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1.
Techniques and methods required for accurate and reproducible measurements of transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi), were studied in seven-week and five-month-old calves. Since reliable pleural pressure measurement in cattle has already been described, separate experiments were conducted to compare retrodiaphragmatic pressures measured (i) with balloon-catheters and needle catheters, (ii) before and after eructation and (iii) in the ruminal and in the peritoneal cavities. Whereas respiratory-induced pressure changes were equally transmitted throughout the rumen content, a marked anteroposterior damping was observed as the recording site in the abdominal cavity was moved away from the diaphragm (P < 0.0001). It was concluded that the most appropriate and accurate way to measure Pdi changes in polygastric animals is to measure the pressure changes existing in the mid-thoracic portion of the oesophagus and in the liquid content of the rumen with balloon-tubing units. Neither growth- and diet-related rumen enlargement nor eructation, which are two typical characteristics of ruminants, altered the reliability of retrodiaphragmatic pressure measurements in the two age groups studied. 相似文献
2.
The regulation of lactic acid production, the regulation of lactate fermentation and the role of lactate as intermediate in the rumen metabolism was studied.The pH had a pronounced effect on all three processes and therefore buffer capacity of the rumen contents is also described.Starch gave much less rise to lactic acidosis than soluble sugars, as glucose and fructose. Most bacteria grow faster and therefore produce more lactic acid when amino acids and/or soluble proteins are present in the diet.Activity of LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) of mixed rumen microorganisms is regulated by the NADH/NAD (H) balance and the ATP concentration. About 60% of the LDH in mixed rumen microorganisms is fructose-1, 6-diphosphate independent.
Megasphaera elsdenii ferments 60 to 80% of the lactate fermented in the rumen of dairy cattle.Lactate accumulates only when the glycolytic flux (hexose units fermented per unit time per microorganism) is high. During adaptation, the glycolytic flux is increased and lactate may accumulate. After adaptation to a certain diet, the number of microorganisms is changed and the glycolytic flux again is normal and lactate is only a minor intermediate in rumen metabolism. 相似文献
3.
研究了啤酒酵母培养物(BYC)对牛瘤胃内环境及发酵作用的影响。向2头带有永久性瘤胃疫苗的奶牛灌注200ml/次BYC,早(8:00)、晚(20:00)各一次。瘤胃内取样测定pH、氨氮及VFA浓度,并测定和计算乙/丙酸的比例。结果显示,BYC可使瘤胃pH值升高0.08—0.1个单位,氨氮浓度降低,乙酸、丙酸浓度及其比例升高。In sacco及In vitro的消化试验均表明,BYC对饲料粗纤维素的消化率均有极显著的(p<0.01)促进作用。 相似文献
4.
In an experiment with wethers the effect of the feeding with pelleted feed rations and the partial replacement of coarse fodder by non-treated beech sawdust on the motorial activity of the rumen was observed. The rumen motility was measured through a rumen fistula by means of the balloon method with the help of a capacitator primary unit, an electric manometer and a recording instrument. Over a period of 24 weeks the animals consumed 1.3 kg dry matter per day. It consisted of 41.8% meadow hay, 25.3% barley, 15.4% sawdust, 15.0% molasses, 1.3% urea, 0.76% mixed minerals and 0.48% hexametaphosphate in the form of pellets (test group) or the traditional classical form (control group). The feeding of pellets diminished the frequency (P less than 0.001) and the intensity of rumen contractions before and 1, 3 and 5 hours after feeding. Maximal frequency values were registered one hour after the food intake. During this time the number of secondary contractions of the rumen increased; differences of the frequency were, however, not registered, which means that the different physical form of the diet had no influence on the motorial activity of the rumen and that the food intake as such is the decisive factor. The diminished rumen motility in further hours after feeding was effected by treating the feed (grinding and pelleting). 相似文献
5.
玉米是奶牛舍饲的主要能量饲料来源之一,而蒸汽压片技术是一项目前较为成熟的日粮加工技术,主要通过机械的湿热加工方法改变原料物理形态和营养物质的化学结构,广泛应用于反刍动物日粮中。蒸汽压片处理工艺中的蒸汽压力、温度和处理时间会影响压片产品的容重和淀粉糊化度,进而影响其饲喂效果。研究发现,经蒸汽压片处理的玉米可有效提高其淀粉消化率,加快瘤胃内的发酵速度,改变瘤胃发酵模式,促进瘤胃微生物蛋白合成,有利于维持瘤胃pH及瘤胃内环境的稳定。也有研究表明,蒸汽压片玉米饲喂奶牛后,对其采食量没有明显影响,但可以提高产奶量,改善乳成分,从而提高奶牛的产奶性能。作者对蒸汽压片玉米技术及其在奶牛生产中的应用研究进展进行综述,以期为蒸汽压片玉米在中国奶牛生产中的合理使用提供参考。 相似文献
6.
Schneider K Gasteiner J Guggenberger T Urdl M Steiner S Neidl A Linhart N Baumgartner W 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2010,123(9-10):406-412
Subacute rumen acidosis (SARA) of ruminants is an important factor in terms of animal health, especially in high yielding cattle. In order to find an accurate method to determine the ruminal pH-value, three methods using eight rumen cannulated cattle were compared. An indwelling measuring unit (sensor) was used for continuous measurement of the ruminal pH-value. These results were compared to the pH-values of samplings via rumen fistula and to the results of samplings via oral stomach tube. Due to the different rations, mean pH-value of trial 1 (average of all methods) was 6.64 +/- 0.37 (hay ad lib., 2 kg concentrate/ animal) and 6.24 +/- 0.36 for trial 2 (75% maize silage, 1 kg hay, 2 kg soybean meal). In trial 1 no statistically significant differences between all methods could be observed. Under more acidic ruminal conditions of trial 2 all methods differed significantly (p < 0.05). In the lower pH-range of trial 2, a difference of 0.32 that data can be collected continuously. The sensor system was evaluated by a comparison with standardized pH-dilutions (pH 4, pH 7). The sensor system has proven to be an accurate and reliable instrument (r = 0.9984) and it represents an innovative system for answering scientific questions in terms of rumen physiology and rumen pathology. 相似文献
7.
试验旨在利用Box-Behnken响应面法优化蒸汽爆破预处理小麦秸秆最佳条件，从而解决小麦秸秆营养成分利用率较低的问题。选取蒸汽压强（1.5~2.5 MPa）、水分含量（10%~50%）和维压时间（90~210 s）为自变量，瘤胃体外发酵产气速率为响应值，利用响应面建立回归模型并进行回归方程拟合，预测最佳工艺参数。结果显示：维压时间对瘤胃体外发酵产气速率的影响极显著（P<0.01），蒸汽压强和水分含量对瘤胃体外发酵产气速率无显著影响（P>0.05）。由F值可知：3个自变量对瘤胃体外发酵产气速率的影响大小依次为维压时间、蒸汽压强和水分含量。Box-Behnken响应面法优化蒸汽爆破预处理小麦秸秆的最优工艺参数为蒸汽压强1.77 MPa、水分含量49.91%和维压时间209.98 s。此条件下瘤胃体外发酵产气速率可达0.0794 mL/h。3次平行试验验证的体外发酵产气速率为0.0786 mL/h，与理论预测值误差仅为1.02%。将小麦秸秆在最佳爆破条件下重新爆破并进行体外发酵试验，与未蒸汽爆破的小麦秸秆相比，蒸汽爆破极显著降低了小麦秸秆中中性洗涤纤维（NDF）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）和半纤维素的含量（P<0.01），同时极显著提高了体外发酵液中挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）和NH3-N的含量（P<0.01）。综上，采用响应面法优化蒸汽爆破小麦秸秆的条件合理可行，优化的蒸汽爆破参数可用于提高小麦秸秆营养价值的蒸汽爆破工艺中。 相似文献
8.
9.
瘤胃液渗透压和pH值是决定反刍动物灌注营养能否成功的重要因素。灌注缓冲液的浓度及缓冲液与挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）的比例控制着瘤胃液的渗透压与pH值。本试验用4只灌注营养的绵羊，分6个缓冲液水平研究了缓冲液对瘤胃液渗透压与pH值的影响。结果表明，当缓冲液储备液与挥发酸储备液重量之比为4．39～6．58，且缓冲液灌注水平为84．7～127．2g／kgW0．75时，灌注绵羊的瘤胃液渗透压与pH值可处于安全范围内。 相似文献
10.
全自动体外模拟瘤胃发酵系统:19 kPa以下排气压力不影响发酵特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本试验旨在研究不同排气压力对体外模拟瘤胃发酵特征的影响。选用3只体重相近、装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的成年湘东黑山羊作为瘤胃液供体动物,利用全自动体外模拟瘤胃发酵系统,选用6种发酵底物进行48 h体外发酵,研究9、14和19 k Pa 3种排气压力对总产气量、甲烷产量、产气参数、干物质消失率、发酵液p H以及挥发性脂肪酸产量等发酵参数的影响。结果表明:发酵底物对体外模拟瘤胃发酵参数影响显著(P0.05);排气压力对体外模拟瘤胃发酵参数没有显著影响(P0.05)。由此可见,排气压力由9 k Pa增至19 k Pa对体外模拟瘤胃发酵特征无影响。 相似文献
11.
Effects of osmolality on water, electrolytes and VFAs absorption from the isolated ruminoreticulum in the cow 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
H Tabaru K Ikeda E Kadota Y Murakami H Yamada N Sasaki A Takeuchi 《Nippon juigaku zasshi. The Japanese journal of veterinary science》1990,52(1):91-96
Effect of the osmolality on the absorption of water, electrolyte and VFAs from the isolated ruminoreticulum under normal feeding condition were investigated in a series of the study to evaluate the rumen as a potential site of absorption in oral fluid therapy of adult cattle. Thirty of 40 l of the test solutions with varying osmotic pressure (100, 200, 300 and 500 mosmol/L, pH 6.8) were prepared using different concentrations of electrolytes and VFAs. These were infused into the isolated and emptied ruminoreticulum, and the absorption rate of water and each components were studied for 3 hrs. Marked absorption of water was observed with solutions more hypotonic than rumen fluid, the extent of which was more extensive with less osmotic pressure; the absorption rate as high as 47.6% was obtained with a solution 100 mosmol in osmotic pressure. When hypertonic solution (500 mosmol/L) was infused, however, water was transported on the contrary from the blood to the rumen. Absorption rates of electrolytes such as Na, K and Cl were increased according to the elevation of osmolalities and their concentrations in the test solutions. VFAs were also absorbed in large quantities (23.9-74.5%) in any test solutions, though the absorption rates were significantly decreased with the elevation of osmolalities. These results may indicate that the ruminal wall has a high absorptive function for water, electrolytes and VFAs when the osmolalities and the concentration of solutes in the ruminal fluid are maintained within a certain range. Furthermore, it is thought that they may work as a rational support for a possible oral fluid therapy even in adult cows. 相似文献
12.
Bingham HR Wittum TE Morley PS Bray TM Sarver CF Queen WG Shulaw WP 《American journal of veterinary research》2000,61(10):1209-1213
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the ability of orally administered aspirin to mitigate 3-methylindole (3MI)-induced respiratory tract disease and reduced rate of gain in feedlot cattle. ANIMALS: 244 beef cattle. PROCEDURE: In a masked, randomized, controlled field trial, calves were untreated (controls) or received a single orally administered dose of aspirin (31.2 g) on entry into a feedlot. Serum 3MI concentrations were measured on days 0, 3, and 6. Rumen 3MI concentration was measured on day 3. Cattle were observed daily for clinical signs of respiratory tract disease. Lungs were evaluated at slaughter for gross pulmonary lesions. RESULTS: Mean daily gain (MDG) in cattle treated with aspirin, compared with control cattle, was 0.06 kg greater in the backgrounding unit and 0.03 kg greater for the overall feeding period. Neither serum nor rumen 3MI concentrations appeared to modify this effect. Cattle treated with aspirin were more likely to be treated for respiratory tract disease. Mortality rate, gross pulmonary lesions, and serum and rumen 3MI concentrations were similar between groups. Increased rumen 3MI concentration was associated with a small difference in risk of lung fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Cattle given a single orally administered dose of aspirin on feedlot entry had higher MDG in the backgrounding unit and for the overall feeding period, but this finding could not be attributed to mitigation of effects of 3MI. This may have been influenced by low peak 3MI production and slow rates of gain. 相似文献
13.
Kinetics of hydration of ground hay and silage particles (2-mm screen), determined by a pycnometric technique, was best described by a two- and one-pool exponential model, respectively. Fractional rates of hydration of the large pool, detected in hay particles only, and of the small pool present in both hay and silage particles averaged .135 and .021 min-1, respectively. When hydration was complete, liquid associated with particles averaged 1.16, 1.90, and .83 g/g of insoluble DM for bromegrass hay, alfalfa hay, and alfalfa silage, respectively. Functional specific gravity, which accounts for the effect of associated gas volume, averaged 1.54, 1.46, and 1.54, but unit specific gravity, calculated to include the effect of gases and liquid of hydration, averaged 1.22, 1.14, and 1.26 for bromegrass hay, alfalfa hay, and alfalfa silage, respectively. Preservation of forage as silage not only lowered gas volume, but also reduced water-holding capacity, both of which contribute to greater unit specific gravity and faster rate of escape from the rumen. In addition, estimates of unit specific gravity of approximately 1.2 indicate that even in the absence of associated gas, hydrated forage particles would tend to escape the rumen at a slower rate than that achieved by more dense particles. 相似文献
14.
Mature wether sheep were continuously given a concentrate-type diet and intraruminally infused with treatments of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) at 0, 20 or 40 g/l per day according to a 3 x 3 Latin-square design. No effects of NaHCO3 on digestive parameters were statistically significant (P greater than 0.1). However, NaHCO3 additions decreased dietary intake and at 20 g/day supplementation, apparent digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter and nitrogen were increased, but 40 g/day bicarbonate reduced these values. Additions of NaHCO3 tended to increase rumen pH values, buffering capacities, concentrations of ammonia and acetate: propionate ratios. Water intakes, rumen volumes and population densities of rumen bacteria and protozoa were also higher with NaHCO3 supplementation, but these were not reflected by consistent changes in either rumen dilution rates or rumen microbial nitrogen concentrations. Interrelationships of digestive parameters that might be produced by the neutralising, buffering and osmotic pressure effects of sodium bicarbonate are discussed. 相似文献
15.
The fermentation equipment RUSITEC (Rumen Simulation Technique) is a simplified model of the rumen which stimulates the conditions inside the rumen, enables to keep the normal microbial population of the rumen for a long time under strictly controllable conditions, and enables a permanent monitoring of fermentation processes. Trials were conducted to see whether this model of "artificial rumen" can be used to determine the nutritive value of untreated beech sawdust and beech sawdust treated hydrobarothermically at the pressure of 1.4 MPa and impregnated with 1% H2SO4. The digestibility of the dry matter and fibre components was higher in the treated beech sawdust than in the untreated sawdust. In both reaction vessels, the amounts of acetic, propionic and butyric acids as well as the total VFA, were higher during the fermentation of treated beech sawdust, as compared with the diet with raw beech sawdust. The increased output of VFA, especially the acetic and butyric acids, resulted in a proportional increase in the output of gases, especially carbon dioxide and methane, as compared with the production of gases in rumens digesting untreated beech sawdust. In comparison with other in-vitro methods, this model of fermentation equipment characterizes the nutritive values of various kinds of feed in a more thorough way: using this equipment, the simulation technique has proceeded much closer to reality. 相似文献
16.
瘤胃是反刍动物至关重要的消化吸收器官，部分降解的营养物质可直接通过瘤胃上皮被机体吸收和利用。因此，瘤胃的发育程度与反刍动物的生产性能密切相关，而瘤胃发育充分且功能健全是反刍动物最佳生产性能得以发挥的前提条件。然而，幼龄反刍动物瘤胃的生理结构及其功能均发育不完善，需在固体饲料、断母乳等外界刺激下完成经由非反刍阶段向反刍阶段转变的复杂过程，进而才可发挥其重要功能。目前，如何掌握并遵循瘤胃的发育规律，在保证瘤胃充分发育且功能完善的情况下，对幼龄反刍动物实施早期断奶技术，已成为现代反刍动物养殖生产中亟需解决的问题之一。作者就反刍动物瘤胃发育进程中瘤胃微生物菌群的时空演变、瘤胃组织形态学发育和代谢改变及瘤胃发育调控机制进行综述，由生理结构至功能逐层对反刍动物瘤胃的发育规律进行全面总结，阐明影响反刍动物瘤胃发育的相关因素及其可能的调控机制。本文旨在进一步丰富与瘤胃发育相关的理论基础，以期为利用瘤胃发育规律开发促进反刍动物瘤胃发育的营养调控策略提供科学支撑，为挖掘幼龄反刍动物的生产潜力提供新思路。 相似文献
17.
试验旨在研究北方典型草原放牧蒙古羊瘤胃细菌菌群结构和多样性随季节变化的规律。随机选取北方典型草原上终年放牧不补饲的6只蒙古羊,在冬季（1月）、春季（4月）、夏季（6月牧草生长期和8月牧草旺盛期）和秋季（10月中旬）,通过口腔采取瘤胃液,利用MiSeq测序技术分析了不同季节、不同牧草生长时期瘤胃细菌种群的结构和多样性。结果表明,放牧蒙古羊瘤胃细菌在夏季牧草生长旺盛期操作分类单元（OTU）和多样性最高,冬季最少,瘤胃细菌夏季和冬季OTU和多样性都差异显著（P<0.05）。在门水平上,厚壁菌门（Firmicutes,56.93%）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes,21.52%）为蒙古羊瘤胃中的优势细菌种群;厚壁菌门OTU在8月达到最大值,拟杆菌门OTU在6月达到最大值,均与其他月份差异显著（P<0.05）。在科水平上,瘤胃菌科（Ruminococcaceae,19.09%）、毛螺菌科（Lachnospiraceae,16.98%）、克里斯蒂娜科（Christensenellaceae,12.11%）、普雷沃氏菌科（Prevotellaceae,8.51%）和理研菌科（Rikenellaceae,8.27%）是蒙古羊瘤胃中的优势种群,分别在夏季（6月或8月）数量达到峰值。在属水平上,普雷沃氏菌属（Prevotella,4.79%）、丁酸弧菌属（Butyrivibrio,1.77%）和瘤胃球菌属（Ruminococcus,1.27%）含量最高。因此,北方牧区放牧蒙古羊瘤胃细菌以厚壁菌门的瘤胃菌科数量最高,是典型的消化纤维素细菌,符合以牧草为饲的放牧羊的特征。 相似文献
18.
Biosynthesis of arginine (Arg) from citrulline (Cit), ornithine (Orn), proline (Pro), and 5-aminovaleric acid (5AV) by mixed rumen bacteria (B), protozoa (P), and their mixture (BP) was quantitatively investigated in an in vitro system from the standpoint of protein nutrition in ruminants. Rumen microorganisms, collected from ruminally fistulated goats, were anaerobically incubated with or without 1 mmol/L each of substrates at 39°C for 12 h. Arginine and other related compounds, produced in both supernatants and acid-hydrolyzates of microorganisms in B, P, and BP suspensions, were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Arginine production from Cit in BP, when expressed with a unit of 'μmol/g microbial nitrogen', was approximately 70% and 94% higher than that in B and P, respectively, in a 12-h incubation period. In the case of Orn, the values were approximately 30% and 75%. Both rumen bacteria and protozoa could produce Cit and Orn from Pro, so it is assumed that they can produce Arg from Pro. Rumen protozoa were unable to degrade 5AV and it was the final product in the metabolism of Cit, Orn and Pro in P suspension. A trace amount of Orn and Pro produced from 5AV in B and BP suspensions indicated that the reversible reaction of 5AV formation was performed only by rumen bacteria. This is the first quantitative report on Arg biosynthesis from its precursors by rumen microorganisms. 相似文献
19.
生产中为了追求高产,反刍动物不可避免地需要饲喂高精料饲粮来满足其生产需要,而反刍动物饲喂高精料饲粮易诱发瘤胃胀气和瘤胃酸中毒,显著降低动物的生产性能,甚至还会导致动物死亡,给养殖业造成重大经济损失。早期研究认为瘤胃产气过多过快是高精料饲粮诱发瘤胃胀气的主要原因,但随着科技的进步,越来越多的研究表明,瘤胃气体被泡沫包裹无法正常排放才是高精料饲粮诱发瘤胃胀气的根本原因。瘤胃泡沫形成的确切机制还有待研究,来源于饲粮的、瘤胃微生物合成的以及瘤胃微生物酵解饲粮产生的蛋白质、多糖和羧酸盐可能充当了瘤胃泡沫的起泡剂或泡沫稳定剂。 相似文献
20.
瘤胃上皮在挥发性脂肪酸的吸收和代谢中发挥着重要作用，但瘤胃上皮发育的机制尚不清楚。近年来研究报道，瘤胃微生物与宿主存在互作关系，瘤胃微生物可以通过与宿主的相互作用，在瘤胃上皮发育和代谢中发挥作用。然而，瘤胃微生物与宿主相互作用的调节机制在很大程度上是未知的。因此，本文总结了瘤胃微生物与宿主互作以及其促进瘤胃上皮发育的最新研究成果，以期从瘤胃微生物与宿主互作角度，分析瘤胃上皮发育机制，为进一步了解瘤胃上皮发育过程中瘤胃微生物与宿主之间的关系研究提供理论依据。 相似文献