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1.
粒子图像测速(Particle Image Velocimetry, PIV)技术具有多点同时测量、对水流无干扰的优点,该研究利用高分辨率PIV(分辨率为64 pixels/mm),测量了7组坡面流(水深范围为0.5～1.1 cm,雷诺数范围为1 000～3 000),并测量1组深水明渠紊流作为对照,研究了流速轮廓线和修正系数、紊动强度和雷诺应力、偏态系数和峰度系数的变化规律。结果表明:1)PIV能够有效观测坡面流床面至水面的流速分布。当坡面流流态为过渡流时,流速修正系数随着雷诺数的增加呈对数增加,均值为0.77;2)对比深水明渠紊流的紊动强度,坡面流的流向紊动强度较大,而垂向紊动强度较小,且随着水深及雷诺数的增加,坡面流紊动强度逐渐与深水明渠紊流的特征吻合。深水明渠紊流中受雷诺应力影响的流体占比约80%,而坡面流中受雷诺应力影响的流体占比小于80%,随着雷诺数的增加坡面流中受雷诺应力影响的流体占比变大;3)对比深水明渠紊流的峰度系数,坡面流的峰度系数大部分大于3,表明坡面流较深水明渠紊流出现极端流速事件的概率小。PIV技术有利于实验室研究坡面水力侵蚀的力学机理机制问题。 相似文献
2.
薄层流是一种特殊形态的明渠流,其特点是水深浅薄。为探讨薄层流流速分布是否满足对数律,该研究利用高分辨率粒子图像测速(Particle Image Velocimetry,PIV)技术,分析8组薄层流(水深0.49～1.1 cm,雷诺数835～2 877)及1组深水明渠紊流(对照)床面至水面的流速分布、紊动强度及雷诺应力。并基于诊断函数,研究薄层流流速是否满足对数律、对数区的范围及卡门常数变化规律。结果表明,薄层流的无量纲流速从过渡区开始偏离深水明渠水流中的理论曲线;薄层流的流向紊动强度大于深水明渠紊流,但垂向紊动强度小于深水明渠紊流,随着水深的增加,两者的紊动强度逐渐重合;雷诺应力的特征表明,随着水深的增加,受黏性力影响的范围越来越小。薄层流诊断函数曲线的特征说明薄层流中不存在严格意义的对数区,但当水深极浅时(水深≤0.53 cm),流速基本满足对数律,且卡门常数在0.2～0.3范围内。当水深和雷诺数增加,薄层流诊断函数曲线出现波动而不再近似水平。为方便实际计算,若允许诊断函数有一定的倾斜,对数区在极大值与极小值之间的范围,薄层流的卡门常数随着雷诺数的增加而增加。此外,薄层流对数区的范围并非稳定,随着雷诺数的增加,对数区影响的范围变大。该研究可为薄层流的理论研究和流速计算提供参考。 相似文献
3.
微灌离心分离器内部流场分布数值模拟 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
在缺水地区,利用高含沙水作为微灌水源的条件下,低浓度混合多相流模型已不能适用于微灌用离心分离器的数值模拟。该文以高含沙水作为微灌水源,结合离心分离器的结构参数,在流体力学基本方程基础上,通过网格划分和边界条件设定,采用有限体积法进行离散和求解,控制方程采用k-ε模型模拟分析了离心分离器的内部流场特征,并通过试验验证数值模拟成果,模拟值与试验实测值相对误差在10%以内,说明数值模拟采用的算法和模型是合理的。在试验验证的基础上,模拟分析了高含沙水为微灌水源的条件下,离心分离器的速度、湍动能以及静压分布,结果表明:离心分离器内速度分布主要有切向速度、轴向速度和径向速度,沿径向方向具有一定的对称性;离心分离器内湍动能分布具有一定的对称性,由轴中间向器壁两侧逐渐变小;静压分布具有一定的对称性性,由器壁两侧向轴中心逐渐减少。结果可为微灌用离心分离器特性参数的优化提供依据。 相似文献
4.
山区浅层水流深度极浅且移动缓慢,降雨条件下其泥沙输移现象尚不明确。为探明受到降雨影响下的浅水河流均匀沙起动问题,该研究假设雨滴落入河道后会影响到整个水流区,形成雨滴群与水流混合的流体,从孔隙介质流理论入手,假设当降雨存在时床面泥沙颗粒增加了向上的附加力,进一步分析泥沙颗粒的受力情况,推导出层流水流泥沙颗粒起动关系表达式。从含沙水流流速分布规律得到启发,雨滴落入层流水流的状态类似于含沙水流,当降雨存在时层流水流流速分布仍然满足线性关系。利用无降雨泥沙起动经典试验数据,确定了拖曳力系数以及上举力系数,发现两者都是沙粒雷诺数的函数。利用已有研究的降雨实测数据,求出了8种降雨强度(0.254～152.4mm/h)下的雨滴直径分布概率密度表达式(R~2=0.998),进而求出雨滴的平均直径表达式,并给出受降雨影响的层流水流泥沙颗粒起动切应力计算模型。该研究模型表明降雨的存在使得泥沙起动所需的临界摩阻流速减小。通过与已有研究进行对比分析,该研究建立的受降雨影响的浅水泥沙颗粒起动计算公式具有最高的精度,平均误差仅为14.8%,能够为山区水沙灾害防治提供理论支撑。 相似文献
5.
滴灌自清洗网式过滤器全流场数值模拟与分析 总被引：1，自引：5，他引：1
为了全面了解现有自清洗网式过滤器内部水流结构和特性,为进一步结构优化提供依据,该文采用Fluent(6.3)软件对其进行了全流场数值模拟。在分析过滤器结构及自清洗原理基础上,建立了过滤器内部流场的数学模型和自清洗系统的动网格模型,给出了过滤过程和自清洗过程计算区域和网格、以及进出口边界条件,对比分析了自清洗流量与进出口压力降关系模拟结果和试验结果。分析表明：模拟压降与实测压降符合较好,可以保证后续模拟结果的可靠性;在此基础上,对过滤过程内部流场进行了模拟,得到了水流流速、紊动能和压力的分布规律,分析了过滤器结构设计不足。运用动网格技术,对过滤器自清洗过程进行了数值模拟,通过流速、紊动能和压力分布等流场分析,指出了自清洗系统的不足,研究结果可为过滤器结构优化设计提供参考。 相似文献
6.
针对坡面径流水深浅(1～5mm)和水动力学参数(流速、水深等)提取困难,给坡面侵蚀径流水流结构、能量耗散及泥沙输移等的深入研究带来困难的问题,基于水动力学原理和相似性理论,通过"非常规比尺模型"将径流水深进行放大,来研究坡面薄层含沙水流的水流相似过程。结果表明:(1)当薄层含沙水流水深放大2.5倍,含沙量在10～320kg/m~3时,薄层含沙水流原型和模型的水面线(阻力)、流速、侵蚀地形的误差分别为0～0.1%,0.1%～5.3%,0.9%～4.9%,误差均在允许范围之内,原型和模型满足几何、运动等相似比尺转换关系;(2)水深在0.5～1.25cm时,薄层含沙水流为紊流,原型和模型的流速垂向分布满足对数分布,可以用同一方程进行表达;(3)"非常规比尺模型"可以作为一种方法应用到薄层含沙水流的水动力学参数提取、水流结构、能量耗散、泥沙输移等的深入研究过程中。 相似文献
7.
开机组合对泵站进水系统泥沙浓度分布的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
针对泵站来流含沙条件下不同开机组合对进水系统泥沙浓度分布的影响问题,该研究开展了基于欧拉-欧拉算法的大型泵站进水系统固液两相流数值分析。首先,为了定量描述泥沙对流场均匀性的影响,对比分析了清水和浑水情况下进水流场的流速分布均匀度和回流系数,发现质量浓度10 kg/m3且粒径为25 μm的泥沙会使进水流场内的同轴漩涡变成沿水深方向更大尺度的螺旋状漩涡,进水池内的回流系数增长20.6%,流速分布均匀度下降8%。其次,通过对不同开机台数和机组组合方式下进水系统内泥沙浓度分布的对比分析,发现前池和进水池两侧边壁附近泥沙浓度最高,与引渠等宽的中心区域泥沙浓度最低,两侧边壁的泥沙浓度随开机台数的减少而增大,边机组不运行会破坏流场的对称性并在边机组与边壁区域形成死水区或漩涡区,增大泥沙浓度;基于开机组合的多工况分析,建立来流速度与流场内泥沙沉积效率的二次多项式模型。最后,开展了泥沙浓度与速度之间的相关性分析,发现泥沙浓度与横向速度平方呈幂函数关系,当泥沙粒径为25 μm且质量浓度为10 kg/m3时,进水流场的不淤速度为0.421 m/s,并且不淤速度随开机台数的减少而降低。研究结果可为含沙泵站进水系统防淤措施设计提供依据。 相似文献
8.
[目的] 为探明磷素对含沙水流流体变异特性的影响。[方法] 采用自制双竖管流变仪,研究了磷素对不同浓度含沙水流流体类型、流变参数及流体发生变异的临界阈值的影响。[结果] (1)磷素浓度、泥沙浓度及泥沙理化性质是影响含沙水流发生流体变异的主要因素。在25 ℃下,过磷酸钙浓度每增加0.1 g/cm3,黏滞系数和宾汉极限剪切力分别增加0.48~1.47 mPa·s和3.49~6.84 N/m2。(2)随着磷素和泥沙含量的增大,含磷素的含沙水流由牛顿流体变异为宾汉流体。构建并验证了磷-泥沙水流黏滞系数和宾汉极限剪切力等流变参数的计算模型。(3)给出了磷-泥沙水流流体变异的临界浓度阈值。当磷素浓度从0增加至0.45 g/cm3时,含沙水流的流体变异临界浓度阈值降低49%,说明磷素的存在加速了含沙水流的流体变异。[结论] 磷素的增加使得侵蚀水流更容易由牛顿流体变异为宾汉流体,从而影响侵蚀流内部的能量耗散过程,研究结果为深入认识侵蚀污染水流的输移机制提供了新的科学基础。 相似文献
9.
测量坡面薄层水流流速的电解质示踪真实边界条件法与系统 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
坡面薄层水流流速的测量对研究地表水文过程具有重要意义。电解质脉冲法将边界条件用脉冲函数近似得到解析解,进而估算流速,引起误差。本研究在脉冲法的基础上改进,在测量系统中增加一组探针用于测量实际的边界函数。利用测得的边界条件数据,计算出模型边界条件的参数,进而将系统的真实边界条件的解与实测数据拟合,用最小二乘法计算流速。结果表明:两种真实边界条件法估算的流速没有显著差别,与流量法测量结果也一致,在短距离时真实边界条件法比脉冲法有较高的精度。由此说明,采用真实边界条件法和系统测量流速是可行的。 相似文献
10.
长距离供水工程的安全稳定运行离不开水锤防护,然而传统的水锤计算模型和分析方法忽略了泥沙颗粒影响。该研究基于浆体水锤波速公式和管路当量摩阻公式构建特征线方程进行数值计算,并通过水库-管道-阀门系统（RPV）关阀水锤试验的压力数据进行模型验证;结合单向塔边界数学模型,探究了泥沙颗粒参数对某工程输水管路单向塔水锤防护效果的影响。结果表明：无防护掉电时,含沙工况下泵后的降压波幅值更大,较清水多出1.22m;含沙水管路沿线的最小内水压力均低于清水,差值最大为1.18 m。采用清水单向塔防护方案,除部分颗粒参数条件外（含沙量<10 kg/m3,颗粒直径=0.01mm）,含沙管路沿线均会出现负压;其内水压力最小值随着颗粒直径和含沙量的增大而减小,最低可达-2.41 m。在给定的颗粒参数范围内,提出满足工程防护需求的含沙水单向塔防护方案,其塔高较清水方案需要提高4 m。相关研究成果可为高含沙流域长距离供水工程的水锤防护设计提供一定的参考。 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
15.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
17.
Y. Bashan J. J. Bustillos L. A. Leyva J.-P. Hernandez M. Bacilio 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2006,42(4):279-285
Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several
photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene.
This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments
for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference
in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless
of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots.
Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production
or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation. 相似文献
18.
Dhritiman Ghosh Velusamy Srinivasan Olli H. Tuovinen Aaron Peacock Mark Radosevich 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2009,41(6):1331-1334
We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg−1 buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg−1 in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation. 相似文献
19.
Pilar García Juan-Vicente Monte Carlos Casanova Consuelo Soler 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2002,49(1):103-109
Arbitrary oligonucleotides were used as primers to amplifygenomic DNA of 48 wild Spanish populations of Agropyroncristatum, Elymus hispanicus,E. caninus,E. repens,Thinopyrum curvifolium, Th.junceum and Th.intermedium. Genetic diversity was analysedusing nineteen primers. The number of amplified products ranged from8 to 18 per primer and a total of 240 markers were scored. Differentlevels of intraspecific genetic diversity were found, the allogamousspecies E. repens andTh. intermedium being themost variable. Jaccard's similarity coefficients for internalmeasure within and between populations were used to produce a clusterdiagram. The results demonstrate differences in the degree ofsimilarity between taxonomic units. Interpopulational variability andinterspecific genomic relationships of these species arediscussed. 相似文献
20.
The effects of three commonly used fungicides on the colonization and sporulation by a mixture of three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi consisting of Glomus etunicatum (Becker & Gerd.), Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, and Gigaspora rosea (Nicol. & Schenck) in symbiosis with pea plants and the resulting response of the host-plant were examined. Benomyl, PCNB, and captan were applied as soil drenches at a rate of 20 mg active ingredient kg-1 soil 2 weeks after transplanting pea seedlings in a silty clay-loam soil containing the mixed inocula of AM fungi (AM plants). Effects of fungicides were compared to untreated plants that were inoculated with fungi (AM control). The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth was also examined by including nonmycorrhizal, non-fungicide-treated plants (non-AM control). Fungicides or inoculation with AM fungi had only a small effect on the final shoot weights of pea plants, but had greater effects on root length and seed yield. AM control plants had higher seed yields and lower root lengths than the corresponding non-AM plants, and the fungicide-treated AM plants had intermediate yields and root lengths. Seed N and P contents were likewise highest in AM control plants, lowest in non-AM plants, and intermediate in fungicide-treated AM plants. All three fungicides depressed the proportion (%) of root length colonized by AM fungi, but these differences did not translate to reductions in the total root length that was colonized, since roots were longer in the fungicide-treated AM plants. Pea plants apparently compensated for the reduction in AM-fungal metabolism due to fungicides by increasing root growth. Fungicides affected the population of the three fungi as determined by sporulation at the final harvest. Captan significantly reduced the number, relative abundance, and relative volume of G. rosea spores in the final population relative to the controls. The relative volume of G. etunicatum spores was greater in all the fungicide-treated soils, while G. mosseae relative volumes were only greater in the captan-treated soil. These findings show that fungicides can alter the species composition of an AM-fungal community. The results also show that AM fungi can increase seed yield without enhancing the vegetative shoot growth of host plants. 相似文献