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1.
Frank W. Oudshoorn Claus Aage G. SørensenImke J.M. de Boer 《Agricultural Systems》2011,104(4):315-325
The objective of this study was to explore the sustainability of future organic dairy farming systems in Denmark, by evaluating the economic and environmental consequences of three scenarios at the farm level based on different visions of future sustainability leading to different farm-based goals. The future sustainable organic dairy farming systems were deduced from participative sessions with stakeholders, and used to define specific scenarios and related key parameters. Parameterization of the scenarios was based on model simulations and the invoking of expert knowledge. Each scenario was designed to fulfil different aspects of sustainability. The business as usual scenario (BAU) was driven by economic incentives and implemented new technologies and measures to enhance productivity and efficiency. This scenario was expected to be the mainstream strategy of future organic dairy production in Denmark. In the animal welfare scenario (ANW), economic efficiency was subordinate to animal welfare, and measures to improve animal welfare, such as lower milk yield, extra grazing area and a deep-litter barn, were incorporated. The environmental scenario (ENV) was designed to minimize N losses into the environment, reduce emission of greenhouse gases and the use of fossil energy, and was based on self-sufficiency regarding nutrients and feed. The economic evaluation of the scenarios was based on quantification of farm profitability (i.e. net profit), whereas environmental evaluation was based on the quantification of the N-surplus per ha, emission of greenhouse gases, and use of fossil energy per kg energy-corrected milk (ECM).Compared to prolonging the current main stream strategy (BAU), the evaluation of scenarios revealed that investing in animal welfare comprised trade-offs regarding farm profitability, climate change and the use of fossil energy. In ANW, net profit per farm was almost 39 k€ lower than in BAU, whereas emission of greenhouse gases and energy per kg ECM was 8% and 3% higher, respectively. Minimizing environmental impact in ENV reduced local as well as global environmental impact without an economic trade-off. Greenhouse gas emission per kg ECM was 5% lower and fossil energy use was 11% lower than in BAU. The N-surplus of ENV was 80 kg per ha, whereas the N-surplus was approximately 116 in both BAU and ANW. Prolonging the current main stream strategy (BAU) resulted in a high local environmental impact, a moderate global environmental impact and a high economic risk related to changes in milk price or costs. 相似文献
2.
农业大比例尺地形图是农村基础测绘的重要成果之一,是农村最基础的空间信息数据。通过农业地形图可以获取多种大量的信息,为国土资源规划、农村规划与基础设施的建设、各类工程设计与施工等方面的工作提供保障。分析讨论了农业大比例尺地形图修测更新与入库的基本流程和各操作步骤的质量控制要求,对于我国农业用地的测绘工作具有一定的现实意义。 相似文献
3.
Salinity, drainage and non-uniformity of irrigation water are important components in determining optimal water application and related profitability. A crop-water production function assuming steady state conditions is incorporated in a long-run economic model to investigate the combined effects of salinity, irrigation uniformity and different drainage requirements at the field scale for the specific crop.The analysis was conducted for corn and cotton as sensitive and tolerant crops to salinity, respectively. Optimum applied water and associated profits, yield and drainage volumes were computed for each crop. The computations were done for the condition that no drainage system was required and also where a drainage system was required and the drainage water was disposed of to either a free off-farm facility or to an on-farm evaporation pond constructed on productive or non-productive land.The main findings are that type of drainage disposal system affects the optimal values of applied water, profits, yield and drainage volumes, except for uniform water applications and non-saline irrigation water. Another finding is that in the long run, under saline conditions and/or different drainage disposal systems, a sensitive crop such as corn is not profitable and goes out of production. In general the profit levels associated with the various drainage options are in the order of no drainage requirement ? free off-farm facility > on-farm evaporation pond on non-productive land > on-farm evaporation pond on productive land. Uniformity of irrigation water affects values of the analyzed variables and the effects are greatest for the cases of on-farm evaporation ponds. Pumping cost effects are quite small, but water price effects are more significant. Breeding the crops for increased salinity tolerance has little effect when irrigating with water of low salinity and/or low irrigation uniformity. 相似文献
4.
Mixed crop–livestock systems have a crucial role to play in meeting the agricultural production challenges of smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. Sweet potato is seen as a potential remedial crop for these farmers because of its high productivity and low input requirements, while its usefulness for both food and feed (dual-purpose) make it attractive in areas where land availability is declining. In this paper, we develop and apply a ‘minimum-data’ methodology to assess exante the economic viability of adopting dual-purpose sweet potato in Vihiga district, western Kenya. The methodology uses and integrates available socio-economic and bio-physical data on farmers’ land use allocation, production, and input and output use. Spatially heterogeneous characteristics of the current system regarding resources and productivity are analyzed to assess the profitability of substituting dual-purpose sweet potato for other crops currently grown for food and feed. Results indicate that a substantial number of farmers in the study area could benefit economically from adopting dual-purpose sweet potato. Depending on assumptions made, the adoption rate, expressed as the percentage of the total land under adopting farms, is between 55% and 80%. The analysis shows that the adoption rate is likely to vary positively with the average total yield of dual-purpose sweet potato, the harvest index (the ratio between tuber and fodder yields), the price of milk, and the nutritional value of available fodder. This study demonstrates the usefulness of the minimum-data methodology and provides evidence to support the hypothesis that dissemination of the dual-purpose sweet potato could help improve the livelihoods of smallholder farmers operating in mixed crop–livestock systems in east Africa. 相似文献
5.
《Agricultural Systems》2005,86(2):190-206
Within the Research Network on Agro-ecosystems Munich (Forschungsverbund Agrarökosysteme München, FAM) strategies to approach optimal land use have been investigated since 1990 in terms of minimization of environmental impacts and maximization of profit from agricultural lands. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the interactions of the economic and ecological demands on agricultural land use with model calculations for the integrated farm section of the research station of the Research Network, Klostergut Scheyern in Bavaria, Germany, with a whole farm modeling approach.For this purpose the model system MODAM was used. MODAM simulates agricultural land use at farm level, calculates the economic returns and environmental impacts and runs farm optimizations with a linear programming tool. The integration of agri-environmental indicators in the model framework enables a multi-criteria optimization and the calculation of trade-offs. Optimization runs for the experimental farm show the complex interactions which occur when the farm considers environmental concerns in the objective function. Trade offs and abatement cost curves illustrate the relationship between agri-environmental indicators and economic returns of the farm. Here, soil erosion, nitrogen balance, global warming potential and gross energy input were implemented as agri-environmental indicators in MODAM. 相似文献
6.
农村沼气综合利用的环境与技术经济评价 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
沼气是一种清洁、高效的可再生能源。农村发展沼气很重要，不仅可以方便农民的生活，还可以改善生态环境。以沼气为纽带开展综合利用，加快农业生产结构调整．可以提高农产品的质量和效益．增加农民收人．使农民尽快脱贫致富。本文通过分析沼气利用的经济效益和对生态环境的影响，指出农村沼气建设是促进农业可持续发展的一项行之有效的重要措施。 相似文献
7.
Evaluating the potential scale of adoption of a technological innovation or management practice at the farm business scale can help gauge the potential size of an industry for the purposes of prioritising resources for research and development. In this paper we address the question of quantifying the potential area of adoption of a perennial pasture, lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), in dryland mixed farming systems in Australia. Lucerne pastures play a significant role in dryland farming systems in the wheat-sheep zone of southern and western Australia. While there are benefits of integrating lucerne into cropping systems there will inevitably be additional costs, and the scale of adoption of lucerne will depend largely on the increase in farm profit resulting from the introduction of lucerne. Whole-farm economic models of representative farms in the Australian wheat-sheep belt were used to determine the key drivers for the scale of adoption of lucerne.For a particular farming system the optimal area of lucerne which maximises whole-farm profit is found to depend on production, price and cost conditions. Generally, no more than 30% of a farm was allocated to lucerne according to those conditions and location of the farm. For most scenarios examined the response of profit was flat around the optimal area. This implies that lucerne could be grown on areas greater than the optimum, in order to reduce groundwater recharge (and thereby reduce the risk of dryland salinity), without greatly reducing whole-farm profit. The optimal area of lucerne in all regions was limited by the area of suitable soil types and proportion of lucerne in the most profitable lucerne-crop sequences.At all price levels assumed in this study lucerne remained as part of the optimal enterprise mix for all farm types examined. Lucerne productivity was also a major determinant of the optimal area of lucerne. The sensitivity of profit to changes in winter and/or summer production varied between regions and for different livestock enterprises. The differences were driven by the timing of energy demands and supply of feed in individual farming systems.In all regions the optimal area and profitability of lucerne varied with livestock enterprise. The analyses showed that changing from wool production to meat production enabled greater economic benefit to be realised from lucerne. This was consistent across farm types and demonstrated the value of lucerne as a source of high quality feed for finishing prime lambs in summer.The results of this study demonstrate that lucerne is profitable in a range of environments on a significant proportion of the farm area, but that this area is small relative to that required to significantly influence in its own right the environmental issue of salinity. 相似文献
8.
基于“现象-问题-路径”的基本研究逻辑,梳理“视频＋农产品”销售现状,概括出“互动型、社交式,信息型、单项式,电商型、平台式,复合型、嵌入式”4种具体营销方式,并分析“视频＋农产品”销售模式中存在的“信息质量差异性、网络市场无序化,市场竞争激烈性、内容生产同质化,信息数据爆炸性、盈利模式单一化,农业产品特质性、品质保障复杂化”4大现实困境。在此基础上,提出了强化“监督管理、品牌建设、盈利能力、品质管理”4项重点举措,助力“视频＋农产品”营销模式优化升级,进一步畅通农产品销售渠道,全力推动农业农村经济高质量发展。 相似文献
9.
农业生态经济系统结构优化方法研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
开发了基于地理信息系统和遥感技术的流域农业生态经济系统结构优化的方法。该方法运用遥感数据 ,并以地理信息系统软件为平台集成了水库营养盐负荷浓度响应关系模型、农业非点源污染模拟模型和线性规划模型。运用该方法能够实现对全流域的土地利用现状进行评价 ,并以流域农业土地利用系统的经济产出为目标 ,以流域的生态环境为约束 ,对流域土地资源进行优化配置 ,使农业草地的结构更加合理 ,从而改善生态环境 ,实现经济和环境协调发展。 相似文献
10.
11.
Modeling the impact of global change on regional agricultural land use through an activity-based non-linear programming approach 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Martin Henseler Alexander Wirsig Sylvia Herrmann Tatjana Krimly Stephan Dabbert 《Agricultural Systems》2009,100(1-3):31-42
Assessing the impact of climate change on agriculture is a new challenge for quantitative model-based policy analysis. The impact of climate change will vary strongly across regions depending on pre-existing climatic, agronomic, and political conditions. Most of the present modeling approaches, which aim to analyze the impact of global change on agriculture, deliver aggregated results both with regard to content and spatial resolution. To deliver results with a higher spatial resolution and to produce a more detailed picture of agricultural production, the county-based agro-economic model known as ACRE-Danube was developed. The German and Austrian part of the Upper Danube basin, a study area with great diversity in agricultural landscapes and climatic conditions, was chosen for study. For the analysis, two scenarios of climatic and socio-economic change were derived. The first and more economically and globally oriented scenario, termed “Full Liberalization,” included significant temperature increases. The second and more environmentally and regionally oriented “Full Protection” scenario included a moderate temperature increase. Both scenarios produce different results regarding agricultural income and land use. While the developments in the Full Protection scenario are small, the Full Liberalization scenario yields extreme regional changes in agricultural income, an increase in cereal production and extensive grassland farming. 相似文献
12.
In face of climate change and other environmental challenges, one strategy for incremental improvement within existing farming systems is the inclusion of perennial forage shrubs. In Australian agricultural systems, this has the potential to deliver multiple benefits: increased whole-farm profitability and improved natural resource management. The profitability of shrubs was investigated using Model of an Integrated Dryland Agricultural System (MIDAS), a bio-economic model of a mixed crop/livestock farming system. The modelling indicated that including forage shrubs had the potential to increase farm profitability by an average of 24% for an optimal 10% of farm area used for shrubs under standard assumptions. The impact of shrubs on whole-farm profit accrues primarily through the provision of a predictable supply of ‘out-of-season’ feed, thereby reducing supplementary feed costs, and through deferment of use of other feed sources on the farm, allowing a higher stocking rate and improved animal production. The benefits for natural resource management and the environment include improved water use through summer-active, deep-rooted plants, and carbon storage. Forage shrubs also allow for the productive use of marginal soils. Finally, we discuss other, less obvious, benefits of shrubs such as potential benefits on livestock health. The principles revealed by the MIDAS modelling have wide application beyond the region, although these need to be adapted on farm and widely disseminated before potential contribution to Australian agriculture can be realized. 相似文献
13.
在“土地规模化”与“服务规模化”并行推进农业生产效率的大背景下，探讨农机社会化服务对农地生产效率的影响有助于明晰今后农地规模化的发展方向和路径。基于三阶段DEA模型，剔除环境和随机因素干扰，测算2019年31个地区的农地生产效率，进一步运用Tobit模型分析农机社会化服务对农地生产效率的影响。结果表明：调整前我国农地综合效率均值为0.769，纯技术效率均值为0.847，规模效率均值为0.912，调整前纯技术效率偏低是农地综合效率不高的主要原因；调整后我国农地综合效率均值为0.714，纯技术效率均值为0.869，规模效率均值为0.807，与调整前相比，纯技术效率提高2.6%，综合效率和规模效率分别下降7.15%、11.51%，规模报酬递增的地区明显增多，但不同地区之间效率差异明显，且规模效率偏低是导致综合效率不高的主要因素；在影响因素上，农机社会化服务对农地生产效率呈较为显著的正相关。可通过因地制宜发展农机社会化服务、推进农机社会化服务的产业化发展以及大力培育农机社会化服务组织和农机作业人员来提高农地生产效率。 相似文献
14.
为推动农村经济结构调整,促进农业生产规模化经营,乌苏市进一步加快现代农业标准化建设步伐,市政府不断创新推进农村土地整合工作。从阐述土地利用现状入手,分析了土地利用中存在的问题,并提出有效建议。 相似文献
15.
发展智慧农业的基础和前提是数字化,尤其是对农地资源利用、农地权属、农业生产等农业全要素的数字化。目前,国内农业数字化水平较低,农地资源空间信息应用较少,需要加快开展农地空间数据在农业生产信息采集分析和农业政策决策执行等方面的应用,推动我国智慧农业的发展。本研究围绕“十三五”以来新增的粮食生产功能区和重要农产品生产保护区（以下统称“两区”）划定农业基础性工作,归纳了“两区”划定的相关概念,总结了划定的业务流程;结合农业生产智能化管理的业务需求和数字化成图的拓扑关系需求,为“两区”划定设计了“区—片块—地块”三级空间结构;提出了基于多源农地空间数据的“两区”划定图件测制关键技术,在分析“两区”行业功用的基础上,以“区—片块—地块”空间结构为制图导向,融合现有多源农地空间数据在空间分布和语义属性上的关联性,从特定空间尺度实现了“两区”空间分布图制作;提出了基于多源农地空间数据的“两区”划定数据建库关键技术,分析了“两区”划定数据建库的业务需求,从空间信息结构视角实现对“两区”划定地理空间实体的抽象化;总结并讨论了多源农地空间数据在“两区”划定过程中的整合应用及存在的问题。研究表明,多源农地空间数据能够在“两区”划定的关键技术环节起到数据支撑作用,同时也需针对具体的应用环境判断其信息可用性,降低多源农地空间数据的偏差及局部缺失对“两区”划定这类系统性工程所造成的影响,实现对基础数据、专题数据、管理数据和统计数据的有效集成,为“两区”划定及智慧农业领域同类基础性工作的有效推行提供参考与借鉴。 相似文献
16.
Gunter Wriedt Marijn van der Velde Alberto Aloe Fayçal Bouraoui 《Agricultural Water Management》2009,96(5):771-789
We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications. 相似文献
17.
Digital soil mapping to enable classification of the salt-affected soils in desert agro-ecological zones 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Digital soil mapping is critical when quantifying the relationship between soil types and their associated bio-physical environments. Digital mapping of regional soils affected by salt is essential when monitoring the dynamics of soil salts and planning land development and reclamatation schemes. In this paper, an easy method for digitally mapping salt-affected soils is proposed. This method allows the construction of the quantitative lower categories of soil classification based on Chinese Soil Taxonomy by using a geostatistical method and GIS technology. The data and maps used in this study were collected during a soil survey of salt-affected desert agro-ecological zones in Karamay, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China. The survey covers an area of 525 km2 and includes 205 soil profiles. In addition, a classification and indicator system for the salt-affected soil in the region was established and 30 salt-affected soil types were identified. Three key soil classification indicators, viz. soil texture, texture stratification combination and total soil salinity, were selected to enable low-category soil classification. Furthermore, the information regarding climate, vegetation and topographic and geomorphologic features of the region was integrated into the analysis. A GIS-based regional digital soil classification map was then generated for three layers (0-30 cm, 30-60 cm, and 60-100 cm) after the observed soil salt distribution map and soil texture stratification maps were overlaid. This map would be used to draw up the strategies of the salt-affected soils improvement in desert. While compared with the conventional approaches, this new digital soil mapping method has the advantages of being prompt, quantitative, more objective, simpler and easier to update. 相似文献
18.
Growing global population figures and per-capita incomes imply an increase in food demand and pressure to expand agricultural land. Agricultural expansion into natural ecosystems affects biodiversity and leads to substantial carbon dioxide emissions.Considerable attention has been paid to prospects for increasing food availability, and limiting agricultural expansion, through higher yields on cropland. In contrast, prospects for efficiency improvements in the entire food-chain and dietary changes toward less land-demanding food have not been explored as extensively. In this study, we present model-based scenarios of global agricultural land use in 2030, as a basis for investigating the potential for land-minimized growth of world food supply through: (i) faster growth in feed-to-food efficiency in animal food production; (ii) decreased food wastage; and (iii) dietary changes in favor of vegetable food and less land-demanding meat. The scenarios are based in part on projections of global food agriculture for 2030 by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO. The scenario calculations were carried out by means of a physical model of the global food and agriculture system that calculates the land area and crops/pasture production necessary to provide for a given level of food consumption.In the reference scenario - developed to represent the FAO projections - global agricultural area expands from the current 5.1 billion ha to 5.4 billion ha in 2030. In the faster-yet-feasible livestock productivity growth scenario, global agricultural land use decreases to 4.8 billion ha. In a third scenario, combining the higher productivity growth with a substitution of pork and/or poultry for 20% of ruminant meat, land use drops further, to 4.4 billion ha. In a fourth scenario, applied mainly to high-income regions, that assumes a minor transition towards vegetarian food (25% decrease in meat consumption) and a somewhat lower food wastage rate, land use in these regions decreases further, by about 15%. 相似文献
19.
在小麦玉米轮作的前提下,分析了黄淮海地区小麦玉米轮作机械化作业模式;以10年承包年限为例,计算了购买农机具10年内作业总费用,将其与租用农机具作业费用进行比较,找到了自购农机具费用低于租赁农机具作业的最低土地面积。在自购农机具的基础上,以40hm^2土地为例计算开始盈利年限。结果表明：在一定范围内,只有通过提高粮食作物的生产规模和承包年限,才能通过土地流转切实提高农民的收入。 相似文献
20.
以挠力河流域为研究区,选择2000、2010、2020年3期土地利用数据,从土地利用动态度和转移矩阵两方面分析土地利用时空变化,运用CLUE-S模型对研究区2030年土地利用变化格局进行模拟验证,设基线、农业发展和生态保护3种情景预测2030年土地利用变化格局,最后对3种情景下耕地适宜性进行评价。结果表明：研究区土地利用类型以耕地为主,2000—2020年森林、湿地、水体和人造地表呈增加趋势,耕地和草地呈减少趋势。2000—2020年土地利用转移主要发生在耕地、草地和森林之间,2000—2010年草地面积转入最多,耕地次之,森林最少,转出面积相反;2010—2020年森林转入转出面积最多,草地次之,耕地最少。CLUE-S模型对挠力河流域土地利用变化具有良好的模拟能力,Kappa系数为0.894,模拟总体精度为91.18%;基线情景下耕地、草地和水体地类面积减少,其他地类面积增加;农业发展情景下耕地面积增加23.68%,人造地表面积未发生变化,其他地类面积均较少;生态保护情景下与农业发展情景正好相反。依评价指标体系和评价模型,分析计算出3种情景下耕地位于适宜区的面积占研究区总面积的96%... 相似文献