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1.
《Field Crops Research》1997,52(3):221-229
The accumulation of soil mineral nitrogen (SMN) was studied over 4 years at two sites in north-west Victoria, Australia in response to fallow treatments. The four combinations of stubble management (with and without) and tillage (with and without) in 18-month-long fallows of a fallow-wheat rotation were compared with a tilled summer fallow prior to field pea and wheat crops in rotation.Across both sites, root-zone SMN ranged from 66 to 222 kg N h−1 during the fallows and at sowing time was generally less at Dooen than at Walpeup despite greater total soil N (Dooen 0.11%, Walpeup 0.05%). At Dooen, the long fallow with stubble retention and tillage accumulated 46 kg N h−1 more SMN than the short fallow after field pea. In one year, stubble retention increased SMN by 20 kg N ha−1 but reduced it by an average of 26 kg N h−1 in two of the four years. At Walpeup, SMN increased in the pea-wheat rotation by an average of 46 kg N h−1 above the tilled fallow without stubble in two of the four years. The inclusion of field pea in the rotation increased SMN at depth by the second cycle of the rotation at Walpeup only. Stubble retention and tillage had little effect on SMN accumulation at Walpeup. The distribution of SMN in the soil profile was different every year at each site despite some years having similar total SMN. There was a tendency for stubble retention to depress SMN in the surface layers possibly through immobilisation and denitrification. 相似文献
2.
G.B. Huang R.Z. Zhang G.D. Li L.L. Li K.Y. Chan D.P. Heenan W. Chen M.J. Unkovich M.J. Robertson B.R. Cullis W.D. Bellotti 《Field Crops Research》2008
A long-term rotation experiment was established in 2001 to compare conservation tillage techniques with conventional tillage in a semi-arid environment in the western Loess Plateau of China. We examined resource use efficiencies and crop productivity in a spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–field pea (Pisum arvense L.) rotation. The experimental design included a factorial combination of tillage with different ground covers (complete stubble removal, stubble retained and plastic film mulch). Results showed that there was more soil water in 0–30 cm at sowing under the no-till with stubble retained treatment than the conventional tillage with stubble removed treatment for both field pea (60 mm vs. 55 mm) and spring wheat (60 mm vs. 53 mm). The fallow rainfall efficiency was up to 18% on the no-till with stubble retained treatment compared to only 8% for the conventional tillage with stubble removed treatment. The water use efficiency was the highest in the no-till with stubble retained treatment for both field pea (10.2 kg/ha mm) and spring wheat (8.0 kg/ha mm), but the lowest on the no-till with stubble removed treatment for both crops (8.4 kg/ha mm vs. 6.9 kg/ha mm). Spring wheat also had the highest nitrogen use efficiency on the no-till with stubble retained treatment (24.5%) and the lowest on the no-till with stubble removed treatment (15.5%). As a result, grain yields were the highest under no-till with stubble retained treatment, but the lowest under no-till with no ground cover treatment for both spring wheat (2.4 t/ha vs. 1.9 t/ha) and field pea (1.8 t/ha vs. 1.4 t/ha). The important finding from this study is that conservation tillage has to be adopted as a system, combining both no-tillage and retention of crop residues. Adoption of a no-till system with stubble removal will result in reductions in grain yields and a combination of soil degradation and erosion. Plastic film mulch increased crop yields in the short-term compared with the conventional tillage practice. However, use of non-biodegradable plastic film creates a disposal problem and contamination risk for soil and water resources. It was concluded that no-till with stubble retained treatment was the best option in terms of higher and more efficient use of water and nutrient resources and would result in increased crop productivity and sustainability for the semi-arid region in the Loess Plateau. The prospects for adoption of conservation tillage under local conditions were also discussed. 相似文献
3.
麦茬处理方式对夏花生播种质量与前期生长及产量的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为探讨适合河南省花生夏直播的麦茬处理方式,采用大田试验,研究了麦茬处理方式（平茬、灭茬＋旋耕、灭茬＋犁耙）对夏花生播种质量和生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明,旋耕和犁耙后土壤较虚,播种较深,平茬土壤较紧实,播种较浅,3种麦茬处理方式播种深度虽有显著差异,但基本符合花生播种深度的要求。麦茬处理方式对每2m长的播种穴数影响较小,对每2m长的出苗数影响较大,以旋耕处理2m内出苗株数最少。苗期花生株高、单株鲜重均以平茬处理最高;花针期株高、单株鲜重和单株干重以犁耙处理最高。花生产量以犁耙处理最高,平茬产量较低。综合而言,以小麦秸秆用粉碎机械灭茬、再犁地耙平后机播的麦茬处理方式增产效果最佳。 相似文献
4.
Cropping sequence and tillage system influences annual crop production and water use in semiarid Montana,USA 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Available water is typically the biggest constraint to spring wheat production in the northern Great Plains of the USA. The most common rotation for spring wheat is with summer fallow, which is used to accrue additional soil moisture. Tillage during fallow periods controls weeds, which otherwise would use substantial amounts of water, decreasing the efficiency of fallow. Chemical fallow and zero tillage systems improve soil water conservation, allowing for increased cropping intensity. We conducted a field trial from 1998 through 2003 comparing productivity and water use of crops in nine rotations under two tillage systems, conventional and no-till. All rotations included spring wheat, two rotations included field pea, while lentil, chickpea, yellow mustard, sunflower, and safflower were present in single rotations with wheat. Growing season precipitation was below average most years, resulting in substantial drought stress to crops not following fallow. Preplant soil water, water use, and spring wheat yields were generally greater following summer fallow than wheat recropped after wheat or alternate crops. Water use and yield of wheat following summer fallow was greater than for chickpea or yellow mustard, the only other crops in the trial that followed summer fallow. Field pea performed best of all alternate crops, providing yields comparable to those of recropped spring wheat. Chickpea, lentil, yellow mustard, safflower, and sunflower did not perform well and were not adapted to this region, at least during periods of below average precipitation. Following summer fallow, and despite drought conditions, zero tillage often provided greater amounts of soil water at planting compared to conventional tillage. 相似文献
5.
休闲期耕作对旱地小麦籽粒蛋白质形成及其相关酶活性的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为给旱地小麦高产优质栽培提供理论依据,通过大田试验研究了旱地小麦休闲期不同时间深翻、深松对0～300 cm土壤蓄水量、小麦籽粒蛋白质形成及其与氮代谢相关酶活性关系的影响.结果表明,休闲期深翻或深松均可提高旱地小麦播前0～300 cm土壤蓄水量,且欠水年效果明显,以前茬小麦收获后45 d深翻效果较好.休闲期耕作均显著提高了小麦蛋白质产量.耕作时间对籽粒蛋白质含量的影响因降雨年型不同而异,欠水年的休闲期耕作均显著降低了籽粒蛋白质含量;丰水年在麦收后15d耕作显著降低了籽粒蛋白质含量,而麦收后45 d耕作则显著提高了籽粒蛋白质含量,尤其显著提高了醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白含量,从而改善了品质.此外,丰水年麦收后45 d耕作可提高花后旗叶和籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性、旗叶和籽粒谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)活性,降低花后旗叶和籽粒谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性;籽粒蛋白质的累积在麦收后15d耕作条件下与籽粒GDH活性关系密切,而麦收后45 d耕作条件下与旗叶GS和GOGAT活性相关性较大.总之,旱地小麦休闲期耕作在不同降雨年型下均可起到良好的蓄水保墒作用,且欠水年效果较明显;耕作时间对土壤水分、小麦氮代谢酶活性、籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量具有较大的调控效应,休闲期雨后耕作有利于籽粒蛋白质形成,且深翻效果较好. 相似文献
6.
不同降水年型下旱地深翻时间和施肥方式对小麦产量及水肥利用率的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为提高旱地小麦自然降水和肥料利用效果以实现稳产高产栽培,通过3个不同降水年型田间试验,研究了晋南旱地麦田休闲期深翻时间和氮、磷施用方式对小麦群体、产量及水肥利用率的影响。结果表明,休闲期降水量及其分布、深翻时间和施肥方式共同影响旱地小麦播前0~200 cm土壤蓄水量、产量、水肥利用效率。休闲期丰水年较平水年和枯水年分别增产75.29%和170.39%,播前0~200 cm土壤贮水量分别多42.77 mm 和116.91 mm,水分利用效率分别高2.94和8.77 kg·mm-1·hm-2,氮、磷利用效率也较高。8月中上旬深翻蓄水效果较好,可促进小麦植株和籽粒对氮、磷的吸收,增加冬前茎数和穗数,8月中旬深翻较7月中旬深翻增产5.43%~18.15%,播前0~200 cm土壤贮水量增加12.12~18.45 mm,水分利用效率和磷素利用率也较高。与播种前配施氮、磷肥相比,8月中上旬深翻时配施磷肥,播种前施入氮肥,可提高冬前和拔节期茎数、穗数和穗粒数,促进氮、磷积累和转运,从而增产,同时提高收获期0~200 cm土壤贮水量和水分利用率。在当前气候、栽培条件下,晋南丘陵旱地不同降水年型下均以8月中上旬深翻配施磷肥,播种前施入氮肥可提高土壤渗水特性,最大限度纳秋雨蓄墒,增加小麦冬前和拔节期茎数和穗数,提高产量和水肥利用效率。 相似文献
7.
夏闲期施肥与覆盖处理对旱地冬小麦产量和土壤水分利用的影响 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
为给旱地夏闲期管理提供参考依据,采用大田试验,研究了夏闲期施肥与覆盖处理对旱地冬小麦土壤储水量、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,夏闲期施肥可明显提高播前0~100、100~200 cm土层储水量,增加了冬小麦穗数、籽粒产量和水分利用效率;不论施肥与否,地膜覆盖与纸覆盖均可提高播前底墒,增加小麦穗数和穗粒数,显著提高籽粒产量和水分利用效率,且地膜覆盖处理效果优于纸覆盖;施肥可增进覆盖的保水、增产及高效用水的作用。因此,旱地夏闲期可通过施肥与覆盖技术改善土壤水分状况,为旱地秋播作物高产创造条件。 相似文献
8.
为了解华北地区深松土壤的蓄水保墒节水和增产效果,在中国农业大学吴桥实验站,对播前深松+旋耕(S)和旋耕(N)两种耕作方式下非灌溉冬小麦田的土壤容重和水分及小麦根条数、干物质生产和水分利用进行了评价。结果表明,与N处理相比,S处理下0~35cm土层的容重显著降低,越冬期、返青期、拔节期、开花期和成熟期的土壤蓄水量分别提高35.8、34.2、23、80和41.3mm,越冬期和拔节期根数显著增加,花前干物质积累量、生物产量和籽粒产量分别增加28.1%、16.3%和23.2%,花后干物质积累量变化不明显,同时耗水量降低28.7mm,籽粒产量-水分利用效率提高39.3%。因此,冬小麦播前深松在降水量稀少的华北地区应该大力推广。 相似文献
9.
休闲期覆膜与施氮量对旱地小麦水氮利用效率和籽粒产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探寻旱地小麦休闲期覆盖下的适宜施氮量,在旱地小麦休闲期覆盖与不覆盖条件下,分别设置75、150和225kg·hm-2三个施氮量,分析了休闲期覆盖配施氮肥对旱地小麦水氮利用效率和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,休闲期覆盖显著提高播种至孕穗期0~300cm土壤蓄水量,其中播种期土壤水分增加70~81mm,其蓄水保墒效果可延续至孕穗期,进而提高了小麦产量和水分利用效率。休闲期覆盖促进了小麦植株对氮素的吸收和积累,增加了植株花前氮素转运量、花后氮素积累量以及籽粒氮素积累量,提高了氮素收获指数和氮素生产效率。休闲期覆盖配施氮素150kg·hm-2时,蓄水、增产和水分高效利用、氮素积累与转运的效果最好。 相似文献
10.
11.
《Field Crops Research》1987,17(1):75-90
The effects of nitrogen fertilization and stubble treatment on soil mineral-N content, moisture status and subsequent crop N uptake were studied in a series of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops planted soon after rice (Oryza sativa L.) harvest. The experiments were part of a programme to define optimum management systems for intensive rice/upland cereal rotations. Stubble management, N application time and rate all influenced amount of soil mineral-N, accounting for up to 52, 67 and 75%, respectively, of the mineral-N variation. In turn, variation in soil mineral-N explained up to 70% of the variation in N accumulation by wheat. N accumulation was highly correlated with crop yield (r2 up to 0.95).Incorporating large quantities of rice stubble at wheat sowing reduced soil NO-3-N concentration by 36% at stem elongation. Both N uptake and yield were reduced by 38% on these plots. Increasing quantities of rice stubble retained on the soil surface increased soil NO3-N concentration by 46%, and wheat on these plots had a 29% increase in N uptake and a 37% increase in yield. Stubble burning rather than retention on the surface resulted in lower soil NO3-N concentration, and this was ascribed to ammonia volatilization resulting from fertilizer contact with ash, and to reduced mineralisation in the drier soil.Application of N at wheat sowing significantly increased mineral-N status at least until stem elongation, while fertilization at tillering or stem elongation significantly increased soil mineral-N content at least until anthesis.It was concluded that stubble and fertilization management techniques can be manipulated in order to regulate soil mineral-N status, which in turn determined plant N uptake. Plant N uptake determined yield. 相似文献
12.
2009年采用大区试验,在前茬小麦免耕和耕作方式下,自然条件下对夏玉米田进行土壤含水量变化及夏玉米产量比较研究。结果表明,2009年夏玉米整个生育期降雨量为339.5 mm,前茬小麦两种耕作方式在不同时期不同土层的土壤平均含水量都在13%以上,并且两种方式不同土层平均含水量差异不显著;在夏玉米需水高峰期,相应的有效降水使土壤含水量能够满足夏玉米生长的需要。前茬小麦免耕和耕作下玉米平均产量分别为7 839.2、8 074.5 kg/hm2,差异不显著。因此,前茬小麦免耕可节省劳动量,防止水土流失,保护土壤结构,消除犁底层对作物根系生长与养分吸收的影响。 相似文献
13.
Plant available soil water at sowing in Mediterranean environments—Is it a useful criterion to aid nitrogen fertiliser and sowing decisions? 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In regions where rainfall is low and variable, water stored in the soil profile prior to sowing can alter yield expectation and hence management decisions. Thus, wheat farmers in Mediterranean regions may be able to benefit from knowing the amount of soil water at sowing by optimising their nitrogen (N) fertiliser management and by deciding on whether or not to sow a crop. We used the ASPIM-Nwheat model to explore how levels of plant available soil water (PAW) at sowing, N fertiliser rate, soil, site and season-type (below or above median rainfall) affected wheat yields at sites in the Mediterranean area of southwest Australia. Overall, the greatest influence on yield potential and the consequent N fertilisation requirement was season-type. The additional yield per mm PAW at sowing was generally higher in seasons with below median rainfall, except when yields were severely water-limited by below median rainfall of <222 mm combined with <40 mm PAW at sowing on light clay soil with 109 mm plant available water capacity (PAWC). Sowing was generally warranted; only on light clay soil with <10 mm PAW at sowing and below median rainfall of <222 mm was there an opportunity for a conditional sowing strategy. Scope for varying N fertiliser rates with PAW at sowing was limited to soils with higher PAWC (109 and 130 mm, respectively) in below median rainfall seasons at the wetter site (295 mm mean seasonal rainfall), and in both season-types at the drier site (225 mm mean seasonal rainfall). Only in these combinations, soil water at sowing modified the optimal N fertiliser rate for maximum average yield resulting in significant interactions between PAW at sowing and N fertiliser rates. Similar interactions were found for a site in the Mediterranean Basin and a site in the eastern Australian subtropics on soil with high PAWC (183 and 276 mm, respectively). In contrast, there was no benefit from modifying crop management based on PAW at sowing on soil with low PAWC (i.e. sandy soil) and/or under conditions of high in-season rainfall. The conditional N management approach becomes more viable as the proportion of water stored in the soil prior to sowing increases relative to total crop water use and as the PAWC of the soil increases. Knowledge of PAW at sowing × N fertiliser rate interactions in a particular soil × site × season-type context can help to identify sites where a more targeted N management dependent on amounts of PAW at sowing is potentially profitable. 相似文献
14.
为了给弱筋小麦田间水分管理提供合理依据，以弱筋小麦品种豫麦50为材料．在池栽防雨务件下研究了两种土壤贮水条件下灌水对小麦籽粒品质性状及产量的影响。结果表明。在底墒充足条件下，豫麦50籽粒主要品质性状优于底墒不足的品质性状。灌水对底墒不足条件下品质性状的影响大于对底墒充足务件下的影响，且各个品质性状受影响的程度不同。在底墒充足条件下以全生育期灌4水的弱筋小麦品质最优，抽穗期灌1水次之；而在底墒不足时全生育期灌4水和全生育期不灌水多数品质性状较优。底墒充足条件下的小麦籽粒产量、耗水量均高于底墒不足的产量和耗水量，而水分利用效率则较低；两种土壤贮水条件下的耗水量均随灌水次数增加而增加，而水分利用效率则降低；产量随灌水次数增加而增加，但灌水过量反而降低。据此提出了麦播前贮好底墒的重要性，以及不同底墒每件下小麦高产优质高效栽培的水分运筹建议。 相似文献
15.
2018～2019年三江平原云山农场设置旋耕(RT)、隔行深松(GS)、深松(ST)、浅翻(CT)、深翻(SF)5种耕作方式,以旋耕(RT)为对照,研究不同耕作处理对玉米各生育期土壤水分变化、耗水量及产量和水分利用率的影响。结果表明,各耕作处理较旋耕处理相比能够改善土壤水分条件,受降雨量影响各耕作处理表现不同,2018年(生育期降雨量505.3 mm),隔行深松、深松、浅翻和深翻4种耕作处理蓄水量分别提高3.67、2.87、2.23、2.68 mm;2019年(生育期降雨量833.6 mm),深松处理土壤含水量和蓄水量最低,表现为浅翻>深翻>旋耕>隔行深松>深松。玉米干物质积累量和叶面积指数(LAI)呈“S”型曲线,各处理表现为深松>隔行深松>深翻>浅翻>旋耕,在大喇叭口期至灌浆期干物质积累量最大,深松处理平均比旋耕提前5 d到达干物质最快积累时间。4种耕作方式与旋耕相比均能改善耕层土壤水分状况,增加玉米干物质积累量和LAI,显著提高产量和水分利用率。 相似文献
16.
基于始于2012年的不同耕作方式长期定位试验，分析冬小麦播前深翻(DT)、旋耕(ST)和免耕(NT)3种耕作方式对后茬免耕直播夏玉米生长(干物质积累与分配)、生理指标(叶面积指数和SPAD值)、子粒灌浆速率的影响，探析麦茬耕作方式对后茬夏玉米生长发育和产量建成的影响。结果表明，ST处理成熟期干物质积累量显著高于DT和NT处理(P<0.05)，穗部干物质的分配比例分别较NT与DT处理显著增加了7.94%～13.79%、10.34%～17.48%。ST处理叶面积和持绿性优于DT和NT处理。ST处理的子粒灌浆速率较DT与NT处理提高12.71%～18.96%、5.25%～8.71%，最终获得最大产量。因此，冬小麦-夏玉米1年两熟种植模式下，麦茬旋耕更利于免耕直播夏玉米的生长和产量建成。 相似文献
17.
不同耕作处理对土壤酶活性的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
通过田间定位试验,研究吉林省西部半干旱区不同耕作处理(常规垄作、平作留茬免耕、平作灭茬覆盖)对土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,平作灭茬覆盖对播种前表层土土壤酶(脲酶、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶)活性的影响较大,这与平作灭茬覆盖处理下秸秆覆盖对土壤温度的影响有关;平作留茬免耕和平作灭茬覆盖对玉米生育期间土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶的影响较大,对土壤磷酸酶活性影响较小;平作留茬免耕对收获后土壤中过氧化氢酶及脲酶活性影响较大。在垂直方向上,随着土壤深度的增加,土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶的活性都表现为先升高后下降的趋势,土壤磷酸酶活性无规律。 相似文献
18.
休闲期不同耕作模式对旱地麦田土壤水分、养分及产量的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为探索适宜晋南旱地小麦高效生产的耕作模式,以晋麦92为试验材料,设置休闲期深翻/深翻、深松/深翻、深松/深松、常规耕作(对照)4个耕作模式,研究其对土壤水分及养分、作物生长和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,深翻/深翻、深松/深翻、深松/深松模式较对照休闲末期3m内土壤蓄水量和土壤蓄水效率显著提高,土壤蓄水效率提高达52.5%~91.3%,以深松/深松模式较好;越冬-孕穗期3m内土壤蓄水量提高,且深松/深松模式与对照差异显著;各生育时期单株干物质积累量提高,且越冬-拔节期深松/深松、深松/深翻模式与对照差异显著,孕穗-成熟期各耕作模式与对照差异均显著;穗数、千粒重、产量和水分利用效率显著提高,其中穗数提高22.7%~29.9%,水分利用效率提高15.1%~21.6%,产量提高39.4%~60.3%,以深松/深松模式较好;收获后0~40cm土层土壤有机质平均含量提高2.5%~8.7%,速效磷含量提高11.1%~34.4%,碱解氮含量提高5.1%~20.2%,以深松/深松模式较好。总之,深翻/深翻、深松/深翻、深松/深松模式均能提高土壤蓄水保墒能力,改善养分供应状况,有利于促进小麦干物质积累,最终提高产量和水分利用效率,以深松/深松模式最佳。 相似文献
19.
《Field Crops Research》1996,47(1):21-31
Cereal Cyst Nematode (CCN, Heterodera avenae Woll.) has been shown to be a devastating pest for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in dryland regions. Fallowing in the season preceding the cropping season has been hypothesized to sanitize the soil of CCN and allow wheat production. This paper explores management options that might allow the continuous production of wheat in these regions. In a 20-year study in the Negev, Israel, on a sandy loam, loessial, soil, it was found that in those seasons with high rainfall there was virtually no decrease in annual wheat yields for continuous crops as compared to biennial fallow yields obtained with the conventional wheat system. The hypothesis that high soil water content substantially alleviates the damage resulting from CCN infestation was confirmed in a pot study. A practical solution for maintaining high soil water content in the field was to leave a straw mulch on the soil surface to decrease soil evaporation. A chopper was added to a grain harvester to finely chop the straw so that it settles to the soil surface through the stubble, and a no-till drill was used for sowing through the straw. The straw-mulch system was shown to result in annual yields from continuous wheat that were equivalent to yields in alternate years with the conventional fallow wheat system, thereby doubling wheat production in this dryland region. 相似文献
20.
《Field Crops Research》2005,94(1):33-42
Subtropical highlands of the world have been densely populated and intensively cropped. Agricultural sustainability problems resulting from soil erosion and fertility decline have arisen throughout this agro-ecological zone. This article considers practices that would sustain higher and stable yields for wheat and maize in such region. A long-term field experiment under rainfed conditions was started at El Batán, Mexico (2240 m a.s.l.; 19.31°N, 98.50°W; fine, mixed, thermic, Cumulic Haplustoll) in 1991. It included treatments varying in: (1) rotation (continuous maize (Zea mays) or wheat (Triticum aestivum) and the rotation of both); (2) tillage (conventional, zero and permanent beds); (3) crop residue management (full, partial or no retention). Small-scale maize and wheat farmers may expect yield improvements through zero tillage, appropriate rotations and retention of sufficient residues (average maize and wheat yield of 5285 and 5591 kg ha−1), compared to the common practices of heavy tillage before seeding, monocropping and crop residue removal (average maize and wheat yield of 3570 and 4414 kg ha−1). Leaving residue on the field is critical for zero tillage practices. However, it can take some time—roughly 5 years—before the benefits are evident. After that, zero tillage with residue retention resulted in higher and more stable yields than alternative management. Conventional tillage with or without residue incorporation resulted in intermediate yields. Zero tillage without residue drastically reduced yields, except in the case of continuous wheat which, although not high yielding, still performed better than the other treatments with zero tillage and residue removal. Zero tillage treatments with partial residue removal gave yields equivalent to treatments with full residue retention (average maize and wheat yield of 5868 and 5250 kg ha−1). There may be scope to remove part of the residues for fodder and still retain adequate amounts to provide the necessary ground cover. This could make the adoption of zero tillage more acceptable for the small-scale, subsistence farmer whose livelihood strategies include livestock as a key component. Raised-bed cultivation systems allow both dramatic reductions in tillage and opportunities to retain crop residues on the soil surface. Permanent bed treatments combined with rotation and residue retention yielded the same as the zero tillage treatments, with the advantage that more varied weeding and fertilizer application practices are possible. It is important small-scale farmers have access to, and are trained in the use of these technologies. 相似文献