthy adult dogs were premedicated intramuscularly with atropine (0.04 mg/kg), acepromazine (0.10 mg/kg), and oxymorphone (0.2 mg/kg). Anesthesia was induced with thiamylal (12 mg/kg) and maintained with halothane in oxygen. According to the protocol of a concurrent study, all dogs had percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) feeding tubes placed during the first anesthetic episode and removed during the second anesthetic episode. All dogs received postoperatively either butorphanol tartrate (0.2 mg/kg) or an isovol-umetric dose of saline placebo, both given intravenously. Respiratory rate (RR), tidal volume (TV), minute ventilation (MV), end-tidal CO2 concentration (ETCO2). heart rate (HR), and indirect diastolic (DP), systolic (SP) and mean arterial (MAP) blood pressures were measured at times 0, 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 120 minutes after injection. The time from injection of the test drug until extubation was recorded. RR, MV, HR, and DP were significantly ( P < .05) increased, while ETco2 was significantly decreased, for a minimum of 30 minutes in butorphanol-treated dogs compared with saline controls. TV, SP, and MAP were transiently (≤15 minutes) increased in butorphanol-treated dogs compared with saline controls. There was no significant difference between the times to extubation in the butorphanol-treated dogs versus the saline control dogs.  相似文献   

10.
The purpose of this study was the evaluation of pulse oximetry for estimating the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (SpO2) in dogs with pneumothorax. Values for measured by pulse oximetry with transducers on the tongues and toes of six dogs were compared with saturation values (SaO2) computed from arterial oxygen tensions (PaO2) during experimentally induced pneumothorax (30,45, and 60 ml/kg of ambient air in the pleural space). Values for SpO2, SaO2, and PaO2 decreased with increasing volume of air. Compared to computed SaO2 values, SpO2 values obtained from the tongue tended to be less variable than those obtained from the toe, but both locations gave valuable information. Pulse oximetry appears to be a useful, relatively inexpensive method of estimating hemoglobin saturation in dogs with experimentally induced pneumothorax, and it appears to have clinical application in management of critical or traumartized dogs.  相似文献   

11.
Methadone hydrochloride is a synthetic μ-opioid receptor agonist with potent analgesic properties. Oral methadone has been successfully used in human medicine and may overcome some limitations of other analgesics in equine species for producing analgesia with minimal adverse effects. However, there are no studies describing the pharmacokinetics (PK) of oral opioids in horses. The aim of this study was to describe the PK of orally administered methadone (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg) and physical effects in 12 healthy adult horses. Serum methadone concentrations were measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry at predetermined time points for 24 h, and PK parameters were estimated using a noncompartmental model. Physical effects were observed and recorded by experienced clinicians. No drug toxicity, behavioural or adverse effects were observed in the horses. The disposition of methadone followed first order elimination and a biphasic serum profile with rapid absorption and elimination phases. The PK profile of methadone was characterized by high clearance ( Cl / F ), small volume of distribution (Vd/ F ) and short elimination half-life ( t 1/2). The mean of the estimated t 1/2 (SD) for each dose (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg) was 2.2 (35.6), 1.3 (46.1) and 1.5 (40.8), and the mean for the estimated C max (SD) was 33.9 (6.7), 127.9 (36.0) and 193.5 (65.8) respectively.  相似文献   

12.
Some physiological effects of the intravenous administration of five different commercial electrolyte solutions were studied in healthy conscious dogs. Measurements were taken before, during and up to 3 h after fluid administration. The measurements included temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic and diastolic arterial pressure, central venous pressure, pO2, pCO2, pH, packed cell volume, haemoglobin, total plasma protein, sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, base excess and creatinine. There were no significant changes in temperature, respiratory rate, systolic pressure, pO2 or pCO2. All dogs showed a similar rise in central venous pressure and a fall in packed cell volume, haemoglobin and total plasma protein in response to the fluid administration. Two saline solutions produced a metabolic acidosis, a fall in plasma potassium values and a rise in chloride. Administration of multi-electrolyte solutions resulted in the least disturbance in acid-base and electrolyte balance.  相似文献   

13.
The intravenous, intramuscular and oral pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen in broiler chickens were investigated. In a preliminary study, plasma ibuprofen concentration-time profiles, following i.v. (25 mg/kg) dosing were best described by a 2-compartment model. After intravenous administration, the volume of distribution at steady-state ( V d(ss)), the total systemic clearance ( Cl B), the elimination half-life (t1/2p) and the MRT were 0.303 L/kg, 482.3 ml/h-kg, 2.71 h and 1.02 h, respectively. After intramuscular administration of ibuprofen, the t max and C max were 0.37 h, and 42.2μg/mL, respectively, with an estimated bioavailability of 46.7%. After oral administration of ibuprofen, the t max and C max were 0.31 h and 23.91 μg/mL, respectively, with an estimated bioavailability of 24.2%. This is a preliminary study, examining the use of ibuprofen in broiler chickens, and should be followed by tissue residue and efficacy studies in different disease states.  相似文献   

14.
The pharmacokinetics of oxolinic acid was studied in sea-bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax ). The fish were kept in seawater at 15.2°C with a 12 h/12 h photoperiod. Oxolinic acid was injected in the caudal vein of anaesthetized sea-bass in a single rapid intravascular administration at a dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight. Plasma concentrations of oxolinic acid were determined using two analytical methods, a classic plate diffusion bioassay using Escherichia coli and a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using solid phase extraction with an internal standard and a U.V. detection. The mean recoveries were 99.6% and 110.8% and determination limits were 0.04 μg/mL and 0.02 μg/mL, for the bioassay and the HPLC respectively. Compared to other fish species, the oxolinic acid was rapidly (absorption half life, ta1/2= 0.69 h) distributed to body tissues outside the blood volume (volume of central compartment, Vc= 0.4 L/kg) and presented a large volume of distribution (Vdss= 2.55 L/kg). Considering its disappearance from the central compartment (rate constant: central-eliminated, k 10= 0.16 h–1) and its total body clearance ( Cl t= 0.066 L/kg.h), the elimination phase of the oxolinic acid in sea-bass was shorter than in trout kept in freshwater, and longer than in salmon in seawater. Consequently, the area under the concentration–time curve ( AUC = 157 μg.h/mL) and the mean residence time ( MRT = 42 h) were relatively low and short, respectively.  相似文献   

15.
A pharmacokinetic study of gentamicin (5 mg/kg intravenous (i.v.)) was conducted first in cinically healthy female goats and then in the same goats after induction of fever by Escherichia coli endotoxin (0.2 μg/kg i.v.). Rectal temperature increased 1 to 1.5°C in febrile goats. Differences in the blood serum concentrations of gentamicin were not observed at any time between febrile and normal goats. The disposition kinetics of gentamicin were described by a biex-ponential expression CP= Ae-αt+ Be-β. Median values for the half-lives of gentamicin were 103.6 min in normal and 136.0 min in febrile goats. The apparent volume of distribution (Vd) was 263.3 ml/kg in the febrile goats which was not different from that in the normal goats (240.6 ml/kg). The volume of the central compartment (Vc) was almost identical in normal and febrile goats. The body clearance (Clβ) was observed to be 1.7 and 1.6 ml/min-kg in normal and febrile goats, respectively. Dosage regimens for gentamicin were calculated on the basis of median kinetic data.  相似文献   

16.
Acetazolamide was administered at a dose rate of 10 mg/kg intravenously every 8 h to twelve dogs for a period of 7 days. Before administration of the acetazolamide and every second day during the period of administration, values of PaO2, PaCO2, pH, base excess, bicarbonate, systolic and diastolic arterial pressure, central venous pressure, packed cell volume, haemoglobin and total plasma protein were measured. Plasma concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, creatinine, urea, glucose, bilirubin, iron, calcium, phosphate and triglycerides were also determined. These values were also measured in a similar control group of dogs not given acetazolamide. Acetazolamide produced significant elevations in PaO2 and chloride values and significant decreases in PaCO2, pH, base excess, bicarbonate, potassium and calcium. There were no significant changes in any of the other parameters measured. The non-respiratory acidosis produced by acetazolamide makes it a useful model to enable the investigation of therapeutic regimes for treating acidosis of this type.  相似文献   

17.
Two different fluid solutions were infused through percutaneous cecal catheters in 6 healthy ponies to determine the effects on body weight; CBC; packed cell volume (PCV); total plasma protein concentration; plasma fibrinogen concentration; abdominal fluid analysis; concentrations of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, Ca, total CO2 (TCO2), Na, CI, K, and P; and fractional clearance (FC) of Na, CI, K, and P. During intracecal administration of solution 1, FCNa and FCCI were significantly increased, whereas FCK and BUN were significantly decreased. During administration of solution 2, FCNa and serum P were significantly increased, while PCV was significantly decreased. All ponies developed peritonitis during the study. Complications included catheter-related problems, diarrhea, laminitis, and hypocalcemia. We concluded that hydration and electrolyte balance could be maintained by administration of crystalloid solutions intracecally, but that complications were associated with the procedure.  相似文献   

18.
The pharmacokinetics of thiamphenicol were investigated in 10 calves and six lactating cows. It was found that this drug is rapidly absorbed (1 5 min) following intramuscular injection with an absorption rate constant and a bioavailability of 8.7 h-1 and 84%, respectively. The drug appears to be widely distributed into various body fluids, yielding a volume of distribution (Vd(area)) of approximately 0.9 l/kg. The micro-rate constants indicated that the antibiotic rapidly diffuses into the peripheral compartment (k12 > k21). Elimination from plasma is relatively rapid, with a biological half-life of about 1.75 h. Thiamphenicol appears shortly in milk (15 min) after its intravenous administration, and gives milk to plasma concentration ratios greater than one between 4 and 12 h.  相似文献   

19.
Methane (CH4) is the second most important greenhouse gas (GHG) and that emitted from enteric fermentation in livestock is the single largest source of emissions in Japan. Many factors influence ruminant CH4 production, including level of intake, type and quality of feeds and environmental temperature. The objectives of this review are to identify the factors affecting CH4 production in ruminants, to examine technologies for the mitigation of CH4 emissions from ruminants, and to identify areas requiring further research. The following equation for CH4 prediction was formulated using only dry matter intake (DMI) and has been adopted in Japan to estimate emissions from ruminant livestock for the National GHG Inventory Report: Y = −17.766 + 42.793X − 0.849X2, where Y is CH4 production (L/day) and X is DMI (kg/day). Technologies for the mitigation of CH4 emissions from ruminants include increasing productivity by improving nutritional management, the manipulation of ruminal fermentation by changing feed composition, the addition of CH4 inhibitors, and defaunation. Considering the importance of ruminant livestock, it is essential to establish economically feasible ways of reducing ruminant CH4 production while improving productivity; it is therefore critical to conduct a full system analysis to select the best combination of approaches or new technologies to be applied under long-term field conditions.  相似文献   

20.
Facial artery pressure, central venous pressure, heart rate, and lateral ventricle cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure (LV-CSFP) were measured in 10 pentobarbital-anesthetized horses at arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) values of 40,60, and 80 mm Hg, produced by varying the inspired carbon dioxide concentration. Variables were recorded at 5-minute intervals for 15 minutes at each level of PaCO2. Arterial blood gas analysis was performed at the end of the 15-minute time period for each level of PaCO2. Lateral ventricle CSF pressure was significantly increased (p < .05) at a PaCO2 of 80 mm Hg. Cardiovascular variables were not significantly changed by changing PaCO2. The PaCO2 was returned to 40 mm Hg; 1.1 mg xylazine/kg body weight was injected intravenously in eight horses, and data were collected for 60 minutes. No significant changes were observed. No changes were observed in two control horses not receiving xylazine. Subsequently, placement of a lumbosacral subarachnoid catheter allowed simultaneous measurement of LV-CSFP and lumbosacral CSF pressure (LS-CSFP) at PaCO2 values of 40,60, and 80 mm Hg. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient between LV-CSFP and LS-CSFP was 0.94 (p < .0001) It was concluded that changes in CSF pressure could be detected at the lateral ventricle and the lumbosacral space; increasing PaCO2 to 80 mm Hg resulted in significant increases in LV-CSFP; xylazine does not increase LV-CSFP in pentobarbital-anesthetized, normocapnic horses; and under the conditions of this experiment, LV-CSFP and LS-CSFP were closely correlated.  相似文献   

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