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“天敌释放”是外来植物成功入侵的重要机制之一。喜旱莲子草（Alternanthera philoxeroides）是一个世界性的外来入侵种,在原产地有多种天敌昆虫。本文初步研究了喜旱莲子草在入侵地的昆虫群落物种多样性、天敌昆虫类型及虫食特征。对生长在天目山低海拔地区的池塘和陆地2类生境中的喜旱莲子草单优势种群落中的昼行性昆虫群落进行了取样调查。采用扫网法捕捉昆虫,并对网捕昆虫鉴定至科;种名没有鉴定,但每科下均为1种。主要结果是：在样地中共捕获昼行性昆虫58头,隶属于5目6科6种。样本数量较多的有,蝗科（40%）、蝇科（22%）和卷蛾科（12%）。除昆虫密度外（1.8头.m^-2与4.3头.m^-2）,水、陆2类生境中昆虫群落的物种丰富度（6和5）、多样性指数（2.25和2.09）和均匀度指数（1.26和1.30）均无明显差异。取食喜旱莲子草的昆虫只有蝗科和卷蛾科各1种。水、陆生境下叶片虫食类型有差异,水生生境中以缘食状或孔洞状为主（蝗虫所食）,而陆生生境中以缘食状和透明膜状为主（蝗虫与蛾类所食）。与文献中报道的喜旱莲子草原产地天敌昆虫群落的结果比较可知,入侵中国的喜旱莲子草在天敌昆虫物种丰富度及专化天敌昆虫种类两方面都存在显著的“天敌释放”效应。失去天敌昆虫的＂下行＂控制作用可能是其成功入侵的重要机制之一。 相似文献
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<正>空心莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides(Mart.)Griseb又名喜旱莲子草、水花生、空心苋、水蕹菜、螃蜞菊、革命草,苋科Amaranthaceae,莲子草属Alternanthera Forsk,多年生宿根草本,原 相似文献
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湿地公园是中国 自然保护地体系的重要组成部分 ,其植物多样性及主要群系组成可以为湿地公园的建设与管理 提供重要理论依据 。本研究通过样方调查法 ,研究了湖北省钟祥市莫愁湖国家湿地公园的植物多样性与主要植物群系类 型 。结果表明:钟祥市莫愁湖国家湿地公园内共计调查到维管束植物 139科 357属 510种;可被分为 2个植被型组 3个植 被型 10个群系 。湿地公园内主要分布 10种植物群系 ,分别为:菱群系、芦苇群系、莲群系、菰群系、喜旱莲子草群系、美人 蕉群系、香蒲群系、金鸡菊群系、意大利 214杨群系、狗尾草群系 。湿地公园内分布有外来入侵种凤眼蓝和喜旱莲子草 。该 研究结果可为莫愁湖国家湿地公园的建设与管理提供科学依据。 相似文献
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为有序开展武汉市蔡甸区沉湖湿地自然保护区的森林、草原、湿地生态系统外来入侵物种普查工作,按照《湖北省森林、草原、湿地生态系统外来入侵物种普查工作方案》的要求,对照《湖北省森林草原湿地生态系统重点外来入侵物种名单》开展外来入侵物种的调查,查清蔡甸区沉湖湿地自然保护区有凤眼莲、喜旱莲子草、加拿大一枝黄花、土荆芥、红火蚁、福寿螺6种外来入侵物种,其发生面积分别为凤眼莲119.32 hm2,喜旱莲子草251.2 hm2,加拿大一枝黄花113.04 hm2,土荆芥发生面积3.14 hm2,福寿螺25.12 hm2,红火蚁9.42 hm2。根据它们的危害性作出了风险评估和防治对策。 相似文献
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通过对自然状态下１９种榆树榆毛胸萤叶甲发生量的调查，以产卵量和１、２龄幼虫发生高峰幼虫量为指标，用模糊聚类分析法将其分为高抗树种、抗性树种、感虫树种和喜食树种４类，其中：（１）高抗树种为椿榆、太行榆、大叶榆和蜀榆；（２）抗性树种为旱榆、黑榆、毛榆、榔榆、琅琊榆、多脉榆、白榆×椿榆、天优２和天优３；（３）感虫树种为白榆、明陵榆、大果榆、美洲榆和红叶明陵榆；（４）喜食树种为多脉×明陵。野外幼树套笼饲养表明，榆毛胸萤叶甲幼虫取食抗性较强树种太行榆、椿榆和黑榆叶子后不能存活，幼虫死亡率均为１００％。 相似文献
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乐昌外来植物变化分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对乐昌市1986—1988、2002—2003、2006—2013年共3次植物资源普查资料对比分析,结果表明乐昌市2006—2013年外来植物种类与1986—1988年相比增加了近40%,且增速有加快的趋势;外来植物种群数量也呈现较快增长,尤其是危害性较大的入侵植物,如空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides）、豚草（Ambrosia artemisiifolia）、毒麦（Lolium temulentum）等。分析认为,乐昌市外来植物种类和数量显著增加的主要原因是：该地交通条件的改善;经贸、旅游活动及引种活动的增加以及气候变化的影响。为降低外来入侵植物对乐昌市的危害,应作出如下应对：一是尽快建立外来入侵植物防御体系;二是开展调查,广泛宣传;三是建立外来物种入侵风险评估系统;四是建立外来物种入侵爆发快速反应系统。 相似文献
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《福建林业科技》2015,(1)
为防控外来植物的扩散入侵,于2012年4月—2013年4月共5次全面调查了舟山岛及其附近岛屿的植物种类组成和外来植物分布状况,同时辅以典型抽样法,并结合历史资料,归纳整理了舟山岛不同历史时期的外来植物名录,共计48科106属145种;在此基础上对外来植物进行了风险评估并探讨了部分重要物种的入侵性。其中加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis Linn.)、喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides(Mart.)Griseb.)对舟山岛入侵危害最大,应为今后防治的重点;藿香蓟(Ageratum conyzoides Sieber ex Steud.)、豚草(Ambrosia artemisiifolia Linn.)等著名外来恶性杂草近20 a来并没有明显的扩散,危害等级为中等;新记录外来植物野莴苣(Lactuca serriola Linn.)的扩散、危害风险值得关注和警惕;水生生境外来植物中,凤眼蓝(Eichhornia crassipes(Mart.)Solms)风险等级低,而互花米草(Spartina alterniflora Hubb.)、大米草(S.anglica Lois.)风险等级高,应加强监控;栽培植物西欧蝇子草(Silene gallica Linn.)首现逸为野生,生长扩散需要跟踪监控。 相似文献
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兴安落叶松诱导抗性对舞毒蛾幼虫解毒酶活性的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为了解不同诱导处理与落叶松诱导抗性及广食性昆虫舞毒蛾协同抗性之间的关系,以喷施茉莉酸甲酯、茉莉酮、舞毒蛾幼虫取食和松毛虫幼虫取食4种方法处理落叶松幼苗,检验舞毒蛾幼虫取食不同处理诱导的落叶松后,其中肠酸性磷酸酯酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酯酶(AKP)、羧酸酯酶(CarE)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)4种解毒酶活性随时间的变化趋势。结果表明:取食不同处理诱导的落叶松后,舞毒蛾幼虫酸性磷酸酯酶活性均显著低于对照;取食经舞毒蛾幼虫取食诱导的落叶松后,试虫中肠碱性磷酸酯酶活性先升高后降低,除此之外,取食其他3种处理诱导的落叶松后,幼虫中肠碱性磷酸酯酶活性均受到抑制;幼虫羧酸酯酶活性也都受到不同程度抑制,与对照相比差异极显著;幼虫谷胱甘肽S-转移酶的活性,取食茉莉酸甲酯和舞毒蛾幼虫取食处理的幼苗显著低于对照,而取食另外2种处理的幼苗显著高于对照。舞毒蛾幼虫取食诱导的植物抗性,可影响同一种群后续取食者的解毒机制,这是植物抗性和昆虫种内竞争的综合表现。茉莉酸甲酯作为一种外源植物激素,可诱导植物产生抗性,且有效抑制后续取食者的解毒作用,其作用强度与作用时间与舞毒蛾幼虫取食处理极为相似。茉莉酸甲酯可作为有效的植物诱导剂,在害虫... 相似文献
11.
印楝提取物对桑天牛产卵量及卵孵化率的影响 总被引：19，自引：3，他引：19
使用一定浓度的印楝提取物 (NeemEC)处理的构树枝条作为天牛的食物 ,研究了其对桑天牛产卵量及卵孵化率的影响。在室温下 ,将成对的天牛放在盖有铁砂网的直径 2 5cm高的塑料桶中进行实验。用含印楝素 50× 1 0 -6g/mL的印楝提取物处理枝条 ,处理组天牛 ( 7对 )在 1 5d试验中 ,其每天对平均产卵量为2 0 0± 1 56个 ,而对照组每天平均产卵量为 1 0 33± 3 33个。经T—检验处理组与对照组之间差异显著。用含印楝素 1 0 0× 1 0 -6g/mL的印楝提取物处理枝条 ,在 1 5d试验中 ,处理组 7对天牛从第 5d开始死亡 ,至第 8d全部死亡 ,按实际成活天数计算 ,其每天每对平均产卵量为 1 0 0± 1 4 1个 ,而对照每天每对平均产卵量为 1 3 73± 2 90个。经T—检验两者之间差异显著。取食含印楝素 50× 1 0 -6g/mL的印楝提取物处理枝条后天牛产的卵需经 1 9d达到其最终孵化率 ,33 33% ;而对照组 9d达到最终孵化率 98 96%。在进行了 2 4d的选择取食试验中含印楝素 1 0 0× 1 0 -6g/mL的印楝提取物处理枝条 ,1 0对对照组天牛每天每对平均取食量为 3 53± 0 38g,而处理组天牛每天每对平均取食量 3 4 2± 0 60 g。经T—检验两者差异不显著。这说明桑天牛不能分辩含印楝提取物的食物 ,即印楝提取物对桑天牛不具拒食性。 相似文献
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Von M. M. Glavendekić 《Journal of pest science》2000,73(5):127-128
Studies onAltica quercetorum Foud. (Coleopt., Chrysomelidae) during an outbreak 1992 – 1995 in Serbia For about 10 years the oak flea beetle,Altica quercetorum Foud. has shown outbreaks at numerous localities in Central and South Serbia. Our observations revealed that the pest preferred mixed stands of sessile and Turkey oaks under nearer preference of the first named oak. Defoliation was caused by the adult insects in early spring, followed by leaf skeletonizing by larvae. In September the adults of the new generation started their secondary feeding. Also a threefold defoliation partly took place during the mass occurrence, in the course of one vegatation period. Outbreaks of this size are new for Serbia. Our researches between 1992 and 1995 deal with the bionomy, gradation and economic importance. The following predators and parasitoids were recorded:Zicrona coerulea L. (Hem., Pentatomidae),Oenopia impustulata L. (Col., Coccinellidae),Microctonus sp. (Hym., Braconidae),Mesochorus palus Schw. (Hym., Ichneumonidae), andMedina luctuosa Meig. (Dipt., Tachinidae). 相似文献
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椰心叶甲传入途径与入侵成因分析 总被引：14，自引：1，他引：14
椰心叶甲Brontispa longissima(Gestro)是棕裥科植物的重要食叶害虫．是近年侵入我国的重要外来生物之一。文章分析了椰心叶甲传入途径，并从我国南方气候条件、寄主植物、资源生态位、生态系统结构和生活的微环境等方面分析了椰心叶甲的入侵成因。 相似文献
14.
Dipl.-Forstwirt H. Wigger 《Journal of pest science》1994,67(1):8-13
Feeding capacity of adultN. elongatum was tested at different prey quantities of the bark beetlePityogenes chalcographus L. (Scolytidae) in artificial galleries. Maximum feeding capacity of 2.P. chalcographus/day was observed when 3 prey items/day were offered. There was no increase in prey consumption with further increase of prey quantities, i. e. there was no functional response. Possible reasons for restricted feeding capacity are discussed. It is suggested thatN. elongatum adults exhibit a “threshold strategy” which tends to reach an optimum feeding level instead of a maximum food intake. The consequences of restricted feeding capacity for limiting bark beetle populations are discussed. 相似文献
15.
利用花绒寄甲防治杨树云斑天牛的研究 总被引：10，自引：3，他引：7
在湖南和湖北省选取9个云斑天牛危害的杨树林作为试验林,释放云斑天牛的寄生性天敌花绒寄甲卵和成虫开展生物防治云斑天牛试验.通过调查天敌释放前后被害株数和株虫口数2个指标对花绒寄甲的防治效果进行评价.结果表明:林间释放这种寄生性天敌的卵和成虫均对云斑天牛有良好的控制效果.在释放花绒寄甲卵的3个试验林中,平均株虫口校正减退率为83.27%;平均被害株校正减退率为74.33%;在释放花绒寄甲成虫的6个试验林中,平均株虫口校正减退率为84.23%;平均被害株校正减退率为75.65%.通过对释放花绒寄甲卵和成虫后当年和第2年调查的防治结果进行比较,表明释放天敌成虫的防治效果略好于释放卵的林分,但二者差异不显著.由于人工繁殖花绒寄甲成虫的成本远高于卵,因此,在生产中大面积防治云斑天牛时,采用释放花绒寄甲卵的方法比较经济. 相似文献
16.
LI Rongjin XU Fuyuan ZHANG Pei WANG Laifa ZHAO ZhendongForestry Academy ofJiangsu Province. Nanjing . P. R. China Business: --. Facs: --Chinese Academy of Forestry. Beijing . P. R. China Research Institute of Chemical Processing Utilization of Forest Products CAFNanjine . P.R. China 《中国林业科技(英文版)》2003,(4)
Host preferences pine of the sawyer beetle, Monochamus alternates (Hope), during maturation feeding on 8 conifer trees and 40 masson pine provenances, were investigated using 3 types of laboratory bioassay of consistent feeding preference, feeding area and visitation frequency. M. alternatus adults have the highest frequency of feeding and prefer to feed on the branches of P. massoniana and P. densiflora and had significant host selectivity on 8 conifer trees in the area of Nanjing. The adult feeding visitation frequencies were 1 ~3 adults per branch. Maturation feeding areas were much larger on P. massoniana and P. densiflora than on P. taeda, P. elliottii, Juniperus virginiana and Cunninghamia sinensis. After initial selection tests, 12 provenances of masson pine had smaller maturation feeding areas. The second and third selection results showed that 12 provenances and six provenances also had consistent reductions in feeding by M. alternatus. The three provenances Fujian 2, Guangdong 5 and Guangdong 相似文献
17.
A. Egger 《Journal of pest science》1973,46(12):183-186
Summary
Contributions to bionomy and control of Xyleborus dispar F. and X. saxeseni Rtz. (Col., Scolytidae)
In the beginning of May the females ofX. dispar began to swarm. Within about a week they established their system of hatching tubes which had a mean length of 12.95 cm. In the average 28 eggs were laid in 15 days in heaps in the horizontal fork corridor. 2–3 days after the first laying of the eggs the larvae came out. The change into the chrysalis state occured in another 14–16 days. The young beetle shed after 14–16 days of larva rest their exuviae. After 4 days of feeding, the melanin formation was completed. The whole process took 33 days. A generation needed a period of 54 days stretched over the months of May and June. The sexual ratio (M:F) is 1:2 and the sexual index was 0.6. Only one generation per year was produced and hibernated in the hatching tubes until next spring. Summarizing the results give a bionomic formula of 5 – 56/6 + 6, 4 5 forXyleborus dispar.Xyleborus saxeseni showed an average of 73 offsprings per hatching site. Both Xyleborus species were controlled with Metasystox (i).
A 1180 Wien, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, Institut für Forstentom. u. Forstschutz der Hochschule für Bodenkultur. 相似文献
A 1180 Wien, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, Institut für Forstentom. u. Forstschutz der Hochschule für Bodenkultur. 相似文献
18.
A. Olivera C. R. Fischer J. A. Bonet J. Mart��nez de Arag��n D. Oliach C. Colinas 《New Forests》2011,42(2):227-239
Interest in conversion of marginal agricultural lands to small oak woodlands for the production of black truffles (Tuber melanosporum Vittad.) is increasing in the native black truffle areas of France, Spain and Italy as well as suitable or amended sites throughout the world due to high economic returns for gastronomically valuable truffles. Successful long-term management of a perennial plantation replacing an annual crop requires understanding the system in all phases of the life cycle, and in the case of truffles this involves understanding the interactive growth of the aboveground host and the belowground symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungus whose fruitbody is the desired truffle. Here we focus on the pre-production phase, 4 years after establishing the truffle-oak plantation and prior to truffle production. We tested the influence of weed control, irrigation and fertilizer, each at 3 levels, on plant growth and ectomycorrhizal proliferation in three truffle-oaks plantations in northeast Spain. Results show that adequate weed control improves root and shoot dry weight while fertilizer and irrigation treatments did not influence plant growth. The low dose of irrigation (50% of the estimated water deficit for the site) and glyphosate weed control both increased total root tips/plant and T. melanosporum colonized tips (ectomycorrhizae) by approximately two-fold, compared to control treatments. Distribution of the ectomycorrhizae within the soil profile was significantly influenced by the low dose irrigation treatment, with increases observed in the 10?C20 cm and the 20?C30 cm deep layers compared to the control and high irrigation treatments. Four years after planting, T. melanosporum remained the dominant fungal symbiont, despite the presence of 14 other ectomycorrhizal morphotypes from these sites. 相似文献
19.
Dutch Elm Disease (DED) is a vascular wilt disease of Ulmus species (elms) incited in North America primarily by the exotic fungus Ophiostoma novo‐ulmi. The pathogen is transmitted via root grafts and elm bark beetle vectors, including the native North American elm bark beetle, Hylurgopinus rufipes and the exotic smaller European elm bark beetle, Scolytus multistriatus. The banded elm bark beetle, Scolytus schevyrewi, is an exotic Asian bark beetle that is now apparently the dominant elm bark beetle in the Rocky Mountain region of the USA. It is not known if S. schevyrewi will have an equivalent vector competence or if management recommendations need to be updated. Thus the study objectives were to: (i) determine the type and size of wounds made by adult S. schevyrewi on branches of Ulmus americana and (ii) determine if adult S. schevyrewi can transfer the pathogen to American elms during maturation feeding. To determine the DED vectoring capability of S. schevyrewi, newly emerged adults were infested with spores of Ophiostoma novo‐ulmi and then placed with either in‐vivo or in‐vitro branches of American elm trees. The inoculation of trees via feeding wounds was successful 30% of the time for in‐vivo trials and 33% for in‐vitro trials. Although the infection rate of DED has declined in Colorado over the past 10 years, the disease is still present in urban elms. While it appears that S. schevyrewi is another vector of the DED pathogens, it appears that S. schevyrewi is no more efficient than S. multistriatus. Thus, management programs that remove elm bark beetle breeding sites, rapidly remove DED‐infected elms and include the planting of DED‐resistant elms should continue to be effective management tactics. 相似文献