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1.
The private forestry sector in Hungary was reintroduced in the early 1990s, as a part of the initial economic reform package
aimed at transforming the economy from central planning to a market economy. The fundamental changes required a complete restructuring
of the forestry sector, which is still going on, with sound information becoming ever more important. The Economic Monitoring
Network for Private Forests in Hungary (EMN-PF) is supporting a price and cost reference database, financial analysis of forestry
processes, forestry holding analysis and estimation of the economic output of the private forestry sector. Each output is
based on data collecting methods that are balanced between accuracy and ease of data collection. EMN-PF applies surveys and
uses open databases as data sources. Forest owners’ and integrators’ estimates are an easy way of collecting data, but the
accuracy of data is difficult to control. The analysis of forest holdings can be based on the annual financial reports of
forest enterprises with pure forest activity. These reports are already existing documents, which therefore are easy to collect
in large numbers, but do not provide highly detailed data. Based on the National Forest Inventory and the results of the financial
analysis, the economic output of the private forestry sector can be estimated. 相似文献
2.
随着人工智能技术的飞速发展，林区智能化水平开始逐步提升。与传统的人工林区作业相比，利用攀爬机器人来完成林木剪枝、果实采摘和树木损伤检测等工作，可以短时间、高效率、高准确性地完成任务，满足智能林业建设的需求，其应用前景受到各国学者的广泛关注，大量林业攀爬机器人样机脱颖而出。文中对国内外不同攀爬方式的林业攀爬机器人进行总结，在此基础上详细介绍攀爬机器人在林业领域中的应用，并对其3大关键技术问题进行详细探讨，最后对林业攀爬机器人的发展趋势进行展望，以期为攀爬机器人在林业领域中的进一步发展与应用提供参考。 相似文献
3.
The current state of cooperation in private forestry in Lithuania is examined, with a focus on the analysis of objectives,
organisational structure and the ways forest owners’ cooperatives operate. A postal survey has been used as a main research
instrument, the questionnaire consisting of a series of multiplechoice close-ended questions. This paper provides insights
into the state forest enterprises and other private companies operating in the private forestry sector, and places forest
owners’ cooperatives in a broader context of the private forestry sector. A typical forest owner’s cooperative in Lithuania
has up to 10 members and about 20 clients to whom services are provided. The leaders of cooperatives indicate that the optimal
number of clients using their services should not exceed 40. The main stated objectives of cooperatives are the provision
of services to their members under the most attractive conditions, uniting members, and earning a profit for the members.
These activities of cooperatives revolve around timber harvesting and trade. It is concluded that the process of cooperation
of private forest owners in Lithuania is rather slow, although positive development can be observed. 相似文献
4.
《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(2-3):91-156
An overview of the forestry sector in Costa Rica was undertaken to determine whether the existing management practices of timber resources hold the potential to meet the country's demands for timber in the immediate decades to come, and to identify changes that might be needed in the management of forested lands. To meet these goals, we examined the present status and potential future contribution of the two newest forest sectors: the management of natural forest and plantation forestry. Rcsults indicate that the present management of Costa Rica's timber resources does not hold the potential to meet the country's demands for timber for more than the next ten years without severe loss of its forests. Substantial progress is occurring, but at an insufficient rate. Moreover, despite the considerable headway made in conservation in recent years, the rate of deforestation remains high. A number of factors limit advancement in natural forest management and plantation forestry, both of which have the potential to deaccelerate deforestation. In natural forest management, constraints are the rate at which forests are being brought under management, lack of budgetary provisions for fiscal incentives to private owners who alone cannot be expected to bear the cost of benefits of natural forest management that are national or even global in their distribution, and the weak infrastructure, extension services and research support to meet management goals. In the case of plantation forestry, the capability of this sector to produce commercial timber is not known. Moreover, inadequate management and extension services together with the misuse of the incentive system by private owners is likely to limit the potential of plantations. Institutional constraints include outdated legal and bureaucratic framework, market interventions, absence of clear policy toward natural forest management and plantation forestry, poor investment in infrastructure, extension and research support, and inadequate interaction among various agencies responsible for the development of the forestry sector. Such institutional constraints have allowed the proliferation of disincentives against the development of a sustainable timber sector. If the Costa Rican government's objective is to encourage sustainable forestry, it must first clearly articulate the policy and then create the appropriate legal, economic and institutional framework for implementation of the policy. Costa Rica, with its enlightened public administration system, vast technical and scientific knowledge about its forest ecosystem and extensive assistance from international organizations, must succeed, otherwise prospects for sustainable forestry in thc less fortunate tropical countries would be bleak. 相似文献
5.
Community forestry is practiced in various countries throughout the world, with respect to both native forests and plantations,
for livelihood and forest protection purposes and also for urban amenity values. While forests have been managed to some extent
by communities for thousands of years, modern models of community forestry have been practiced widely for only about 30 years.
Community forestry takes many forms; there is no unique definition or categorisation, although a number of characteristics
are frequently present. There is in general, involvement of a local community in forest planning as well as management, for
a form of forestry which is usually relatively small-scale, motivated by multiple objectives, and receiving some financial
support and organisational assistance by government and non-government organisations. Where plantations are established, these
may be managed as common property, individual property rights may apply, or there may be a combination of both. Analysis of
the specific research studies included in this issue reveals that community forestry systems have been refined over time as
experience is gained in program designs, and notable successes have been achieved. However, ‘the jury is still out’ on whether
community forestry has lived up to the optimistic expectations of its proponents. 相似文献
6.
The purpose of this study was to predict the likely amounts of carbon sequestration on a national scale for Japan in the Article-3.4
private planted forests of the Kyoto Protocol during the first commitment period. We regarded the planted forests that had
undergone silvicultural practices such as weeding, pruning, and thinning since 1990 as Article-3.4 planted forests in accordance
with the definition given by the Forestry Agency of Japan. Regression models were developed to predict the forest areas that
had undergone silvicultural practices, employing silvicultural subsidies and forest workers' wages as predictor variables.
Then the time series changes in the predictor variables were provided by extending their recent trends, with the result being
that the forest areas that have undergone silvicultural practices were predicted on the basis of the three scenarios of the
variables. Thus, the Article-3.4 forest area was calculated considering overlaps of silvicultural practices over fixed stands,
and the area was converted into the amount of carbon sequestration by multiplying it by coefficients such as a volume table,
biomass expansion factor, and others. The result implied that Article-3.4 private planted forests were expected to sequester
8.16–8.87 Mt-C year−1 during the first commitment period. These amounts cover 63%–68% of the carbon sequestration goal by land-use change and forestry
activities capped under the Marrakesh Accords. To realize this prediction, it is important to provide a sufficient silvicultural
subsidy to last until the end of the first commitment period and to implement silvicultural practices on the forest stands
that have not undergone such practices since 1990. 相似文献
7.
1973～2003年中国林业生态足迹的研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
生态足迹是评价可持续发展能力重要指标之一,该方法自提出以来得到广泛关注和迅速应用。首先,本文分析了中国1973-2003年木材生产、进口和出口情况,结果表明,中国在1973-1995年期间木材生产呈明显波动变化趋势,1995年后呈现连续下降趋势;木材进口在1995年后特别是天然林保护工程实施后呈增长趋势,而木材出口在1995年后呈逐年下降趋势。然后,采用改进的生态足迹方法(即森林可持续产量法与森林实际生产法)计算了中国1973-2003年间的林业生态足迹(包括进口与出口林业生态足迹),分析表明,1978-1988年期间,实际生产法计算林地真实面积小于可持续产量法计算结果,而1989-2003年正相反,上述两种方法的计算结果均大于用全球产量计算的林业生态足迹。说明中国在1978-1988年间森林资源消耗量大于生长量,林业发展是不可持续的;1989年后森林资源消耗出现长大于消的局面,林业朝着可持续的方向发展,但同林业发达国家相比仍有较大的差距。最后,讨论了林业生态足迹与国家重要政策(包括外贸、经济与森林保护政策)的关系,并提出了减少林业生态足迹与增强林业可持续发展能力的几点建议。图3表1参31。 相似文献
8.
Petros A. Tsioras 《Small-Scale Forestry》2012,11(1):1-14
The aim of this study was to examine the perception of forestry experts and forest workers on the status of the forest workers
in Greece. A postal questionnaire was distributed to 115 experts on forest operations in Greece, and 106 forest workers were
interviewed in the context of this study. According to the majority of the study participants, there is lack of interest on
behalf of the State and the most pressing problems are income-related. The effectiveness of seminars organized during the
last years is under question, since they did not result in fewer or less severe accidents. Despite the mentioned problems,
the interviewed forest workers are reluctant to change their jobs, indicating a possible potential for maintaining or even
increasing employment in forestry, which would warrant further study. The organization of a forest workers’ training system
along with institutional changes can significantly improve the quality and the employment conditions of the Greek forest operations’
sector. 相似文献
9.
衡量现代林业发展水平的新标尺:森林厚度 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
发展以生态建设为主的现代林业,需要有一些不同于传统林业的衡量标准。本文在综合森林覆盖率、活立木蓄积量、单位面积森林蓄积量等传统林业评价指标的基础上,研究提出了一项新的指标——森林厚度。它是指用某一地区森林和树木的总蓄积量假设覆盖全部土地所能达到的厚度,单位用毫米(mm)。该指标可解决长期以来运用森林覆盖率不能全面反映生态建设水平的问题,使衡量和比较不同地区、不同时期之间的林业生态建设水平变得既简易又清晰。当指标值大于9mm时,表示生态环境优秀;6~9mm为生态良好;3~6mm为生态适中;0~3mm为生态较差。本文计算了全球、17个国家、中国不同历史时期以及不同地区的森林厚度指标值,并对其林业生态状况作了比较和评价。 相似文献
10.
在我国持续践行高质量发展的宏观背景下，林业系统在自然资源供给、生态功能服务及生态安全保障等领域具有显著影响。文中提出林业系统生态承载力的概念，对其基本内涵进行理论解构，并辨析其与我国高质量发展之间的作用关系；基于2008—2018年统计数据，通过构建林业系统生态承载力综合测度模型、GM（0，1）灰色预测模型以及障碍度评价模型，进一步探究中国林业系统生态承载力水平及变动趋势，识别制约林业系统生态承载力提升的障碍因子，以期为不断优化林业系统内在协调性、增强林业系统生态支持潜力、促进林业系统自身及其与其他经济社会系统之间协同并进，继而有力支撑我国高质量发展实践提供有益启示。 相似文献
11.
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13.
Community forestry has been characterized as a successful model of community-based forest governance in Nepal that shifts
forest management and use rights to local users, often socially heterogeneous in caste, gender and wealth status. This heterogeneity
forms the basis of social groups, which differ in their needs, priorities and perceptions regarding community forestry implementation
processes. This paper explores the dynamics of three community forestry processes—users’ participation, institutional development,
and decision-making and benefit-sharing—among forest user groups as perceived by three social groups of forest users—elite,
women and disadvantaged—from eight community forests of Dhading district, Nepal, using qualitative and quantitative techniques.
It is found that social groups have differing levels of perception about community forestry processes occurring in their user
groups. In particular, social elites differ from women and disadvantaged members of the group in users’ participation in community
forestry activities and institutional development of forest user groups. An important policy implication of the findings is
that social inclusiveness is central to the effective implementation of community forestry processes, not only to safeguard
its past successes but also to internalize the economic opportunities it poses through reducing deforestation and forest degradation
in the future. 相似文献
14.
乌兹别克斯坦林业发展现状 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
乌兹别克斯坦是新丝绸之路经济带上的重要国度, 了解乌兹别克斯坦林业发展动态对于加快中乌林业合作、推动中国林业可持续发展有着重要意义。文中介绍乌兹别克斯坦森林资源、林业法规政策、林业机构、森林经营、林产品生产贸易和林业科研教育等现状, 在此基础上总结乌兹别克斯坦林业发展的主要特点和问题, 展望中国与乌兹别克斯坦林业合作的良好前景。 相似文献
15.
As one of the former Soviet republics, Tajikistan is facing a slow transition from a communist command-and-control system to a more market oriented, decentralized and participatory forestry. In the last 25 years, the country's forestry sector has undergone several reorganizations. In the process of a current reform, the overall aim of this study is to gain a broader understanding of the current state of forest sector in Tajikistan. Our specific objectives are a) to describe the current institutional network's complexity, (b) to analyze stakeholders' perceptions on the key challenges towards good forest governance, (c) and give recommendations to tackle the key challenges, so that important forest ecosystem services (ES) may be enhanced, thus, also contribute to the development of the sector. We elaborate a generic framework, which simplifies complex interaction of governance and forests ecosystem services. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected through questionnaire-based interviews with stakeholders of the forestry sector. The results indicate that the forestry sector is still far from representing good forest governance, however the newly established structure seems to be a first step. Yet, challenges in establishing sound legal frameworks, decision-making transparency, and implementation enforcement must still be overcome. While it is too early and challenging to assess the impacts of forest governance on ES and vice versa, the survey respondents highlight the importance of provisioning services for the development of the forest sector. Given the post-Soviet background, almost all member countries developed along similar lines. Therefore, the study results are not only of significance for Tajikistan, but also countries with similar history and socio-economic context. 相似文献
16.
With the collapse of the communist regime the market changes were introduced in Ukraine, as in other Central and Eastern European Countries, including forestry sector. Reform was not as radical as in other sectors of economy, nor in the forestry sector as in some other countries of region. Ukraine is involved in international forest policy dialogue, particularly Intergovernmental and Pan-European processes of the forest sector development on the principles of sustainability, but implementation of international agreements needs to be sounder in practice.This paper discusses the current situation in forest sector and achievements and failures in economic, environmental, and social aspects of forest sector development. Policy and institutional mechanisms to develop the sustainable forest management (SFM) approaches are discussed. We analyze preconditions for institutional building (legislature, institutions, policy actors) looking at both the existing potential and the constraints in the realization of urgent tasks that arise in the economy in a period of transition. Specific attention is given to the national forest policy conception and forest sector development prospects. 相似文献
17.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(6):508-520
ABSTRACTSweden is one of the most forested countries in Europe, and it has one of the highest shares of productive forest. Production in forestry is largely reliant on the private non-industrial forest owners, who own half of the forest land. As in many countries, however, forest ownership is changing towards a higher extent of urban, female or non-forestry-background owners. This poses a challenge for the forestry services sector, mainly forest owners’ associations and companies, but also broadly the sector at large. By exploring the sales and marketing processes, this paper analyses the service logics and strategies of Swedish forestry under changing forest ownership, drawing on an interview study covering all the large actors in the Swedish forestry sector. The study illustrates an increased focus of forestry organizations on services from a strategic and managerial perspective, in customer-oriented relationship development and in value creation and sales processes, specifically in order to manage “new” forest owners and the demand of forest industries. The results highlight the domination of service logics associated with timber production and the challenges for the service market and the provision of diversified services to forest owners. 相似文献
18.
按照服务国家外交、外贸2个大局,我国正在加强实施林业“走出去”战略,寻求多元化的林业国际合作。洪都拉斯位于中美洲北部,水热条件良好,森林资源丰富,是我国在拉美地区开展林业双边合作的潜在国家。文中介绍了洪都拉斯森林资源状况、林业法规政策、林业管理体制、森林经营管理和林产品贸易等现状,归纳了洪都拉斯林业存在的问题,展望了我国林业未来与之在天然林可持续经营、发展人工林、林产品加工和林业扶贫减贫等重点领域的合作前景,以期为我国未来与之开展林业双边合作提供参考,有利于我国在拉美地区树立林业双边合作的样板,提升我国在该地区的形象与影响力。 相似文献
19.
Francesco Carbone 《European Journal of Forest Research》2012,131(1):119-129
The role of forests in the public and private spheres is the standard against which workers in the sector must measure their
activities in outlining models for the use of forest resources. The actions of legislators and public administrations are
aimed at identifying the intrinsic nature of forests in and of themselves (internal limits), from which flows the identification
of their optimal use in terms of society and its economic interests (external limits). Additional measures have reinforced
a new set of goals, which has shown a need for a new management approach with an emphasis on environmental uses, in turn calling
for an indemnification to land owners for loss of income. This forest policy approach is frequently use in Italy, especially
for forest with high environmental value as the forests within protected areas or in forests included in the Natura 2000 network.
The workings of law 43/1974 for the Lazio region are reconcilable with this emerging model. This analysis of its 30 years
of practice shows both its intrinsic potential for improving the environment, and the seriousness of its influence when it
is mistakenly used to intervene in precarious ecosystems. The conclusions will highlight the circumstances and procedures
for the proper use of a forestry indemnity as evidenced by the Lazio Region, pointing out the essential characteristics of
a forestry policy that efficiently supports sustainable forest management. Conclusions highlighted the circumstances and procedures
for the proper use of forestry indemnity, and, according to the Regione Lazio experience, certain essential characters that
should typify the forest policy in order to support efficiently the sustainable forest management. 相似文献
20.
John C. Bliss Erin Clover Kelly Jesse Abrams Conner Bailey Janice Dyer 《Small-Scale Forestry》2010,9(1):53-66
In the past decade ownership of the corporate forestry sector in the USA has undergone remarkable transformation. Corporate
consolidation, separation of processing capacity ownership from timberland ownership, and disinvestment from timberland ownership
altogether have occurred rapidly and on a global scale. Vertically-integrated forest products companies, once the standard
model for publically-traded corporations, have all but disappeared. A new class of timberland investors now dominates the
timberland estate. These new owners can be viewed as the most recent manifestation of capital from the core seeking rent in
the distant periphery. While in this respect they resemble their industrial forestry predecessors, they differ markedly with
regard to landholding objectives, time horizons, management capacities and other characteristics. This transformation has
created new challenges and opportunities for other forest owners and for rural communities. Many timber processing mills have
closed, restricting markets for smallholder wood. While much former industrial timberland remains in industrial-style timber
management, some has been subdivided for ‘highest and best use,’ and conservation buyers have assumed control of a few large
blocks. Further fragmentation of the industrial forest estate is anticipated, presenting both challenges and opportunities
to small-scale forest owners and rural communities. This paper outlines the dynamics of forest ownership restructuring, posits
alternative future scenarios for small-scale forestry, and points to potentially useful future research. 相似文献