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以分属四大杂种优势群的8个典型玉米自交系及其组配的28个双列杂交组合(不含反交)为试材,对玉米植株穗部性状配合力进行了研究.结果表明:①穗粗、穗行数、百粒重等性状主要受基因加性效应影响;穗粒重主要受非加性效应影响;穗长、行粒数、秃尖等各性状受基因加性效应和非加性效应共同影响.对于主要受非加性效应影响的性状,亲本一般配合力与其在杂种中的特殊配合力间无必然联系;对于主要受加性效应影响的性状表现一般配合力高,则特殊配合力也高的趋势.对于既受加性效应影响又受一定非加性效应影响的性状,一般配合力影响特殊配合力,实际杂交组合的表现受二者共同影响.②要组配强优势杂交组合,对于穗部性状,大多数性状是与产量密切相关的,而且将带来较大的正效应,在自交系选育中,应以穗较粗且长,穗行数、行粒数较多,百粒重较大为主要选择指标。 相似文献
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籼型三系杂交水稻品质性状配合力与遗传力研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
以3个不育系和11个恢复系为材料,采用不完全双列杂交设计研究了水稻12个品质性状配合力和遗传力的表现规律。结果表明：（1）大部分性状特殊配合力方差极显著,即主要受基因非加性效应作用;少部分性状一般配合力和特殊配合力均显著或极显著,即受基因加性效应和非加性效应共同控制,且非加性效应占主导地位。（2）糙米率、粒长和垩白面积等受不育系影响较大,整精米率和糊化温度受恢复系影响较大,精米率、长／宽和垩白粒率等受父母本影响相当。（3）各性状狭义遗传力大小顺序为：蛋白质含量、整精米率、糊化温度、糙米率、垩白面积、粒长、胶稠度、直链淀粉含量、精米率。（4）亲本以星城A和明恢77较为理想,组合以星城A／TO974和金23A／R207较为理想。 相似文献
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8个玉米自交系主要穗部性状配合力的遗传分析 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
以8个典型玉米自交系及其组配的28个双列杂交组合为试验材料,对玉米植株穗部性状配合力进行研究。结果表明：①穗粗、穗行数、百粒重等性状主要受基因加性效应影响;穗粒重主要受非加性效应影响;穗长、行粒数、秃尖等各性状受基因加性效应和非加性效应的共同影响。对于主要受非加性效应影响的性状,亲本配合力与其在杂种中的特殊配合力间无必然联系;对于主要受加性效应影响的性状,表现为一般配合力高则特殊配合力也高的趋势;对于既受加性效应影响又受一定非加性效应影响的性状,一般配合力影响特殊配合力,实际杂交组合的表现受二者共同影响。②组配强优势杂交组合时,穗部各性状大多与穗粒重密切相关,而且将带来较大的正效应,在自交系选育中应以穗较粗且长,穗行数、行粒数较多,百粒重较大,各因素协调为主要选择指标。③穗行数和行粒数的狭义遗传力与广义遗传力接近,说明二者的显性效应较低,而主要是加性效应起的作用。穗长的遗传力则有较大的差异,说明单株产量的选择要根据试验结果确定,不能仅仅根据亲本的单株产量来确定子代的单株产量。 相似文献
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采用１／２ｐ（ｐ—１）不完全双列杂交设计对５个小麦新品系的６个主要经济性状进行了一般配合力和特殊配合力分析，６个性状同时受加性和非加性效应控制，冀麦３０产量性状的一般配合力最高，其次是５１４４和冀麦２３，表明这３个新品系是优良的高产亲本。 相似文献
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采用１／２（Ｐ－１）不完全双列杂交设计对对５个小麦新品系的６个主要经济性状进行一般配合力和特殊配合力分析，６个性状同时受加性和非加性效应控制，冀麦３０产量性状的睛般配合力最高，其次是４１５５和冀麦２３，表明这３个瓣品系是优良的高产组合亲本。 相似文献
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以分属四大杂种优势群的8个典型玉米自交系及其组配的28个双列杂交组合(不含反交)为试材,对玉米植株形态性状及其与产量的相关性进行了研究。结果表明:①穗位、雄穗分枝数、穗上叶数、全株绿叶数、全株叶数、穗上叶距、穗上第1叶夹角、叶向值各性状主要受基因加性效应影响;株高、雄穗主轴长、穗上第1叶长各性状受基因加性效应和非加性效应共同影响。对于主要受加性效应影响的性状表现一般配合力高,则特殊配合力也高的趋势;对于既受加性效应影响,又受一定非加性效应影响的性状,一般配合力影响特殊配合力,实际杂交组合的表现受二者共同影响。②要组配强优势杂交组合,对亲本的株高、穗位的选择将会带来对产量的直接影响,应注意选择株高、穗位适中的类型。 相似文献
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冀麦30等新品系的农艺性状配合力分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
庞春明 《国外农学:麦类作物》1995,(1):38-40
采用１／２ｐ（ｐ－１）不完全双列杂交设计对５个小麦新品系的６个主要经济性状进行了一般配合力分析，６个性状同时受加性和非加性效应控制，冀麦３０产量性状的一般配合力最高，其次是５１４４和冀麦２３，表明这３个新品系是优良的高产亲本。 相似文献
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Joseph E. Laferriere Charles W. Weber Edwin A. Kohlhepp 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1991,41(3):277-282
Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described. 相似文献
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Lakshman Lal 《Potato Research》1987,30(2):329-334
Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong
(1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage,
sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over
45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield
of a subsequent crop. 相似文献
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《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
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Tatiana G. Polotow Sandra C. Poppe Cristina V. Vardaris Douglas Ganini Maísa Guariroba Rita Mattei Elaine Hatanaka Maria F. Martins Eduardo F. Bondan Marcelo P. Barros 《Marine drugs》2015,13(10):6117-6137
Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions. 相似文献
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Youna Hemery Ulla Holopainen Anna-Maija Lampi Pekka Lehtinen Tanja Nurmi Vieno Piironen Minnamari Edelmann Xavier Rouau 《Journal of Cereal Science》2011
Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased. 相似文献
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M. I. Siri P. Villanueva M. J. Pianzzola L. Franco Fraguas G. Galván M. Acosta F. Ferreira 《Potato Research》2004,47(3-4):127-138
Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results
for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin
presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear
relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins
and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds. 相似文献
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Tovar LR Olivos M Gutierrez ME 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2008,63(4):189-194
Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate
present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides
most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but
poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in
central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn. 相似文献
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Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献