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1.
全球气候变化背景下,极端暴雨事件出现频率增加,研究小流域洪峰形成机理对暴雨洪水预测与防灾减灾具有重要意义。基于2019年9号台风"利奇马"在山东省潍坊市临朐县造成的特大暴雨事件,选取暴雨中心附近的17个小流域,综合应用野外调查、遥感解译等方法,研究了小流域洪峰强度和敏感性对植被和梯田的响应特征。结果表明:该暴雨事件中,小流域洪峰流量为2.36～56.50 m~3/s,洪峰模数为8.00～48.89 m~3/(s·km~2),洪水指数介于3.61～4.55。在相似降雨条件下,洪峰模数、洪水指数与坡耕地比例呈显著的正相关关系(p0.05),洪峰模数与林草地和梯田比例呈显著的负相关关系(p0.05),洪水指数与林草地和梯田比例呈一定的负相关关系。植被和梯田对洪峰影响的有效性随着次降雨量的增大,呈现先增加后降低的非线性特征;在极端暴雨条件下,调查流域对洪水的敏感性属于"Average"水平;增加林草地、梯田等土地类型的面积可提高小流域对极端暴雨的应对能力。 相似文献
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基于MODISNDVI数据的陕甘宁地区植被覆盖时空变化及其对极端气候的响应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
干旱、热浪等极端气候事件对植被生态系统有重要的影响。基于MODIS NDVI数据集、日降水、日平均气温以及最高和最低气温数据,辅以Sen趋势分析、相关分析等方法,分析了2000—2014年陕甘宁地区植被覆盖的时空演变及其对极端气候的响应。结果表明:(1)近15年来陕甘宁地区NDVI呈显著增加趋势(p0.01),其增加速率为0.066/10a,就不同的植被类型来看,草地、灌丛、栽培作物、针叶林和阔叶林均呈现显著上升的趋势(p0.01),其上升速率分别为0.06/10a,0.058/10a,0.077/10a,0.039/10a和0.036/10a;(2)空间上,NDVI呈由东南向西北递减的分布格局,显著增加的区域主要位于榆林、延安等生态工程重点建设的区域;(3)就极端气候指数的变化来看,除TXx外,其他极端气候指数的变化均未通过0.05置信水平检验;(4)在月尺度上,NDVI与极端降水指数(RX5day和RX1day)和极端气温指数(TMAXmean,TMINmean,TNx,TNn,TXn和TXx)存在显著相关性;(5)在季节尺度上,春季和秋季植被NDVI与极端气候指数均存在显著的相关性(p0.01),夏季植被NDVI与极端降水指数呈显著正相关(p0.05),冬季植被NDVI与RX5day呈显著负相关(p0.05);(6)滞后性分析表明月NDVI与极端降水指数(RX1day和RX5day)和极端气温指数(TMAXmean和TXx)前1个月的相关性大于当月、前2个月以及前3个月,表明该地区的植被对这些极端气候指数的响应存在一定的滞后性。 相似文献
3.
[目的]研究黄土高原地区植被变化及其对极端气候的响应,为减缓和应对气候异常提供科学依据。[方法]基于1982—2017年遥感影像数据和气象数据,采用趋势分析、相关分析等方法,研究黄土高原地区植被时空变化及其对极端气候的响应。[结果] 1982—2017年期间,黄土高原NDVI以每年0.37%的速率呈显著的增加趋势(p0.01);空间上,NDVI呈现从西北到东南递增的空间分布格局。极端气候指数变化中,极端气温指数变化趋势较为一致,即表征极高温事件的极端气温指数呈极显著的增加趋势,表征极低温事件的指数呈现显著的下降的趋势,而极端降水指数未发生显著变化。NDVI年际变化与极端气温指数FD_0,TMAX_(mean),TMIN_(mean),TN_(10p),TN_(90p),TR_(20),SU_(25)均呈极显著相关(p0.01);四季NDVI变化与极端降水指数均未表现出明显的相关性,但与极端气温指数显著相关且春季和夏季的相关性高于秋季和冬季;月尺度上,NDVI与极端降水指数(RX_(1day),RX_(5day))和极端气温指数(TMAX_(mean),TMIN_(mean),TN_(90p),TX_x,TN_n)呈显著的相关性(p0.01)。NDVI与极端气温指数TMAX_(mean),TN_(10p),TN_(90p),TX_x前1个月的相关性大于当月、前2个月、前3个月的相关性。[结论]黄土高原地区NDVI呈显著增加的趋势,年际和月际NDVI变化与极端气温指数存在相关性,而与极端降水指数均未表现出明显的相关,且黄土高原地区的植被覆盖变化对极端气候的响应存在一定的滞后性。 相似文献
4.
中国西南水梯田土壤水分特性研究——以哈尼梯田为例 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
为了研究中国西南水梯田的土壤水分特性,以云南哈尼梯田为例,选取哈尼梯田核心区全福庄小流域内林地、荒草地、旱地和水田4种土地利用类型,分层取0—10,10—20,20—40,40—60,60—80,80—100 cm深度土样测其主要土壤理化指标和土壤水分特征曲线,分析其土壤的持水性和水分有效性。结果表明:(1)哈尼梯田4种不同土地利用类型土壤容重变化范围为0.61~1.41 g/cm3,且0—40 cm与40—100 cm差异性显著,土壤有机质含量为1.17%~9.65%;土壤总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度变化与容重一致,土壤毛管孔隙度总体呈现林地>旱地和水田>荒草地;(2)土壤质地以粉砂壤土为主,粉粒含量最高(52.74%~82.55%),砂粒含量次之(14.44%~45.31%),黏粒含量极少(0~3.68%);(3)相同土壤水吸力下,林地各土层土壤水分特征曲线相对较高,土壤持水性最强,旱地和水田次之,荒草地最低;土壤有效水含量则表现为水田>林地>旱地>荒草地;(4)影响哈尼梯田土壤水分特性的关键因素是土壤颗粒组成和毛管孔隙度,其中土壤持水性与颗粒组成呈显著正相关,土壤有效水含量与土壤毛管孔隙度呈显著正相关。总体而言,哈尼梯田生态系统中林地具有良好的蓄排能力,而梯田在保蓄水分的同时进行水分再分配,二者在维持生态系统可持续发展上具有十分显著的作用。研究结果为进一步研究西南水梯田土壤水分和梯田灌溉管理提供了科学依据。 相似文献
5.
基于多元回归的黄土沟壑区小流域土壤水分空间模拟 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以延河流域羊圈沟为研究对象,基于土壤水分空间自相关理论,在土壤水分环境影响因子多元回归基础上,建立了土壤水分空间化模型,并探讨了土壤水分空间分布特征。结果表明:研究区内土壤水分空间分布具有正相关性,且相关性显著,在空间上表现为聚集状态;表层土壤水分与植被覆盖度、高程、坡度、地表粗糙度、地形起伏度和地表切割程度等因素密切相关,且与地表切割程度呈正相关关系,而与植被覆盖度、高程、坡度、地表粗糙度以及地形起伏度因子呈负相关;与普通克里格(OK)、反距离加权(IDW)、径向基函数(RBF)和全局多项式(GPI)的土壤水分空间内插方法相比,多元回归+普通克里格方法(MROK)的拟合程度最高,是表层土壤水分空间化较好模型;土壤水分空间分布格局明显,主要表现为西部和东北部土壤水分含量低,东南部土壤水分含量高。该研究揭示了土壤水分环境因子相关性及空间分异规律,对区域生态文明建设具有一定的促进意义。 相似文献
6.
黄土丘陵区不同林龄人工刺槐林下植被及土壤系统演变特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
[目的]研究黄土丘陵区人工刺槐林生长过程中土壤—植被系统演变特征,揭示刺槐林对草地生态系统恢复产生的生态效应。[方法]以陕西省黄土地区5,10,15,20年生人工刺槐林为对象,通过调查每个样地的土壤性质和地表植被特征,分析黄土丘陵区人工刺槐林生长过程中土壤—地表植被的变化。[结果]随着人工刺槐林的发育,刺槐的冠幅、树高、分枝数和基径显著增加(p0.05),但20a刺槐林有所降低;林下地表草本植物物种数目、盖度和高度均显著降低,林下地表草本植物密度在不同林龄之间差异不显著(p0.05);土壤电导率和容重呈先增加后降低趋势,土壤pH值在不同林龄之间差异不显著(p0.05),土壤总孔隙度显著降低(p0.05);土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮和有效磷含量显著增加(p0.05),但20a刺槐林有所降低,并且土壤全磷含量在不同林龄之间差异不显著(p0.05);不同林龄人工刺槐林土壤养分均表现出明显的"表聚性",相同土层内土壤养分表现为15a20a10a5a,局部有所波动。相关分析表明,土壤养分含量和刺槐形态特征是影响地表植被物种数、个体数和盖度分布的主要因素。[结论]黄土丘陵区人工刺槐林能够改善土壤养分含量和地表草本植被恢复,以15a人工刺槐林改善土壤养分含量效果最佳,但随着林龄的增加,其改善效果有所降低,这种改善效果并没有影响土壤养分含量的垂直分布特征;随林龄的增加,人工刺槐林对地表草本植被的影响滞后于对土壤养分含量的影响。 相似文献
7.
基于遥感温度植被干旱指数的宁夏2000-2010年旱情变化特征 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2
为了探讨近10 a来宁夏的旱情变化特征及演变趋势,利用MODIS的地表昼夜温度数据计算昼夜温差,结合归一化植被指数产品计算温度植被干旱指数(temperature vegetation dryness index,TVDI),对2000-2010年的逐月干旱进行了监测,并分析其与气象干旱和农业受旱灾情况的关系。研究结果表明,从空间上来看,宁夏干旱发生频率和强度最高的是中部干旱带,次之是南部丘陵山区,而较少发生干旱的是北部引黄灌区,其中南部六盘山和北部贺兰山林区也很少受干旱影响;在2000-2010年间有3次明显的极端干旱过程,分别是2000、2005和2009年;从旱情变化趋势来看,近10 a来宁夏平均干旱强度在减弱,但极端干旱事件有增强的趋势,且春、夏季显著增强,而秋、冬季显著减弱;宁夏TVDI的变化主要取决于降水量,年平均TVDI、年最大TVDI与降水量、标准化降水指数和标准化降水蒸散指数均呈负相关关系,除年平均TVDI与降水量(P=0.08)和标准化降水指数(P=0.06)的相关性未通过显著性检验外,其他均通过了P0.05的显著性检验,但TVDI与气温关系不大,这与当地的土地利用格局及植被类型有关;农业受旱灾面积与年平均TVDI有关,二者相关关系为0.69(P0.05),而与年内单次极端干旱强度关系不大;从不同季节来看,夏季干旱最容易导致宁夏农业减产,次之是春季和秋季干旱,而冬季干旱几乎对农业生产没有影响。该研究可为地方政府制定抗旱救灾和农业生产政策提供一定参考。 相似文献
8.
不同覆膜处理对土壤水热效应及春玉米产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探讨生物地膜在农业生产中的适用性,采用田间试验的方法,设置了普通地膜覆盖、生物地膜覆盖及不覆盖3个处理进行对比研究,对3种覆盖方式下土壤温度、土壤水分变化规律及玉米生产性状指标进行了对比研究。研究结果表明:玉米生育前期,生物地膜保温、保墒效果显著,且与普通地膜处理差异不显著(p0.05),但均显著高于不覆膜处理(p0.05);玉米进入生育中后期阶段,生物地膜降解破损,保温、保墒效果减弱,玉米生育中期3种覆盖方式下各土层土壤平均温度差异性显著(p0.05),生育末期,生物地膜保温保墒效果几乎丧失,土壤水热状况与不覆膜处理无显著性差异,且显著低于普通地膜覆盖(p0.05);生物地膜与普通地膜相比玉米产量及生产性状指标差异不显著(p0.05),但均显著优于不覆膜处理(p0.05),平均较不覆膜增产19.48%和20.41%,水分利用效率高22.18%和22.56%。研究结果可为河套灌区可降解生物地膜在农业生产中的应用提供理论基础。 相似文献
9.
贵州喀斯特地区降雨强度对土壤侵蚀特征的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
降雨对坡面产流、侵蚀过程及养分流失有重要的影响,选取我国西南喀斯特地区作为研究区域,采用人工降雨方法,研究了不同降雨强度对贵州喀斯特地区(裸地和植被覆盖小区)与土壤侵蚀特征的影响。结果表明:(1)在不同降雨强度下,裸地和植被覆盖小区初始产流时间均随降雨强度的增大产流时间提前,并且裸地和植被覆盖小区初始产流时间在不同降雨强度下差异均显著(p0.05)。(2)裸地和植被覆盖小区径流速率在5~6min之后保持稳定,径流速率均随雨强的增大而增大;不同降雨强度下,径流速率均表现为裸地植被覆盖小区。(3)裸地和植被覆盖小区输沙率变化表现为快速增大、迅速减小、缓慢减小和趋于稳定4个阶段,不同降雨强度下,输沙率均表现为裸地植被覆盖小区。(4)裸地和植被覆盖小区总径流量和总侵蚀量随雨强的增大而增大,裸地坡面各降雨强度下坡面总径流量差异均显著(p0.05),25,50mm/h降雨强度下植被覆盖小区坡面总径流量差异不显著(p0.05),相同降雨强度时总径流量表现为裸地植被;25,50mm/h降雨强度下裸地和植被覆盖小区坡面总侵蚀量差异不显著(p0.05),相同降雨强度时总径流量和总侵蚀量均表现为裸地植被覆盖小区。(5)裸地坡面侵蚀养分中DP,K~+,SEP和SEK含量均高于植被覆盖小区,其中裸地坡面侵蚀养分DP,K~+和SEK含量均显著高于植被覆盖小区(p0.05),而SEP含量二者差异不显著(p0.05)。(6)相关性分析表明降雨强度为75,100mm/h时,裸地和植被覆盖小区侵烛泥沙养分含量与泥沙流失量间的相关性明显优于降雨强度为25,50mm/h时,相同降雨条件下裸地侵蚀量与养分含量的相关系数基本高于植被覆盖小区。以上研究结果表明植被覆盖具有减沙减流、减少土壤侵蚀及养分流失等作用。 相似文献
10.
采煤塌陷裂缝对降雨后坡面土壤水分的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为探究采煤塌陷裂缝对坡面储蓄降水的影响,本文对降雨后不同坡向上裂缝两侧的不同土层水分动态变化特征进行了研究。结果表明:降雨主要补充坡面地表0~20 cm土层土壤水分,且在雨后0~20 cm土层土壤水分散失也较为严重;雨后阴坡土壤含水率最高,0~10cm、10~20cm和20~40 cm土层土壤水分差异显著(p0.05)。降雨结束8 d后,裂缝附近的土壤水分变化幅度较大,尤以坡面裂缝上部边缘处最为明显,裂缝处与远离裂缝的土壤水分之间差异显著(p0.05);阳坡土壤水分损失最高,阳坡裂缝周边土壤水分平均损失量高达3.31%。可见,裂缝的出现会在一定程度上打破坡面储蓄降水的格局,加剧坡面局部土壤水分散失,这一点在植被恢复与建设过程中不容忽视。 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
15.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
17.
Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells. 相似文献
18.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
19.
Y. Bashan J. J. Bustillos L. A. Leyva J.-P. Hernandez M. Bacilio 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2006,42(4):279-285
Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several
photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene.
This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments
for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference
in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless
of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots.
Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production
or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation. 相似文献
20.
Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico
and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria
(Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite
amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation.
Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured
as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions. 相似文献