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分析了外来植物有害生物传入我国蔓延危害的主要特点、发展态势及潜在风险.我国防范外来植物有害生物入侵,主要存在管理体制、法规制度、检疫手段和技术、人员素质和资金投入等诸方面问题.加强植物检疫职能、整合检疫管理力量、构建快速反应机制、确保安全服务贸易等是有效防范外来生物入侵的重要组织步骤;完善植物检疫立法和管理体制、重视技术标准研制和采用国际标准惯例、加快有害生物风险分析和重新确定检疫性有害生物名录、改进植物检疫检验手段和技术、加强非疫区和非疫生产基地建设、设立植物检疫专项基金、加强国际合作与交流等尤为迫切. 相似文献
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Ascochyta blight of chickpea in Australia: identification, pathogenicity and mating type 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
The aetiology of blight of chickpea in South Australia was studied following sporadic disease outbreaks over several years that had been tentatively identified as Phoma blight. Nine fungal isolates from diseased chickpeas were tested for pathogenicity in the glasshouse, of which two caused symptoms resembling those of Ascochyta blight. The two aggressive isolates were identified as Ascochyta rabiei based on morphological characteristics of cultures and RAPD analysis. This was further confirmed by successful mating to international standard isolates, which showed that the two Australian isolates were MAT1-1. These isolates are accessioned as DAR 71767 and DAR 71768, New South Wales Agriculture, Australia. This is the first time that A. rabiei has been positively identified in commercial chickpeas in the southern hemisphere. The pathogen was found (in 1992) in only one of 59 seed samples harvested throughout Australia between 1992 and 1996 and tested using International Seed Testing Association methods. The teleomorph has not been found in Australia and results to date suggest that only one mating type is present. This suggests that quarantine restrictions on imported chickpea seed should be retained to prevent the introduction of the opposite mating type. 相似文献
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本文简述了黄岩农作物种子调入检疫概况。分析了种子经营企业法律意识薄弱、无证调运现象仍有发生、种子标签不规范、新入侵有害生物发现难、鉴定不及时和对承运种子的物流和快递公司缺乏相应监管条款等问题。提出了"一企一宣传"、执法检查常态化、种子标签标注规范化、新入侵有害生物发现鉴定科技化和对物流快递企业管理法制化等建议。这对种子管理、植物检疫和农技推广等部门开展相关工作有指导意义。 相似文献
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Sheep as vectors for branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa subsp. mutelii [F.W. Schultz] Cout.) seed dispersal 
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下载免费PDF全文 Emma Ginman Jane Prider John Matthews John Virtue Jennifer Watling 《Weed Biology and Management》2015,15(2):61-69
Sheep can be vectors for the long‐distance dispersal of weeds when seed becomes attached and retained in wool or survives the gastrointestinal tract. This study aimed to determine an appropriate quarantine period for sheep that minimized the risk of the long‐distance dispersal of the seeds of branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa L. subsp. mutelii [F.W. Shultz] Cout.), a parasitic weed. Experiments with penned sheep found that the seeds that were placed on the soil surface adhered to the wool on the thigh and belly of the sheep, with most of the seeds attaching to the feet. Most of the seeds that were applied to the belly and thigh wool detached within 2 days, although a small proportion was present after 7 days. The seeds that were introduced to the digestive tract via drenching had a peak voidance 2 days later and no seed was detected on Day 8. It is suggested that a 7 day quarantine period for sheep would be sufficient in order to reduce the risk of the internal transport of seed to acceptable levels, but a small risk of the external transport of seed on the fleece remains. 相似文献
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P.J. HOWELL 《EPPO Bulletin》1981,11(3):243-249
Potato viruses not known in Europe are listed and discussed in the context of risks they present to potato growing in western Europe. Aspects of mode of entry via true seed, tissue culture, rooted cuttings or tubers are assessed and the latest position is outlined in relation to developments within EPPO and the EEC. A suggested approach to post-entry quarantine testing for such material is given. 相似文献
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R.P. KAHN 《EPPO Bulletin》1979,9(1):119-130
A pest risk analysis curve on a graph is used to present diagramatically 1) the concept of pest risk analysis, and 2) the interaction of biological, economical, social, and political factors with quarantine policies, regulations, or decisions. The culmination of these regulatory activities often leads to a decision about the entry status of a wide spectrum of imported “items”. While the concept pertains to animal as well as plant quarantine matters, this paper concentrates on plant quarantine. Most of the examples presented relate specifically to the pest risk associated with importing plants or plant parts for propagation. Some of the examples presented have wide application in international quarantine circles while others relate only to the United States. The method of illustrating pest risk analysis as a curve should be useful in effectively communicating quarantine philosophy, principles, policies, and decisions not only to the commercial, lay, and scientific public, but to plant quarantine officers. For within–house quarantine activities, the diagrams may be useful in training, explaining assignments or responsibilities to officers, determining priorities or planning budgets, and as a means for emphasizing the biological aspects of decisions about entry status of imported items. 相似文献
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在入境口岸实施检疫是进境动植物检疫工作的基本要求 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
动植物检疫是防控外来有害生物最经济有效的措施。不论是国境还是关境,进境动植物检疫所指的口岸都应当是指进入该国家或该地区的第一个领土接触点所在的口岸。不论是动植物检疫的国际准则,还是世界主要贸易国家,以及我国的动植物检疫法,都明确规定了进境动植物检疫工作应当在入境口岸实施检疫这一基本要求。当前我国一些口岸的动植物检疫改革措施突破了这一基本要求,有可能造成外来有害生物传入的风险并对动植检工作本身造成不利影响。从动植物检疫的历史起源、科学基础、预防属性以及职能等方面看,在对进境动植物检疫采取改革措施时,都应注意坚持在入境口岸实施检疫这一基本要求。为落实好这一基本要求,笔者建议应当增强依法施检的意识,树立正确的创新观,不断提高口岸检疫把关能力,完善风险评估和分类管理,以及进一步加强检疫及监管工作。 相似文献
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产地检疫是防止检疫性有害生物从源头传播蔓延的根本途径,是最为经济、有效的检疫控害手段。宁津县小麦良种生产历史悠久,小麦良种繁育面积广,检疫工作数量大,本文介绍了笔者多年来在基层产地检疫工作中遇到的实际问题,以小麦产地检疫为例就如何加强基层农业产地检疫工作提出建议。 相似文献
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This paper examines some of the issues arising from the use of the IPPC definition of a quarantine pest. Using hypothetical case studies of pathogens and their hosts, the authors examine some of the potentially contentious issues that are likely to arise from the application of the definition. Proposals for resolving these issues are suggested. To further simplify the application of the IPPC definition in international plant quarantine, the authors present diagrams setting out the decision-making pathways that can be followed. 相似文献
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Plasmopara halstedii, the causal agent of downy mildew of sunflower, is an oomycete listed as a quarantine pathogen. This obligate parasite resides in a quiescent state in seeds of sunflower and can be spread from seed production areas to areas of crop production by international seed trade. To prevent the spread or the introduction of potentially new genotypes or fungicide-tolerant strains, an efficient method to detect P. halstedii in sunflower seed is required. This work reports the optimization of a real-time detection tool that targets the pathogen within sunflower seeds, and provides statistically validated data for that tool. The tool proved to be specific and inclusive, based on computer simulation and in vitro assessments, and could detect as few as 45 copies of target DNA. A fully optimized DNA extraction protocol was also developed starting from a sample of 1,000 sunflower seeds, and enabled the detection of <1 infected seed/1,000 seeds. To ensure reliability of the results, a set of controls was used systematically during the assays, including a plant-specific probe used in a duplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction that enabled the assessment of the quality of each DNA extract. 相似文献
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N. A. Van der Graaff 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1993,99(3):93-102
Plant protection has many international aspects; it is also quickly changing, especially in relation to sustainability. FAO’s activities in plant protection are grouped in four major thrusts: plant quarantine, pesticide management, integrated pest management and migratory pest control. The International Plant Protection Convention defines the FAO’s activities in plant quarantine, while, in response to the GATT Uruguay Round, harmonization of plant quarantine is also being undertaken. Pesticide management activities address the International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides and standard setting on pesticide residues. Integrated Pest Management is the core of the plant protection programme, together with international coordination of migratory pest control. All these activities are complemented by technical assistance programmes, including assistance with the establishment of plant protection services.FAO’s activities remain a compromise between what member countries see as desirable and what is affordable. Long term commitment is required to achieve result. New functions in quarantine and pesticide management have been taken up, but the international assessment of pesticides needs urgent attention. The paradigm change away from pesticide use will require further international cooperation. Substantial research and a new control system is needed for locust control. 相似文献
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B. K. Varma 《国际虫害防治杂志》2013,59(3):216-219
Abstract The inevitable large‐scale plant germplasm exchanges between countries for crop improvement have led to strict plant quarantine inspections, safeguards, and sometimes restrictions. The paper describes the procedures and techniques adopted for the safe exchange by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi‐Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) plant germplasm in India. Safeguards for the imported germplasm include intermediate quarantine for groundnut (Arachis sp.) cuttings, fumigation, dry seed inspection, and microscopic examination followed by seed treatment and growing of healthy crops in a quarantine isolation area before releasing seeds of disease free progeny to the scientists. Similarly, inspection of crops before collection of seeds followed by fumigation, microscopic examination, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test for groundnut viruses, seed treatment, and finally good packing have been found effective for export of healthy seeds. 相似文献
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《EPPO Bulletin》2017,47(3):487-503
Specific scope
The purpose of this Standard is to recommend to EPPO Member countries the phytosanitary measures which they should use or require for seed and ware potatoes moving in international trade to prevent the introduction and spread of quarantine pests. Farm‐saved seed is not covered because it is not grown under an official certification scheme and should not be traded. The recommended phytosanitary measures for A1 pests are addressed to all EPPO Member countries and those for A2 pests are aimed at countries where the pest does not occur or is not widely distributed. These recommendations are derived from the phytosanitary measures included in EPPO Standard PM 1/2 (EPPO A1 and A2 Lists), EPPO Standards PM2 (pest‐specific phytosanitary measures, which were withdrawn in 2006) and Pest Risk Analyses (PRAs).Specific approval and amendment
First approved in 2004‐09. Revised in 2017‐09 相似文献18.
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随着我国经济的发展,植物检疫工作取得了长足进步。综述了我国检疫政策与国际规则的对接,监督管理模式的改革以及植物检疫对严防外来生物入侵、服务三农和对外贸易交往等方面发挥的重要作用;介绍了植物检疫在科学决策的研究,分子生物技术的应用和除害处理方法多样化等技术进展。 相似文献
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本文对2017年至2019年我国口岸截获的植物检疫性菌物进行统计,重点分析了不同寄主分布、检疫业务类型、来源国及口岸的菌物截获情况。分析结果表明,与2017年相比,2018年和2019年进境植物检疫性菌物截获数据呈明显下降趋势;按寄主分布统计,截获检疫性菌物种次数从高到低依次为粮谷、水果、种苗及原木;按检疫业务类型统计,货检检疫截获检疫性菌物种次数最多,旅检检疫次之,而运输工具、邮检、木包装及集装箱检疫截获种次数均较少;按来源国或地区统计,美国是截获检疫性菌物种类数最多的来源国,而哈萨克斯坦是截获检疫性菌物种次数最多的来源国;按截获口岸统计,检疫性菌物的截获主要集中在沿海口岸,而内地口岸疫情截获种次数较少。 相似文献