共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
F. E. Dowell E. B. Maghirang R. A. Graybosch W. A. Berzonsky S. R. Delwiche 《Cereal Chemistry》2009,86(3):251-255
An automated single kernel near‐infrared (NIR) sorting system was used to separate single wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) kernels with amylose‐free (waxy) starch from reduced‐amylose (partial waxy) or wild‐type wheat kernels. Waxy kernels of hexaploid wheat are null for the granule‐bound starch synthase alleles at all three Wx gene loci; partial waxy kernels have at least one null and one functional allele. Wild‐type kernels have three functional alleles. Our results demonstrate that automated single kernel NIR technology can be used to select waxy kernels from segregating breeding lines or to purify advanced breeding lines for the low‐amylose kernel trait. Calibrations based on either amylose content or the waxy trait performed similarly. Also, a calibration developed using the amylose content of waxy, partial waxy, and wild‐type durum (T. turgidum L. var durum) wheat enabled adequate sorting for hard red winter and hard red spring wheat with no modifications. Regression coefficients indicated that absorption by starch in the NIR region contributed to the classification models. Single kernel NIR technology offers significant benefits to breeding programs that are developing wheat with amylose‐free starches. 相似文献
2.
F. E. Dowell 《Cereal Chemistry》2000,77(2):155-158
The vitreousnss of durum wheat is used by the wheat industry as an indicator of milling and cooking quality. The current visual method of determining vitreousness is subjective, and classification results between inspectors and countries vary widely. Thus, the use of near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to objectively classify vitreous and nonvitreous single kernels was investigated. Results showed that classification of obviously vitreous or nonvitreous kernels by the NIR procedure agreed almost perfectly with inspector classifications. However, when difficult‐to‐classify vitreous and nonvitreous kernels were included in the analysis, the NIR procedure agreed with inspectors on only 75% of kernels. While the classification of difficult kernels by NIR spectroscopy did not match well with inspector classifications, this NIR procedure quantifies vitreousness and thus may provide an objective classification means that could reduce inspector‐to‐inspector variability. Classifications appear to be due, at least in part, to scattering effects and to starch and protein differences between vitreous and nonvitreous kernels. 相似文献
3.
Chandra B. Singh Digvir S. Jayas Jitendra Paliwal Noel D. G. White 《Cereal Chemistry》2009,86(3):256-260
Sprout damage which results in poor breadmaking quality due to enzymatic activity of α‐amylase is one of the important grading factors of wheat in Canada. Potential of near‐infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging was investigated to detect sprouting of wheat kernels. Artificially sprouted, midge‐damaged, and healthy wheat kernels were scanned using NIR hyperspectral imaging system in the range of 1000–1600 nm at 60 evenly distributed wavelengths. Multivariate image analysis (MVI) technique based on principal components analysis (PCA) was applied to reduce the dimensionality of the hyperspectral data. Three wavelengths 1101.7, 1132.2, and 1305.1 nm were identified as significant and used in analysis. Statistical discriminant classifiers (linear, quadratic, and Mahalanobis) were used to classify sprouted, midge‐damaged, and healthy wheat kernels. The discriminant classifiers gave maximum accuracy of 98.3 and 100% for classifying healthy and damaged kernels, respectively. 相似文献
4.
The percentage of dark hard vitreous (DHV) kernels in hard red spring wheat is an important grading factor that is associated with protein content, kernel hardness, milling properties, and baking quality. The current visual method of determining DHV and non‐DHV (NDHV) wheat kernels is time‐consuming, tedious, and subject to large errors. The objective of this research was to classify DHV and NDHV wheat kernels, including kernels that were checked, cracked, sprouted, or bleached using visible/near‐infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy. Spectra from single DHV and NDHV kernels were collected using a diode‐array NIR spectrometer. The dorsal and crease sides of the kernels were viewed. Three wavelength regions, 500–750 nm, 750–1,700 nm, and 500–1700 nm were compared. Spectra were analyzed by using partial least squares (PLS) regression. Results suggest that the major contributors to classifying DHV and NDHV kernels are light scattering, protein content, kernel hardness, starch content, and kernel color effects on the absorption spectrum. Bleached kernels were the most difficult to classify because of high lightness values. The sample set with bleached kernels yielded lower classification accuracies of 91.1–97.1% compared with 97.5–100% for the sample set without bleached kernels. More than 75% of misclassified kernels were bleached. For sample sets without bleached kernels, the classification models that included the dorsal side gave the highest classification accuracies (99.6–100%) for the testing sample set. Wavelengths in both the Vis/NIR regions or the NIR region alone yielded better classification accuracies than those in the visible region only. 相似文献
5.
Protein content of wheat by near‐infrared (NIR) reflectance of bulk samples is routinely practiced. New instrumentation that permits automated NIR analysis of individual kernels is now available, with the potential for rapid NIR‐based determinations of color, disease, and protein content, all on a single kernel (sk) basis. In the event that the protein content of the bulk sample is needed rather than that of the individual kernels, the present study examines the feasibility of estimating bulk sample protein from sk spectral readings. On the basis of 318 wheat samples of 10 kernels per sample, encompassing five U.S. wheat classes, the study demonstrates that with as few as 300 kernels bulk sample protein content may be estimated by sk NIR reflectance spectra at an accuracy equivalent to conventional bulk kernel NIR instrumentation. 相似文献
6.
F. E. Dowell E. B. Maghirang R. A. Graybosch P. S. Baenziger D. D. Baltensperger L. E. Hansen 《Cereal Chemistry》2006,83(5):537-543
An automated sorting system was developed that nondestructively measured quality characteristics of individual kernels using near‐infrared (NIR) spectra. This single‐kernel NIR system was applied to sorting wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) kernels by protein content and hardness, and proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) into amylose‐bearing and amylose‐free fractions. Single wheat kernels with high protein content could be sorted from pure lines so that the high‐protein content portion was 3.1 percentage points higher than the portion with the low‐protein kernels. Likewise, single wheat kernels with specific hardness indices could be removed from pure lines such that the hardness index in the sorted samples was 29.4 hardness units higher than the soft kernels. The system was able to increase the waxy, or amylose‐free, millet kernels in segregating samples from 94% in the unsorted samples to 98% in the sorted samples. The portion of waxy millet kernels in segregating samples was increased from 32% in the unsorted samples to 55% after sorting. Thus, this technology can be used to enrich the desirable class within segregating populations in breeding programs, to increase the purity of heterogeneous advanced or released lines, or to measure the distribution of quality within samples during the marketing process. 相似文献
7.
Kamaranga H. S. Peiris Yanhong Dong William W. Bockus Floyd E. Dowell 《Cereal Chemistry》2016,93(6):631-637
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a serious disease in wheat that affects grain quality owing to the accumulation of mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON) in grains. Near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been used to develop techniques to estimate DON levels in single wheat kernels to facilitate rapid, nondestructive screening of FHB resistance in wheat breeding lines. The effect of moisture content (MC) variation on the accuracy of single‐kernel DON prediction by NIR spectroscopy was investigated. Sample MC considerably affected accuracy of the current NIR DON calibration by underestimating or overestimating DON at higher or lower moisture levels, respectively. DON in single kernels was most accurately estimated at 13–14% MC. Major NIR absorptions related to Fusarium damage were found around 1,198–1,200, 1,418–1,430, 1,698, and 1,896–1,914 nm. Major moisture related absorptions were observed around 1,162, 1,337, 1,405–1,408, 1,892–1,924, and 2,202 nm. Fusarium damage and moisture related absorptions overlapped in the 1,380–1,460 and 1,870–1,970 nm regions. These results show that absorption regions associated with water are often close to absorption regions associated with Fusarium damage. Thus, care must be taken to develop DON calibrations that are independent of grain MC. 相似文献
8.
Scab (Fusarium head blight) is a fungal disease that has become increasingly prevalent in North American wheat during the past 15 years. It is of concern to growers, processors, and the consumers because of depressed yields, poor flour quality, and the potential for elevated concentrations of the mycotoxin, deoxynivalenol (DON). Both wheat breeder and wheat inspector must currently deal with the assessment of scab in harvested wheat by manual human inspection. The study described herein examined the accuracy of a semi‐automated wheat scab inspection system that is based on near‐infrared (NIR) reflectance (1,000–1,700 nm) of individual kernels. Using statistical classification techniques such as linear discriminant analysis and nonparametric (k‐nearest‐neighbor) classification, upper limits of accuracy for NIR‐based classification schemes of ≈88% (cross‐validation) and 97% (test) were determined. An exhaustive search of the most suitable wavelength pairs for the spectral difference, [log(1/R)λ1 ‐ log(1/R)λ2], revealed that the slope of the low‐wavelength side of a broad carbohydrate absorption band (centered at ≈1,200 nm) was very effective at discriminating between healthy and scab‐damaged kernels with test set accuracies of 95%. The achieved accuracy levels demonstrate the potential for the use of NIR spectroscopy in commercial sorting and inspection operations for wheat scab. 相似文献
9.
Single kernel moisture content (MC) is important in the measurement of other quality traits in single kernels because many traits are expressed on a dry weight basis. MC also affects viability, storage quality, and price. Also, if near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is used to measure grain traits, the influence of water must be accounted for because water is a strong absorber throughout the NIR region. The feasibility of measurement of MC, fresh weight, dry weight, and water mass of single wheat kernels with or without Fusarium damage was investigated using two wheat cultivars with three visually selected classes of kernels with Fusarium damage and a range of MC. Calibration models were developed either from all kernel classes or from only undamaged kernels of one cultivar that were then validated using all spectra of the other cultivar. A calibration model developed for MC when using all kernels from the wheat cultivar Jagalene had a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.77 and standard error of cross validation (SECV) of 1.03%. This model predicted the MC of the wheat cultivar 2137 with R2 of 0.81 and a standard error of prediction (SEP) of 1.02% and RPD of 2.2. Calibration models developed using all kernels from both cultivars predicted MC, fresh weight, dry weight, or water mass in kernels better than models that used only undamaged kernels from both cultivars. Single kernel water mass was more accurately estimated using the actual fresh weight of kernels and MC predicted by calibrations that used all kernels or undamaged kernels. The necessity for evaluating and expressing constituent levels in single kernels on a mass/kernel basis rather than a percentage basis was elaborated. The need to overcome the effects of kernel size and water mass on single kernel spectra before using in calibration model development was also highlighted. 相似文献
10.
Wheat breeders need a nondestructive method to rapidly sort high‐ or low‐protein single kernels from samples for their breeding programs. For this reason, a commercial color sorter equipped with near‐infrared filters was evaluated for its potential to sort high‐ and low‐protein single wheat kernels. Hard red winter and hard white wheat cultivars with protein content >12.5% (classed as high‐protein, 12% moisture basis) or < 11.5% (classed as low‐protein) were blended in proportions of 50:50 and 95:5 (or 5:95) mass. These wheat blends were sorted using five passes that removed 10% of the mass for each pass. The bulk protein content of accepted kernels (accepts) and rejected kernels (rejects) were measured for each pass. For 50:50 blends, the protein in the first‐pass rejects changed as much as 1%. For the accepts, each pass changed the protein content of accepts by ≈0.1%, depending on wheat blends. At most, two re‐sorts of accepts would be required to move 95:5 blends in the direction of the dominant protein content. The 95:5 and 50:50 blends approximate the low‐ and high‐protein mixture range of early generation wheat populations, and thus the sorter has potential to aid breeders in purifying samples for developing high‐ or low‐protein wheat. Results indicate that sorting was partly driven by color and vitreousness differences between high‐ and low‐protein fractions. Development of a new background specific for high‐ or low‐protein and fabrication of better optical filters for protein might help improve the sorter performance. 相似文献
11.
Insect infestations in stored wheat affect the chemical characteristics and baking qualities of wheat flour, and insect‐infested flours are unacceptable in the baking industry. The efficiency of the soft X‐ray method to detect infestations caused by Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), Sitophilus oryzae (L.), and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) in wheat kernels was determined in this study. Wheat kernels infested by different insects were prepared by artificial implantation of insect eggs or by introducing adult insects in wheat samples. Kernels infested by different stages of the insects were X‐rayed until the adults emerged from the kernels. A total of 57 features using histogram groups, histogram and shape moments, and textural features were extracted from the X‐ray images and a linear‐function parametric classifier was used to identify the insect‐infested kernels. The parametric classifier identified more than 84% of infestations due to C. ferrugineus and T. castaneum larvae. The infestations by C. ferrugineus pupae‐adults and P. interpunctella larvae were identified with >96% accuracy. Kernels infested by different stages of S. oryzae and R. dominica larvae were identified with >98% accuracy. Using the Berlese funnel method, 67, 51, and 81% of first, second, and third instars of C. ferrugineus, respectively, were extracted in 6 hr. The same infested kernels were all categorized as infested by the parametric classifier. When kernels infested by different insects were pooled together, the parametric classifier correctly identified 74% of uninfested and 94% of infested kernels by the internal and external grain feeders. The 26% false positives identified from the independent test was caused by one sample infested by T. castaneum. When that sample was removed from the training set, the false positives were reduced to 16%, and 92.7% of infested kernels by different insects were correctly identified. 相似文献
12.
The current wheat milling process separates bran from endosperm by passing tempered wheat kernels through successive break rolls and sifters. Using hydrolytic enzymes during tempering degrades bran and aleurone layers and can improve milling efficiency and yield. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of chemical and enzymatic treatments of wheat kernels before milling on physical and milling characteristics of the resulting wheat and flour quality. Hard wheat kernels were soaked in dilute acid or water and dried back to original moisture before being tempered with enzymes in water. Kernel physical and milling characteristics (600 g) were evaluated. Dilute acid soaking did not affect the 1,000‐kernel weight and diameter but softened treated kernels. When treated kernels were pearled, bran removal was mostly from ends; and the reducing sugar content in enzyme‐treated bran was significantly higher than the control. Compared with the control, acid‐soaked enzyme‐tempered kernels showed small but significant improvement in straight flour yield, with virtually no difference in protein content, and flour color. Chemical and enzyme treatment resulted in higher ash in flour. These differences were not seen in milling of larger batches (1,500 g) of kernels. 相似文献
13.
F. E. Dowell 《Cereal Chemistry》1998,75(1):142-144
Modification of an existing single kernel wheat characterization system allowed collection of visible and near-infrared (NIR) reflectance spectra (450–1,688 nm) at a rate of 1 kernel/4 sec. The spectral information was used to classify red and white wheats in an attempt to remove subjectivity from class determinations. Calibration, validation, and prediction results showed that calibrations using partial least squares regression and derived from the full wavelength profile correctly classed more kernels than either the visible region (450–700 nm) or the NIR region (700–1,688 nm). Most results showed >99% correct classification for single kernels when using the visible and NIR regions. Averaging of single kernel classifications resulted in 100% correct classification of bulk samples. 相似文献
14.
Kernel vitreousness is an important grading characteristic for segregation of subclasses of hard red spring (HRS) wheat in the United States. This research investigated the protein molecular weight distribution (MWD) and the flour and baking quality characteristics of different HRS wheat market subclasses. The U.S. regional crop quality survey samples obtained from six regions for three consecutive growing years were used for subclass segregation based on the dark, hard, and vitreous (DHV) kernel percentage. Flour milled from HRS wheat with greater percentages of DHV kernel showed higher water absorption capacity for breadmaking. Protein MWD parameters could be related to the association between DHV kernel level and water absorption. Specifically, flour protein fractions rich in gliadins and high‐molecular‐weight polymeric proteins in the SDS‐unextractable fraction were identified to have significant and positive correlations with both DHV kernels and flour water absorption levels. An example further showed the importance of flour water absorption on potential economic incentives that can be gained with having a greater percentage of vitreous kernels. This information could help the flour milling and baking industry to segregate the different subclasses of HRS wheat with varying DHV content for their intended end‐use applications. 相似文献
15.
【目的】多聚磷是丛枝菌根内磷的主要贮存形式,定性、定量观察多聚磷对于解析菌根中磷代谢具有重要意义。随着植物体内越来越多的参与菌根真菌与寄主植物之间营养交换过程的基因被鉴定,迫切需要进一步提高根内菌根共生结构和多聚磷累积的染色和定位分析技术。【方法】本研究利用丛枝菌根真菌Glomus mosseae侵染的大豆植株,采集新鲜根样制片,一部分薄根片利用低浓度荧光染料麦胚凝集素,室温染色30 min,在波长488 nm的蓝光激发下使用荧光显微镜观察拍照;另一部分薄根片利用荧光染料4’,6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚二盐酸盐(DAPI)进行染色,在波长405 nm紫外光激发下观察并拍照;进一步取新鲜制备的薄根片,先后用以上两种荧光染料进行染色,分别在波长405 nm和488 nm的激发光下观察并拍照,完成了菌根共生结构和多聚磷的共定位。【结果】1)使用荧光染料麦胚凝集素,大豆丛枝菌根真菌侵染结构的荧光标记活性染色法,可以清晰地检测到大豆丛枝菌根中所有的共生结构,包括丛枝,泡囊和根内菌丝等。2)在丛枝菌根真菌侵染的根中,各种共生结构都呈现出黄色荧光,为DAPI与多聚磷结合在紫外光激发下的呈色。根段中部分细胞内的蓝白色斑点为DAPI与细胞核中DNA结合的显色结果。在含有成熟丛枝结构的细胞中,也可观察到大部分丛枝呈蓝白色,主要是丛枝膜质结构的呈色。因此,利用荧光染料4’,6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚二盐酸盐染色法定位多聚磷,能很好地区分多聚磷酸盐、DNA和膜质。3)在以上研究的基础上,通过荧光光路的切换,可以同时观察到菌根共生结构和多聚磷的共定位。处于发育阶段的整个丛枝中多聚磷累积的亮黄色清晰可见。在成熟的丛枝中,由于膜质结构发达,对累积在丛枝结构中的多聚磷的染色观察产生了一定影响,导致仅仅局部的多聚磷累积清晰可见。【结论】本研究建立的大豆菌根共生结构与多聚磷累积的双定位分析系统,能够直观观察植物与丛枝菌根真菌的养分交换,清晰地对丛枝菌根共生结构中多聚磷的累积进行定位分析,可作为从组织和细胞水平研究菌根共生体的重要技术手段。 相似文献
16.
Breeding development of waxy (amylose‐free) hard wheat lines adapted to the North American climate has been underway for more than a decade, with releases of competitive varieties imminent. Because of required identity preservation and a possible premium value placed on waxy lots, a rapid and accurate method is desired to identify and quantify the mixing of conventional wheat with waxy wheat, a condition that might occur at harvest or any point downstream. Our previous work demonstrated that lines pure with waxy starch can be identified from nonwaxy lines by use of near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy applied either on a whole kernel or ground meal basis. However, mixture quantification by NIR techniques has not been examined until now. Using hard winter wheat grown in two seasons (2011 and 2012) and at two locations (Nebraska and Arizona), a series of mixtures ranging in proportion (conventional/waxy) percentage by weight, from 0:100 to 100:0, were formed from nine pairs of waxy and nonwaxy varieties or lines, with year and location being consistent within a pair. Twenty‐nine mixtures (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, …, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, and 100%) were formed for each pair. Partial least squares regression models were developed by using eight of the nine pairs, with model validation accomplished by using the pair excluded. This procedure was repeated for each pair. The results indicate that, regardless of sample format or spectral pretreatment, the optimal models typically produce coefficients of determination in excess of 0.98, with standard errors of 4–7%, thus demonstrating the feasibility of the use of the NIR technique to predict the mixture level to within 10% by weight. 相似文献
17.
Heat damage is a serious problem frequently associated with wet harvests because of improper storage of damp grain or artificial drying of moist grain at high temperatures. Heat damage causes protein denaturation and reduces processing quality. The current visual method for assessing heat damage is subjective and based on color change. Denatured protein related to heat damage does not always cause a color change in kernels. The objective of this research was to evaluate the use of nearinfrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy to identify heat-damaged wheat kernels. A diode-array NIR spectrometer, which measured reflectance spectra (log (1/R)) from 400 to 1,700 nm, was used to differentiate single kernels of heat-damaged and undamaged wheats. Results showed that light scattering was the major contributor to the spectral characteristics of heat-damaged kernels. For partial least squares (PLS) models, the NIR wavelength region of 750–1,700 nm provided the highest classification accuracy (100%) for both cross-validation of the calibration sample set and prediction of the test sample set. The visible wavelength region (400–750 nm) gave the lowest classification accuracy. For two-wavelength models, the average of correct classification for the classification sample set was >97%. The average of correct classification for the test sample set was generally >96% using two-wavelength models. Although the classification accuracies of two-wavelength models were lower than those of the PLS models, they may meet the requirements for industry and grain inspection applications. 相似文献
18.
Two fluorescent dyes, sulpho-rhodamine B and lissamine yellow FF, and three non-fluorescent dyes, chlorantine fast green, sirius red and Chicago blue are compared for use in the identification of water transmission routes in structured soils. Subsequent to the flow of labelled water, a microsampling and extraction technique is employed to identify dye distribution in relation to structural features. The desirable properties of the dyes tested include stability over a wide pH range, anionic character and high molecular weight, the latter to reduce lateral diffusion from the transmission route. In these aspects they provide suitable alternatives to fluorescein and pyranine used by previous workers. The fluorescent dye lissamine yellow FF was found to be the most suitable for tracing rapidly moving water under field conditions. The transmission routes identified in field soils were associated with structural features readily recognized by routine soil survey techniques. 相似文献
19.
J. D. C. Figueroa Z. J. E. Hernndez M. J. J. Vles P. Rayas‐Duarte H. E. Martínez‐Flores N. Ponce‐García 《Cereal Chemistry》2011,88(1):12-18
Three samples were selected representing bread, soft, and durum wheat. Uniaxial compression and stress relaxation tests were performed on wheat kernels. Force‐deformation curves from intact wheat grain typically exhibited at least two points of inflection (PI) at ≈0.1 and 0.2 mm displacement. The first PI is related to the mechanical properties of all the bran layers. The second PI (0.2 mm) seems to be the endosperm boundary near the aleurone layer. These structures had higher degree of elasticity (DE) compared to the inner endosperm (0.5–0.6 mm). Besides wheat class and specific structures of the caryopsis, moisture content is a prominent factor affecting the mechanical strength of kernels. Stress relaxation tests show that bread wheat kernels with 69.2% DE at 13% moisture decreased to 31.6% DE with additional 6% moisture content. Soft wheat kernels DE of 61.0% at 13% moisture decreased to 22.7% at 19.7% moisture. Stress relaxation revealed pronounced time‐dependence. However, the differences of stress values at 120–180 sec were not significant in all wheat classes and moisture contents evaluated. The stress values after 120 sec might be attributed to the elastic deformation of the kernels. 相似文献
20.
Xian‐Zhong Han Mustapha Benmoussa Jonathan A. Gray James N. BeMiller Bruce R. Hamaker 《Cereal Chemistry》2005,82(4):351-355
Proteins were detected in channels of commercial starches of normal maize, waxy maize, sorghum, and wheat through labeling with a protein‐specific dye and examination using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The dye, specifically 3‐(4‐carboxybenzoyl)quinoline‐2‐carboxaldehyde (CBQCA), fluoresces only after it reacts with primary amines in proteins, and CLSM detects fluorescence‐labeled protein distribution in an optical section of a starch granule while it is still in an intact state. Starch granules in thin sections of maize kernels also had channel proteins, indicating that proteins are native to the channels and not artifacts of isolation. Incubation of maize starch with protease (thermolysin) removed channel proteins, showing that channels are open to the external environment. SDS‐PAGE analysis of total protein from gelatinized commercial waxy maize starch revealed two major proteins of about Mr 38,000 and 40,000, both of which disappeared after thermolysin digestion of raw starch. Commercial waxy maize starch granule surface and channel proteins were extracted by SDS‐PAGE sample buffer without gelatinization of the granules. The major Mr 40,000 band was identified by MALDI‐TOF‐MS and N‐terminal sequence analysis as brittle‐1 (bt1) protein. 相似文献