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1.
《Agricultural Systems》2003,78(2):166-184
Many impact studies relate changes in impact indicators to research investments. This is valid only if an implicit assumption is true: that the link between indicators and investments dominates all other relationships that influence the impact indicators. However, this is only true for minor improvements along stable technological paths. In most cases, other factors, such as policies and markets, influence adoption and, consequently, impact. The problem is compounded because impacts often appear after many years and usually cannot be measured. Since many factors influence adoption, research impacts should be analyzed as part of a complex adaptive system that depends on external forces (e.g., markets), the direct and indirect interactions among agents (e.g., researchers, input suppliers and farmers), and the technology's nature and evolution. The complexity framework has broad consequences for agricultural and research policies. Since impacts result from the actions of the whole network, they cannot generally be attributed to individual agents. In evaluating networks, the relevant parameters to study are the rules for generating, collecting and sharing information, financing procedures, intellectual property-rights regulations and availability of human and financial resources. For individual agents the relevant indicators are their patterns of participation in particular networks, benefits and costs of participation, evaluation criteria, financial arrangements and institutional cultures. 相似文献
2.
This article explores the possible impact of genomics on the relationship between resource-poor farmers and ‘formal’ agricultural research. It notes that regions of low-resource agriculture serve as reservoirs of genetic diversity and then outlines some ways in which advances in genomics are enabling agricultural researchers to make increased use of this kind of genetic material. The adoption of genomics-based tools by agricultural research programmes will, it suggests, increase the benefits they can obtain from initiatives that elicit germplasm selected by farmers. The interactions between these two processes are examined in two distinct (and contrasting) contexts: maize in China and rice in Vietnam. Both of these case studies confirm that indigenous genetic resources take on greater significance to research systems that are equipped with genomics-based tools. The paper concludes that the ability of resource-poor farmers to demand the provision of research services relevant to their situation may increase as the resources that they control take on greater value to agricultural research. 相似文献
3.
The system of rice intensification (SRI) has generated considerable debate globally, particularly with regard to its potential to raise rice yields. Proponents of SRI have reported that the average rice yield with SRI is double the current average yield and can be increased to the level of three to four times. Opponents say the reported high yields are due to measurement error and that usual information expected in support of these fantastic yields is missing. The number of SRI adopters has increased in India in recent years. We evaluate the impact of adoption of SRI practices on rice yields, the economics of paddy cultivation and labour inputs based on field research conducted in Purulia, West Bengal, India. Paddy yields with SRI were higher than those under conventional paddy cultivation by 32% and net returns were higher by 67%. Labour input was reduced by 8%. SRI adoption enabled farmers consistently to enhance paddy yields, increase returns and save labour; and enhance productivity with respect to the key inputs in terms of paddy output per unit of seed, fertilizer and labour-day. SRI promises to be a significant alternative for not only raising paddy yields, but also for managing paddy based farming in resource-starved regions. 相似文献
4.
《Agricultural Systems》1998,58(3):395-415
Agricultural research impacts in sub-Saharan Africa are often location specific and arise through a lengthy process of technology generation and adoption. A framework for technology assessment is presented which clearly demarcates the spatial and temporal dimension of potential research benefits, but is also compatible with broader research planning efforts and available human resources. Application to Kenya Agricultural Research Institute brassica and snap bean research themes demonstrates that location-specific commodity production base, the potential for technology generation, and the potential for technology adoption are important determinants of research impact. Commodity market structure and rapid population growth also influence the magnitude and distribution of research benefits. 相似文献
5.
The downstream externalities of harvesting rainwater in semi-arid watersheds: An Indian case study 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Water-related investment projects affect downstream water availability, and therefore should account for these externalities. Few projects do, however, owing to lack of awareness, lack of data and difficulty in linking upstream investments to downstream effects. This article assesses the downstream impacts of rainwater harvesting in a semi-arid basin in Southern India, focusing on the trade-offs that arise when crop water use is re-allocated from a downstream surface water irrigation system to groundwater irrigated agriculture upstream. The results indicate that the downstream impacts are considerable and that net benefits are insufficient to pay back investment costs. Further research is required to reduce the uncertainties in the water balance of irrigation systems at basin level, to account for the inter-annual variability of crop water availability and to elaborate the wider welfare effects. 相似文献
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7.
文章基于醴陵县、赫山区和冷水滩区三个区（县）270户农户的相关数据,以南方典型稻稻油种植技术为例,通过建立Logistic模型对农户技术采纳行为进行研究。通过对农户技术采纳的影响因素进行分析确认,结果显示,家庭劳动力数,水稻和油菜的市场价格,技术指导的次数,信息便捷程度,政策支持、区域特征6个变量对农户技术采纳行为具有显著影响。最后,根据分析结果,提出促进农户采纳南方农业技术、提高南方农业技术推广效率的相关政策建议。 相似文献
8.
《Agricultural Systems》2002,71(1-2):147-168
Traditionally, small farmers in Asia have practiced mixed farming. To improve crop and animal productivity, increase farm incomes and maintain the ecological balance, several technology options have been developed through on-station and on-farm research by international organisations and national agricultural research systems. However, a review of the research reveals a paucity of information, particularly in South Asia, on the socio-economic benefits and impacts of these technologies and interventions for poor farming households. This paper presents the few case studies available which document the benefits of new technologies to improve crop–animal systems. Additionally, the paper suggests reasons for the neglect of socio-economics in these studies, and ways to strengthen this dimension. 相似文献
9.
阐述湖北省农机部门近六年来强力推进水稻机械插秧所采取"加大五个力度"的有效措施,使该省水稻机插水平由2005年不到1%,达到2011年的25%。通过推广水稻机插秧技术,促进了水稻生产,助推湖北粮食连续八年增产,经济社会效益显著。 相似文献
10.
Water saving technology and saving water in China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Amelia Blanke Scott Rozelle Bryan Lohmar Jinxia Wang Jikun Huang 《Agricultural Water Management》2007
Rapid expansion of irrigated agricultural and increasing urban demands for water have important implications for the economy of China, especially for the agricultural sector in the northern part of the nation. In response to the water crisis, China's government has begun in recent years to invest in research on techniques to save water in the agricultural sector, although there is a debate about the extent of success in adoption by farmers. Top policy makers have publicly stated they would allocate billions of dollars in funding if they knew it would succeed in saving water. Unfortunately, there has been relatively little research in China on the economics of water saving technology and there is almost no systematic information on the extent to which the technologies have been adopted, if they are appearing to save water, and the characteristics of the communities that have been adopting them. Our goal is to sketch a picture of the state of water saving technology in northern China to increase awareness of past trends and current status. In simplest terms, we seek to establish a set of first order facts about the role that water saving technology has been playing in China's agricultural sector. We pursue three specific objectives: (1) to illustrate progress in adoption over the past two decades, (2) to identify the characteristics of technologies that have been most successful and those that have not, and (3) to explain factors that might be promoting water saving technology and factors that might be holding back adoption. We find that, although water saving technologies have expanded rapidly in recent years—especially those that can be adopted by individual households (as opposed to those that require the collective action of an entire community), there is still considerable room for water saving technology to be expanded. 相似文献
11.
冷链物流研究中的计算流体力学数值模拟技术 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
随着计算流体力学数值模拟技术的不断成熟,精确性和可靠性的不断提高,近年来在农产品冷链物流中得到广泛的应用,对提高冷藏类食品所需低温环境的温度均匀性、确定货物堆栈方式、合理控制制冷时间、以及对提高整体冷链物流经济效益都具有重要意义。本文具体阐述了计算流体力学数值模拟技术的前处理、求解和后处理3个阶段,并回顾该技术应用在农产品冷链物流存储、运输和销售过程中的研究进展,分析归纳了存在的优势和不足,展望了计算流体力学应用在农产品冷链物流领域的未来发展趋势。 相似文献
12.
提升农业机械化水平是落实国家“藏粮于技”战略中的重要一环，利用1998—2020年中国31个省(市、区)的面板数据，采用空间杜宾模型，研究农业机械化水平对粮食生产技术效率的直接影响和空间溢出效应。研究发现：第一，农业机械化水平对粮食生产技术效率具有显著的空间溢出效应，在其他影响因素不变的情况下，其他地区粮食生产技术效率加权值每提升1%，本地粮食生产技术效率提升约0.579%；第二，从不同农机类型来看，农业机械化水平对粮食生产技术效率的空间溢出效应主要通过大中型农机实现，影响系数为0.252；第三，农业机械化水平对粮食生产机械效率的空间溢出效应存在于不同经纬度之间，在水稻跨区作业省份中，农业机械化水平对粮食生产技术效率的空间溢出效应为0.027。因此，提出通过进一步优化农机跨区作业机型、改进粮食品种、提升田间管理技术等方式扩大不同地区粮食作物的种植、生长和收获时间差，为农机跨区作业创造条件，实现资源效益最大化。 相似文献
13.
现代信息技术在农业农村的普及促进了“互联网+农机服务”的融合,是提升农业机械化水平的重要路径,因而探究互联网使用对农机服务采纳的影响具有重要意义。以2014年、2016年和2018年的三期中国家庭追踪调查（CFPS）数据为基础,利用面板Probit模型分析互联网使用是否会影响农户对农机服务的采纳及其异质性。互联网使用对农机服务采纳具有显著的正向影响,农户家庭互联网使用率每提高1个百分点,农机服务采纳概率增加0.068个百分点,运用工具变量法解决内生性问题后,依然得到稳健性结论;互联网使用对男性、中青年、较高教育程度农户农机服务采纳的影响更大,说明个体的学习与劳动能力会影响互联网使用的效果;互联网使用对无家用农机户农机服务采纳的影响系数为0.332远大于对有家用农机户的0.175,说明互联网使用是促进传统小农户农机服务采纳的重要手段;互联网使用对非平原地区农户的农机服务采纳显著为正,边际效应为0.114,比基准模型高出了0.046个百分点,说明互联网信息技术对非平原地区农业机械化发展具有突出贡献。因此,建立“互联网+”的农机服务信息平台,加大对农村地区互联网基础设施的建设,加强对农户的互联网信息技术培训,是支持农机服务业发展和推进农业机械化进程的重要政策手段。 相似文献
14.
《Agricultural Systems》1998,56(3):289-304
The interactions between agricultural price and research policies are formally addressed in this article in order to avoid biased estimates of the benefits to Chile from indigenous and international agricultural research and development. Government pricing policies influenced the innovative behavior of the main Chilean public research institution and reduced the benefits from cost-reducing research benefits relative to those obtained under free trade conditions. Despite the existence of market distortions caused by commodity price policies, Chilean welfare gains from public agricultural research were positive. However, these net economic surplus changes would have been higher if output price interventions would have been aimed at reducing distortions and putting producer prices more in line with international prices. 相似文献
15.
《Agricultural Systems》1999,61(2):123-134
The on-farm benefits of agricultural research or extension often depend in complex ways on the way that the new technology or information affects the farming system. The existence of farming system-wide impacts of research and extension is highlighted as a critical but neglected issue in economic evaluations of agricultural research. The issue is neglected in the available texts on agricultural research evaluation and in most applied evaluations. Given the difficulty and complexity of accurate benefit estimation, we see a renewed role for farm-level economic models (such as whole-farm linear programming models) in this area. The benefits of undertaking a more sophisticated and detailed analysis to estimate research benefits include not just greater accuracy but also greater credibility with researchers and greater relevance through representing factors which they perceive to be important. The paper discusses how, if such respect is engendered, a formal research evaluation can yield additional benefits by improving the design of research. 相似文献
16.
我国2016—2018年稻谷、小麦、玉米种植连续出现亏损。如何增加粮食种植纯收益,提高农民种粮积极性,保障粮食安全?在新冠疫情全球蔓延的特殊时期,粮食安全问题又在我国引起关注。通过比较中美两国三种主要粮食作物种植成本与收益,认为人工成本的攀升是我国粮食种植总成本不断升高的主要原因,提高种植效益的实现路径是通过发展农业机械化来减少人工投入,但我国已开始进入农业机械过度投资的结构性困境。为此,提出如下政策建议:采取更积极措施解决劳动密集的瓶颈环节机械化技术问题;支持发展农机作业社会化服务;推进土地流转实现规模经营;加强有利于农机作业的基础设施建设。 相似文献
17.
为更好地完善农机现代化制度的可持续性,对福建省10个县的水稻防治外包情况进行调查,并利用PROBIT模型分析植保机械购置补贴政策对防治外包服务的影响,结果表明:植保机械购置补贴在一定程度上会抑制防治外包服务的采纳。近3年使用购机补贴的这类稻农其购买防治外包服务概率减少22.72%,而3年前使用购机补贴的对购买外包服务行为的影响不显著。原因在于面对防治外包服务决策时,持有享受补贴政策购买的植保机械往往被看作“沉没成本”而导致农户放弃其他防治方式的选择,但这种损失厌恶会随时间变化而逐渐减弱。由此建议植保机械购置政策补贴资金分配的重心落在外包组织防治机械的更新升级,同时因地制宜地做好植保机械补贴政策的推广区划。 相似文献
18.
山东省是水资源极度匮乏的农业大省,农业用水依然是用水大项。为节约农业用水,在保证粮食安全的前提下,结合山东省农业供给侧改革内容,从种植效益和节水效益角度出发,运用多目标优化模型对农作物种植结构进行调整研究。结果表明:调整后山东省农作物种植结构由原粮、经2类变为粮、经、饲3类,种植比例也由3∶1转变为10∶5∶1,调整后7类作物（小麦、玉米、水稻、棉花、花生、大豆及蔬菜）种植净利润增加59.49亿元,节约农业用水量490.66万m3。种植结构优化调整达到了农业节水目的,同时增加了农业产值,且饲草种植比例的增加也符合农业供给侧改革调整方向。 相似文献
19.
Shaun Lisson Neil MacLeod Jeff Corfield Lalu Wirajaswadi Syamsu Bahar Nasruddin Razak Dahlanuddin Sania Saenong Lia Hadiawati Lisa Brennan 《Agricultural Systems》2010,103(7):486-497
Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) account for about one quarter of the total cattle population in Indonesia and are particularly important in the smallholder farming enterprises of the eastern islands. The population of Bali cattle is declining in most areas of Eastern Indonesia because demand for beef cattle exceeds the local capacity to supply these animals. Indonesian agencies recognise that new strategies are required to improve the productivity of Bali cattle and to address major constraints relating to animal husbandry and nutrition. To date, the adoption of cattle improvement technologies has been historically slow in Indonesia, as is the case elsewhere.This paper reports on key findings from a long-term study conducted between 2001 and 2009 with smallholder households from six villages in South Sulawesi and Central Lombok, to develop and test an approach for evaluating and increasing the adoption of cattle and forage improvement technologies. The approach is based on the principles of farming systems and participatory research and involved four main steps; (1) benchmarking the current farming system; (2) identifying constraints to cattle production and strategies to address them; (3) desktop modelling of the production and economic impacts of selected strategies; and (4) on-farm testing of the most promising strategies with 30 participant smallholder households.The approach was found to be successful based on: (1) sustained adoption of a package of best-bet technologies by the 30 participating households; (2) evidence of positive production, social and economic impacts; and (3) significant diffusion of the cattle improvement technologies to other households in the project regions. 相似文献
20.
本文首先阐述了科技革命的概念与满足条件，提出并分析了内生及外生农业颠覆性技术及其差异，特别是提出了跨界技术的概念并论证了其对农业科技进步的外生影响。然后分析了作为跨界技术的集大成者——智慧农业技术的特点，智慧农业对传统农业生产技术与生产方式的替代以及智慧农业与农村经济转型的关系。在此基础上讨论了中国智慧农业发展所面临的问题。最后有针对性地提出了促进颠覆性技术创新和智慧农业发展的政策建议，包括加强关键颠覆性核心技术研发、改革现有的农业高等教育体系、推动跨界技术的农业产业化研发以及在高标准农田及规模化养殖场实施智慧农业生产等。 相似文献